Seasonal Variation In The Composition Of Epicuticular Waxes Of Quevcus Robur Leaves

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 800-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.-G. Gülz ◽  
E. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Ester Biosynthesis ◽  
Genetically Determined

The epicuticular leaf waxes of Quercus robur were analyzed continuously over a two years vegetation period with preparation every week from April to November. The folded leaflets in buds have waxes quite different in yield and composition from those of mature leaves. They contain homologous series of hydrocarbons, wax esters, primary alcohols, fatty acids and triterpenoids from the beginning, but not aldehydes. After leaf unfolding a dynamic biosynthesis of alcohols, aldehydes and fatty acids is observed in May and June. Wax content is doubled per dry weight or in cm2 leaf surface area and 80-fold per one leaf in that time. During leaf development tetracosanol becomes the dominant epicuticular wax component comprising ca. 40% of the wax. In both years of the study a reactivation of wax ester biosynthesis is observed in October and November. Esters with chain length C36 and C38 increased particularly. From July to November the wax composition remained nearly constant within mean values and their standard deviations. Within the two years studied most values concerning wax composition are reproducible and are therefore genetically determined. In spring the growing processes are influenced by climatic factors

scholarly journals Role of Wax Ester Synthase/Acyl Coenzyme A:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase in Oleaginous Streptomyces sp. Strain G25

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (19) ◽  
pp. 5969-5981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Röttig ◽  
Carl Simon Strittmatter ◽  
Jennifer Schauer ◽  
Sebastian Hiessl ◽  
Anja Poehlein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lipid Storage ◽  
Draft Genome Sequence ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wax Ester Synthase

ABSTRACTRecently, we isolated a novelStreptomycesstrain which can accumulate extraordinarily large amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG) and consists of 64% fatty acids (dry weight) when cultivated with glucose and 50% fatty acids (dry weight) when cultivated with cellobiose. To identify putative gene products responsible for lipid storage and cellobiose utilization, we analyzed its draft genome sequence. A single gene encoding a wax ester synthase/acyl coenzyme A (CoA):diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT) was identified and heterologously expressed inEscherichia coli. The purified enzyme AtfG25showed acyltransferase activity with C12- or C16-acyl-CoA, C12to C18alcohols, or dipalmitoyl glycerol. This acyltransferase exhibits 24% amino acid identity to the model enzyme AtfA fromAcinetobacter baylyibut has high sequence similarities to WS/DGATs from otherStreptomycesspecies. To investigate the impact of AtfG25on lipid accumulation, the respective gene,atfG25, was inactivated inStreptomycessp. strain G25. However, cells of the insertion mutant still exhibited DGAT activity and were able to store TAG, albeit in lower quantities and at lower rates than the wild-type strain. These findings clearly indicate that AtfG25has an important, but not exclusive, role in TAG biosynthesis in the novelStreptomycesisolate and suggest the presence of alternative metabolic pathways for lipid accumulation which are discussed in the present study.IMPORTANCEA novelStreptomycesstrain was isolated from desert soil, which represents an extreme environment with high temperatures, frequent drought, and nutrient scarcity. We believe that these harsh conditions promoted the development of the capacity for this strain to accumulate extraordinarily large amounts of lipids. In this study, we present the analysis of its draft genome sequence with a special focus on enzymes potentially involved in its lipid storage. Furthermore, the activity and importance of the detected acyltransferase were studied. As discussed in this paper, and in contrast to many other bacteria, streptomycetes seem to possess a complex metabolic network to synthesize lipids, whereof crucial steps are still largely unknown. This paper therefore provides insights into a range of topics, including extremophile bacteria, the physiology of lipid accumulation, and the biotechnological production of bacterial lipids.

Evaluation of thioesterases from Acinetobacter baylyi for production of free fatty acids

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Ukey ◽  
William E. Holmes ◽  
Rakesh Bajpai ◽  
Andrei Y. Chistoserdov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Coli Strain ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Acinetobacter Baylyi ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Storage Lipids ◽  
Ester Biosynthesis

