The lipid, fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition of the myctophid fish Electrona antarctica: high level of wax esters and food-chain implications

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Phleger ◽  
Peter D. Nichols ◽  
Patti Virtue
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Lipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Myctophid Fish ◽  
High Level ◽  
Elephant Island

The myctophid, Electrona antarctica, was collected by trawl from the Elephant Island region of the Antarctic Peninsula, and from East Antarctica near 61°S and 93°W. Total lipid was higher in Elephant Island E. antarctica (whole fish, 466–585 mg g−1 dry weight) than those from Eastern Antarctica (394–459 mg g−1). Wax esters comprised 86.2–90.5% of total lipid in E. antarctica flesh. There were no significant differences between Eastern Antarctica and Elephant Island in total wax ester levels, or in levels of wax esters between different tissues analysed. Oily bones (up to 326 mg g−1 in the neurocranium) characterized E. antarctica from both locations, with wax esters as the major skeletal lipid class (67.0–87.9%, percent of lipid). The wax esters may have a buoyancy role in E. antarctica. The only substantial amount of triacylglycerols (29.4%) were found in the viscera of Elephant Island fish. The principal fatty acids of all fish analysed included the monounsaturated fatty acids 18:1(n-9) and 16:1(n-7), with lower levels of 16:0 and 14:0 saturated acids. Fatty alcohols were dominated by the saturated 16:0 and 14:0 (37.8–47.8%) and the monounsaturated 18:1(n-9) and 18:1(n-7) (38.3–59.2%). The low ratio of 22:1/20:1 alcohols observed for E. antarctica is consistent with a diet of amphipods, copepods and other items low in 22:1 alcohols.

Reproductive strategy of the female deep-water shark birdbeak dogfish, Deania calcea: lecithotrophy or matrotrophy?

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaela Barros Paiva ◽  
Ana Neves ◽  
Vera Sequeira ◽  
Maria Leonor Nunes ◽  
Leonel Serrano Gordo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Maternal Contribution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
High Level

Little information is available on the maternal–embryonic relationships among sharks. Birdbeak dogfish (Deania calcea) has been described as ovoviviparous, but this term comprises a wide range of forms on how the embryos are nourished including lecithotrophy and matrotrophy. To evaluate the maternal–embryonic relationship in birdbeak dogfish we have analysed chemical features (fatty acid composition and mercury (Hg) levels) and biological characteristics (egg and embryo dry weight variation, uterus characterization). Monounsaturated fatty acids were the dominant fatty acids in eggs while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were the dominant fatty acids in both pregnant females and embryos. Significant differences were found among eggs, embryos and pregnant females for all fatty acids groups with the exception of saturated fatty acids for embryos and pregnant females. The principal components analysis revealed that embryos are particularly related to n-6 PUFA and pregnant females with n-3 PUFA. A close relationship exists between the Hg level of pregnant females and the Hg level of their embryos which indicates that there is a transfer of mercury from maternal sources. The comparison of the mean dry weight between eggs and embryos showed a gain of 3.8% obtained in the embryos. Histological sections of the uteri of pregnant females showed a high level of both superficial and inner vascularization in the uterine villi as well as the presence of secretor cells. Until now, the importance of this species maternal contribution and interference for the embryos development has never been documented. However, the biological and chemical results observed in the present work show that there is a matrotrophic strategy for the birdbeak dogfish.

scholarly journals Lipid and fatty acid profile of liver in relation to reproduction in the small-scaled terapon Terapon puta (Cuvier, 1829) from Pondicherry Coast, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nandikeswari ◽  
M. Sambasivam
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

<p>The total lipid content as percentage of dry weight of liver of <em>Terapon puta</em> (Cuvier, 1829) varied at four different stages <em>viz.,</em> immature, maturing, mature and spent stages of reproduction. Highest levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was recorded in the liver of mature fishes (50.71%) followed by maturing (48.03%) and the lowest in immature fishes (38.91%). Highest levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were observed in the liver of maturing fishes (37.07%) followed by mature (34.09%) and the lowest levels in immature fishes (30.48%). Maturing fishes had higher liver polyunsaturated fatty acid  levels (PUFA) (13.54%), compared to immature (10.55%) and mature fishes (10.17%).</p>