Acinetobacter baylyi is one of few Gram-negative bacteria capable of accumulating storage lipids in the form of triacylglycerides and wax esters, which makes it an attractive candidate for production of lipophilic products, including biofuel precursors. Thioesterases play a significant dual role in the triacylglyceride and wax ester biosynthesis by either providing or removing acyl-CoA from this pathway. Therefore, 4 different thioesterase genes were cloned from Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 and expressed in Escherichia coli to investigate their contribution to free fatty acids (FFAs) accumulation. Overexpression of the genes tesA′ (a leaderless form of the gene tesA) and tesC resulted in increased accumulation of FFAs when compared with the host E. coli strain. Overexpression of tesA′ showed a 1.87-fold increase in production of long-chain fatty acids (C16 to C18) over the host strain. Unlike TesC and the other investigated thioesterases, the TesA′ thioesterase also produced shorter chain FFAs (e.g., myristic acid) and unsaturated FFAs (e.g., cis-vaccenic acid (18:1Δ11)). A comparison of the remaining 3 A. baylyi ADP1 thioesterases (encoded by the tesB, tesC, and tesD genes) revealed that only the strain containing the tesC gene produced statistically higher levels of FFAs over the control, suggesting that it possesses the acyl-ACP thioesterase activity. Both E. coli strains containing the tesB and tesD genes produced levels of FFAs similar to those of the plasmid-free control E. coli strain, which indicates that TesB and TesD lack the acyl-ACP thioesterase activity.

scholarly journals Epicuticular wax lipid composition of endemic European Betula species and its application to chemotaxonomy and paleobotany

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Weber ◽  
L. Schwark
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Peat Bogs ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Pollen Shape ◽  
Betula Humilis ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractPlants, in particular trees with specific habitat demands are excellent indicators of climate state. Vegetation successions in subrecent and deep geologic time is recorded in fossil macro-remains or pollen accumulating in geological archives like limnic and marine sediments, peat bogs and mires. Birch trees in Europe form a major part in plant successions and constitute the dwarf species Betula nana and Betula humilis representing cold-adapted habitats or climates and two tree birches, Betula pubescens and Betula pendula characteristic for temperate habitats or climates. These birch species exhibit highly similar pollen shape and size, preventing their unambiguous application as paleoclimate/paleovegetation proxies. We here present a chemotaxonomic differentiation of the four European birch species based on their epicuticular wax lipids. The dominating lipid classes in epicuticular birch waxes were found to be n-alkanes (in the range of n-C23 to n-C33), straight-chain primary alcohols and fatty acids (in the range of n-C20 to n-C32), and long-chain wax ester (in the range of n-C38 to n-C46) in variable amounts and distributions. When preserved in geological archives these lipids may serve in paleovegetation/paleoclimate reconstruction. Long-chain wax esters are susceptible to hydrolysis and upon diagenesis the release of ester-bound alcohols and fatty acids may modify the distribution pattern of the corresponding primary free lipids. Quantitative analysis of the hydrolyzable wax ester proportion revealed primary distribution patterns of birch lipids not to change substantially upon release of bound analogues. The specific composition and abundance of epicuticular wax lipids facilitates unambiguous chemotaxonomic separation of the four European birch species. Wax lipid-based discrimination in field application, however, is complicated by mixing of alkyl lipids derived from different birch species and contribution of wax lipids from other plants. In cases, where palynology indicates a high contribution of Betula species to European vegetation associations, wax lipids may serve for differentiation of the species contributing.

The lipid, fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition of the myctophid fish Electrona antarctica: high level of wax esters and food-chain implications

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Phleger ◽  
Peter D. Nichols ◽  
Patti Virtue
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Lipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Myctophid Fish ◽  
High Level ◽  
Elephant Island

The myctophid, Electrona antarctica, was collected by trawl from the Elephant Island region of the Antarctic Peninsula, and from East Antarctica near 61°S and 93°W. Total lipid was higher in Elephant Island E. antarctica (whole fish, 466–585 mg g−1 dry weight) than those from Eastern Antarctica (394–459 mg g−1). Wax esters comprised 86.2–90.5% of total lipid in E. antarctica flesh. There were no significant differences between Eastern Antarctica and Elephant Island in total wax ester levels, or in levels of wax esters between different tissues analysed. Oily bones (up to 326 mg g−1 in the neurocranium) characterized E. antarctica from both locations, with wax esters as the major skeletal lipid class (67.0–87.9%, percent of lipid). The wax esters may have a buoyancy role in E. antarctica. The only substantial amount of triacylglycerols (29.4%) were found in the viscera of Elephant Island fish. The principal fatty acids of all fish analysed included the monounsaturated fatty acids 18:1(n-9) and 16:1(n-7), with lower levels of 16:0 and 14:0 saturated acids. Fatty alcohols were dominated by the saturated 16:0 and 14:0 (37.8–47.8%) and the monounsaturated 18:1(n-9) and 18:1(n-7) (38.3–59.2%). The low ratio of 22:1/20:1 alcohols observed for E. antarctica is consistent with a diet of amphipods, copepods and other items low in 22:1 alcohols.

EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER DOSE AND ROW SPACING ON AMARANTH PRODUCTIVITY

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Photosynthetic Potential

Amaranth is a valuable food and feed crop that can solve the problem of vegetable protein in animal husbandry. The aim of the research was to study elements of amaranth cultivation technology: the dose of nitrogen fertilizers (without fertilizers, N15, N20, N25) and the row spacing (15, 30, 45 cm). The work was carried out on sod-podzolic medium loamy gleyic soil on the experimental field of FSBEI HE Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy in 2018. The studied parameters were determined according to generally ac-cepted methods. The use of nitrogen fertilizers contributed to a significant increase in leaf area and pho-tosynthetic potential of amaranth crops at the highest values of the background N20 – 4.7 thousand m2 / ha and 324.08 thousand m2 / ha × days, respectively. Increase in row spacing when sowing amaranth raised the leaf surface area value, accumulation of dry aboveground mass, photosynthetic potential, ger-mination and safety at maximum values in the variant with a row spacing of 45 cm. abundance of weed flea, cereal aphid and sunflower fire. Sowing amaranth with a width of 45 cm between rows caused a sta-tistically significant decrease in the number of studied pests, as well as the number and dry weight of young and perennial weeds. The use of nitrogen fertilizers in a dose of 25 kg AI / ha contributed to a sig-nificant decrease in the yield of amaranth green mass from 145.12 q / ha on the «no-fertilizer» variant to 127.93 q / ha, with maximum values for the background N20 – 156, 55 kg / ha. Thus, the greatest effi- 128 ciency was shown by the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers at a dose of 20 kg ai / ha when sown with a row spacing of 45 cm.

scholarly journals Edible Far Eastern Ferns as a Dietary Source of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Eduard V. Nekrasov ◽  
Vasily I. Svetashev
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Fern Species ◽  
Vegetarian Diets ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Long Chain

Young fronds of ferns are consumed as a vegetable in many countries. The aim of this study was to analyze three fern species that are available for sale in the Russian Far East as dietary sources in terms of fatty acids that are important for human physiology: arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and other valuable long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The content of ARA and EPA was 5.5 and 0.5 mg/g dry weight, respectively, in Pteridium aquilinum, 4.1 and 1.1 in Matteuccia struthiopteris, and 2.2 and 0.8 in Osmundastrum asiaticum. Salted fronds of P. aquilinum contained less these fatty acids than the raw fronds, with a decrease of up to 49% for ARA and 65% for EPA. These losses were less pronounced or even insignificant in dried fronds. Cooked ferns preserved significant portions of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: cooked P. aquilinum contained 4.4 mg/g dry weight ARA and 0.3 mg/g dry weight EPA. The ferns may provide a supplemental dietary source of these valuable long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially for vegetarian diets.

scholarly journals Variability in Macro- and Micronutrients of 15 Commercially Available Microalgae Powders

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 310
Author(s):  
Fabian Sandgruber ◽  
Annekathrin Gielsdorf ◽  
Anja C. Baur ◽  
Benjamin Schenz ◽  
Sandra Marie Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dunaliella Salina ◽  
Haematococcus Pluvialis ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Arthrospira Platensis ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Tetraselmis Chuii

The nutrient composition of 15 commercially available microalgae powders of Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and vulgaris, Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Tetraselmis chuii, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was analyzed. The Dunaliella salina powders were characterized by a high content of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (n6-PUFAs), heavy metals, and α-tocopherol, whereas the protein amounts, essential amino acids (EAAs), omega-3-PUFAs (n3-PUFAs), vitamins, and minerals were low. In the powder of Haematococcus pluvialis, ten times higher amounts of carotenoids compared to all other analyzed powders were determined, yet it was low in vitamins D and E, protein, and EAAs, and the n6/n3-PUFAs ratio was comparably high. Vitamin B12, quantified as cobalamin, was below 0.02 mg/100 g dry weight (d.w.) in all studied powders. Based on our analysis, microalgae such as Aphanizomenon and Chlorella may contribute to an adequate intake of critical nutrients such as protein with a high content of EAAs, dietary fibers, n3-PUFAs, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn, as well as vitamin D and E. Yet, the nutritional value of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was slightly decreased by high contents of SFAs. The present data show that microalgae are rich in valuable nutrients, but the macro- and micronutrient profiles differ strongly between and within species.