scholarly journals Lipases of germinating jojoba seeds efficiently hydrolyze triacylglycerols and wax esters and display wax ester-synthesizing activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kawiński ◽  
Magdalena Miklaszewska ◽  
Szymon Stelter ◽  
Bartosz Głąb ◽  
Antoni Banaś
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Alcohols ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Esterification Reactions ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Background Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) is the only plant known to store wax esters instead of triacylglycerols in its seeds. Wax esters are composed of very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and fatty alcohols and constitute up to 60% of the jojoba seed weight. During jojoba germination, the first step of wax ester mobilization is catalyzed by lipases. To date, none of the jojoba lipase-encoding genes have been cloned and characterized. In this study, we monitored mobilization of storage reserves during germination of jojoba seeds and performed detailed characterization of the jojoba lipases using microsomal fractions isolated from germinating seeds. Results During 26 days of germination, we observed a 60–70% decrease in wax ester content in the seeds, which was accompanied by the reduction of oleosin amounts and increase in glucose content. The activity of jojoba lipases in the seed microsomal fractions increased in the first 50 days of germination. The enzymes showed higher activity towards triacylglycerols than towards wax esters. The maximum lipase activity was observed at 60 °C and pH around 7 for triacylglycerols and 6.5–8 for wax esters. The enzyme efficiently hydrolyzed various wax esters containing saturated and unsaturated acyl and alcohol moieties. We also demonstrated that jojoba lipases possess wax ester-synthesizing activity when free fatty alcohols and different acyl donors, including triacylglycerols and free fatty acids, are used as substrates. For esterification reactions, the enzyme utilized both saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols, with the preference towards long chain and very long chain compounds. Conclusions In in vitro assays, jojoba lipases catalyzed hydrolysis of triacylglycerols and different wax esters in a broad range of temperatures. In addition, the enzymes had the ability to synthesize wax esters in the backward reaction. Our data suggest that jojoba lipases may be more similar to other plant lipases than previously assumed.

scholarly journals Content and composition of lipid classes, fatty acid from \(\textit{Sargassum}\) seaweed collected at Con Dao and Van Phong bay

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318
Author(s):  
Thu Hue Pham ◽  
Van Tuyen Anh Nguyen Nguyen ◽  
Yen Kieu Thi Hoang ◽  
Nguyen Nguyen ◽  
Hai Nam Hoang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Polar Lipid ◽  
Brown Seaweed ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Fresh Weight

This study studied the content and composition of the total lipid, lipid classes and fatty acids in 13 brown seaweed Sargassum species collected from Con Dao and Van Phong, Vietnam. The total lipid has a low content and varies among species from 0.10–1.70% of the fresh weight. From 13 species, seven lipid classes including polar lipid (Pol), free fatty acids (FFA), sterol (ST), hydrocarbon and wax (HW), triacylglycerol (TG), diacylglycerol (DG), and monoalkydiacylglycerol (MADG). Using the GC-FID technique, we have identified 29 fatty acids classified into 3 groups of saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids with an average content of 44.93%, 24.57% and 27.44%, respectively. Among those, many value fatty acids have been detected with high content such as C18:3n-3, C20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3. The lipid of 13 brown seaweed Sargassum species also fully contains omega-3,6,9 fatty acids with the content of 9.28%, 16.28% and 16.63%, respectively.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis Bracts Cultivated in Central Greece: The Impact of Harvesting Time

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1976
Author(s):  
Filipa Mandim ◽  
Spyridon A. Petropoulos ◽  
Kyriakos D. Giannoulis ◽  
Celestino Santos-Buelga ◽  
Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Harvesting Time ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
The Impact

The present study evaluated the effect of maturity stage on the chemical composition of cardoon bracts. Plant material was collected in Greece at eight different maturation stages (C1–C8) and the chemical composition was analyzed in regard to lipidic fraction and the content in fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acids, and free sugars. Samples of late maturity (C6–C8) revealed the lowest lipidic content, while a total of 29 fatty acids was identified in all the samples, with palmitic, stearic, oleic, and eicosatrienoic acids present in the highest levels depending on harvesting time. Immature (C1) and mature (C8) bracts were more abundant in saturated fatty acids (SFA) than bracts of medium-to-late maturity (C5, C6), where the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were the prevalent class. The α- and γ-tocopherols were the only identified isoforms of vitamin E, while the highest content was observed in sample C8 (199 µg/100 g dry weight (dw). The detected organic acids were oxalic, quinic, malic, citric, and fumaric acids, while fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose, and raffinose were the main detected sugars. The results of the present study allowed us to reveal the effect of maturity stage on cardoon bracts chemical composition and further valorize this byproduct by improving its bioactive compounds content.