scholarly journals Bicarbonate for microalgae cultivation: a case study in a chlorophyte, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis isolated from a Norwegian lake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikumi Umetani ◽  
Eshetu Janka ◽  
Michal Sposób ◽  
Chris J. Hulatt ◽  
Synne Kleiven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

AbstractBicarbonate was evaluated as an alternative carbon source for a green microalga, Tetradesmus wisconsinensis, isolated from Lake Norsjø in Norway. Photosynthesis, growth, and lipid production were studied using four inorganic carbon regimes: (1) aeration only, (2) 20 mM NaHCO3, (3) 5% (v/v) CO2 gas, and (4) combination of 20 mM NaHCO3 and 5% CO2. Variable chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis revealed that the bicarbonate treatment supported effective photosynthesis, while the CO2 treatment led to inefficient photosynthetic activity with a PSII maximum quantum yield as low as 0.31. Conversely, bicarbonate and CO2 treatments gave similar biomass and fatty acid production. The maximum growth rate, the final cell dry weight, and total fatty acids under the bicarbonate-only treatment were 0.33 (± 0.06) day−1, 673 (± 124) mg L−1 and 75 (± 5) mg g−1 dry biomass, respectively. The most abundant fatty acid components were α-linolenic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids constituting 69% of the total fatty acids. The fatty acid profile eventuated in unsuitable biodiesel fuel properties such as high degree of unsaturation and low cetane number; however, it would be relevant for food and feed applications. We concluded that bicarbonate could give healthy growth and comparative product yields as CO2.

scholarly journals Metabolite and Elastase Activity Changes in Beach Rose (Rosa rugosa) Fruit and Seeds at Various Stages of Ripeness

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1283
Author(s):  
Seung-Hun Chae ◽  
Young-Sang Lee ◽  
Jin-Hee Kim ◽  
Tae-Ho Han ◽  
Kang-Mo Ku
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ursolic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Rosa Rugosa ◽  
Optimal Harvest ◽  
Rose Hip ◽  
The Rose

Rose hips are the fruits of the beach rose (Rosa rugosa). To determine the optimal harvest time and to obtain the maximum functional compounds, rose hips at various stages of ripeness (immature, early, mid, and late) were harvested, and the flesh tissue and seeds were separated. The rose hip flesh showed the highest total phenolic content at the mid-ripeness stage (8.45 ± 0.62 mg/g gallic acid equivalent concentration (dry weight)). The early-, mid-, and late-ripeness stages of rose hip flesh did not show significantly different 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant capacities. The elastase inhibitory activity of the 95% ethanol extract from the rose hip seeds was highest at the mid-ripeness stage; however, the elastase inhibitory activity of the rose hip tissue was not significantly different from that of the seeds. Pathway analysis using MetaboAnalyst showed that sucrose, fructose, and glucose gradually increased as the fruit ripened. Ursolic acid was detected in the seeds but not in the flesh. Of the fatty acids, linoleic acid concentrations were highest in rose hip seeds, followed by linolenic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. Fatty acids and ursolic acid might be the active compounds responsible for elastase inhibitory activity and can be utilized as a functional cosmetic material.

Rat-dietary fructose and the intestinal distribution and growth of Moniliformis (Acanthocephala)

Parasitology ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. T. Crompton ◽  
Anne Keymer ◽  
A. Singhvi ◽  
M. C. Nesheim
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Dietary Fructose ◽  
Growth Differences ◽  
Maize Oil

SUMMARYThe numbers, distribution in the small intestine, sexual development and growth (dry weight) of 5-week-old Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala) were investigated experimentally in adult, female CFHB rats fed on theoretically isoenergetic diets containing known amounts of fructose in combination with either maize-oil fatty acids or maize oil and two concentrations of casein. There was no obvious development of M. dubius when there was no fructose in the host's diet. In contrast, estimated consumption by the host of as little as about 2 g of fructose during the 5-week infection period was accompanied by marked sexual dimorphism and weight gain in most of the M. dubius present. The dry weights of M. dubius of both sexes were positively correlated with fructose concentrations ranging from 0 to 2·5 % (w/w) in the diets containing fatty acids. Significant, but not substantial, increases in M. dubius dry weight were observed as the dietary fructose concentration was raised to 12 % (w/w). Similar trends were observed when the fructose was offered to the infected rats with maize oil, but in general, fructose added to the fatty-acid based diets supported most M. dubius growth. Differences in the distribution pattern of the worms in rats fed on the fatty-acid or maize-oil based diets were observed and their possible significance is discussed.

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