scholarly journals A Fatty Acyl Coenzyme A Reductase Promotes Wax Ester Accumulation in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Round ◽  
Raphael Roccor ◽  
Shu-Nan Li ◽  
Lindsay D. Eltis
Keyword(s):  
Specific Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Commodity Chemicals ◽  
Acyl Coenzyme A ◽  
Rhodococcus Jostii

ABSTRACT Many rhodococci are oleaginous and, as such, have considerable potential for the sustainable production of lipid-based commodity chemicals. Herein, we demonstrated that Rhodococcus jostii RHA1, a soil bacterium that catabolizes a wide range of organic compounds, produced wax esters (WEs) up to 0.0002% of its cellular dry weight during exponential growth on glucose. These WEs were fully saturated and contained primarily 31 to 34 carbon atoms. Moreover, they were present at higher levels during exponential growth than under lipid-accumulating conditions. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that RHA1 contains a gene encoding a putative fatty acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) reductase (FcrA). The purified enzyme catalyzed the NADPH-dependent transformation of stearoyl-CoA to stearyl alcohol with a specific activity of 45 ± 3 nmol/mg · min and dodecanal to dodecanol with a specific activity of 5,300 ± 300 nmol/mg · min. Deletion of fcrA did not affect WE accumulation when grown in either carbon- or nitrogen-limited medium. However, the ΔfcrA mutant accumulated less than 20% of the amount of WEs as the wild-type strain under conditions of nitric oxide stress. A strain of RHA1 overproducing FcrA accumulated WEs to ∼13% cellular dry weight under lipid-accumulating conditions, and their acyl moieties had longer average chain lengths than those in wild-type cells (C17 versus C16). The results provide insight into the biosynthesis of WEs in rhodococci and facilitate the development of this genus for the production of high-value neutral lipids. IMPORTANCE Among the best-studied oleaginous bacteria, rhodococci have considerable potential for the sustainable production of lipid-based commodity chemicals, such as wax esters. However, many aspects of lipid synthesis in these bacteria are poorly understood. The current study identifies a key enzyme in wax ester synthesis in rhodococci and exploits it to significantly improve the yield of wax esters in bacteria. In so doing, this work contributes to the development of novel bioprocesses for an important class of oleochemicals that may ultimately allow us to phase out their unsustainable production from sources such as petroleum and palm oil.

Seasonal Variation In The Composition Of Epicuticular Waxes Of Quevcus Robur Leaves

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 800-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.-G. Gülz ◽  
E. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Ester Biosynthesis ◽  
Genetically Determined

The epicuticular leaf waxes of Quercus robur were analyzed continuously over a two years vegetation period with preparation every week from April to November. The folded leaflets in buds have waxes quite different in yield and composition from those of mature leaves. They contain homologous series of hydrocarbons, wax esters, primary alcohols, fatty acids and triterpenoids from the beginning, but not aldehydes. After leaf unfolding a dynamic biosynthesis of alcohols, aldehydes and fatty acids is observed in May and June. Wax content is doubled per dry weight or in cm2 leaf surface area and 80-fold per one leaf in that time. During leaf development tetracosanol becomes the dominant epicuticular wax component comprising ca. 40% of the wax. In both years of the study a reactivation of wax ester biosynthesis is observed in October and November. Esters with chain length C36 and C38 increased particularly. From July to November the wax composition remained nearly constant within mean values and their standard deviations. Within the two years studied most values concerning wax composition are reproducible and are therefore genetically determined. In spring the growing processes are influenced by climatic factors

SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE LIPID AND WATER CONTENT OF THE THYMUS GLAND IN ALBINO RATS BEARING WALKER CARCINOMA 256

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon M. Boyd ◽  
Valmore Fontaine ◽  
J. Gilbert Hill
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Free Cholesterol ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Thymus Gland ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Walker Carcinoma

The investigation was designed to measure hydrolipotropic variations in the thymus gland of albino rats bearing Walker carcinoma 256. This was done upon 27 pairs of littermate albino rats, one of each pair inoculated and one not inoculated with Walker carcinoma 256. The life history of the tumor was evenly represented in the series. Tumor growth was found to be accompanied by a statistically significant increase in total body weight, due to water retention, and decrease in the weight of the thymus gland. The total amount of water, dry weight, total lipid, neutral fat, total fatty acids, free cholesterol, and phospholipid were significantly less in the thymus gland of tumor-bearing albino rats. The concentrations, per unit dry weight, of total lipid, neutral fat, and total fatty acids in the thymus gland were not significantly affected by tumor growth. The similar concentrations of water, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, and phospholipid were significantly increased in the thymus gland of tumor-bearing albino rats. These changes indicated a hydrolipotropic effect of the tumor upon the thymus gland. A pyramidal, up-and-down, change in the concentrations of phospholipid and the three cholesterol fractions in the thymus gland at T/RC coefficients of 30 to 60, together with a marked loss of weight by the gland, suggested the effect upon the thymus gland of factor(s) other than the hydrolipotropic influence.

The fatty acid composition of the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea and its jellyfish prey

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Holland ◽  
J. Davenport ◽  
J. East
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pectoral Muscle ◽  
Dermochelys Coriacea ◽  
Leatherback Turtle ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

The leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (L.) studied was a male, weighing 916 kg, with a total dorsal length of 291 cm. It was beached on the Welsh coast, UK in September 1988 and is currently the largest leatherback ever recorded.Total lipid formed between 87.5 and 95.4% of the dry weight of representative samples of the blubber and 43.0% and 4.9% of the liver and pectoral muscle respectively. High levels of neutral lipid in the liver (79.0% of the total lipid) as well as the blubber (87.6–99.9% of the total lipid) suggest an important energy storage function for these tissues.Overall, with the notable exception of 22:lwll, fatty acids which are found in a putative jellyfish diet of Rhizostoma, Amelia, Cyanea and Chrysaora are also present in the leatherback liver and muscle, blubber and other fatty tissues. Fatty acid 22:lwll is present in the jellyfish samples, but is absent or at trace levels only in the leatherback tissues (0.1–0.3% of the total fatty acids).The polyunsaturated fatty acids of the w3 series 20:5w3, 22:5w3 and 22:6w3 are well represented in leatherback adipose tissues, muscle and liver as well as in the jellyfish examined. The leatherback and jellyfish lipids are therefore marine in character, but are also similar to terrestrial animal lipid in having a high proportion of fatty acids of the w6 series, principally arachidonic acid, 20:4w6. The significant levels of 20:4w6 in jellyfish total lipid (9.7–20.0% of the total fatty acids) and in the leatherback neutral lipid (1.0–10.9% of the total fatty acids) and phospholipid (0.6–15.5% of total fatty acids) fractions of all tissues sampled suggests that arachidonic acid assumes more importance in food chain relationships involving leatherbacks than in other marine food webs such as those involving fish.

Observations on the effect of the rediae of Fasciola hepatica on the lipid composition of the hepatopancreas of Lymnaea truncatula

Parasitology ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Phosphatidyl Choline ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Esterified Sterols

In the uninfected hepatopancreas of L. truncatula 7·0–11·0% of the dry weight is lipid. Of the total lipid 60% is neutral lipid and 40% is phospholipid. Free fatty acid is the major neutral lipid component; triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, sterols and esterified sterols are also present. The phospholipids identified were phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin. The fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. The major fatty acid is C16 (palmitic) and 60% of the total fatty acids are saturated.In the hepatopancreas of L. truncatula infected with the rediae of F. hepatica, but with the rediae removed, 5·4–9·4% of the dry weight is lipid. Of this total lipid 73% is neutral lipid and 27% is phospholipid. All the fractions of neutral lipid, except the fatty acids are smaller than in the uninfected hepatopancreas. The fatty acids show an increase of 38%. The same phospholipids identified in the uninfected hepatopancreas are present, but all the fractions show a decrease in amount with the exception of the phosphatidyl choline fraction, which is present in approximately equal amounts in both the uninfected and the infected hepatopancreas. The major fatty acid is palmitic acid.

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