Sonority and syllable structure in Chicano English

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto Santa Ana A.
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Regional Dialect ◽  
Chicano English

ABSTRACTThree analyses of /-t,d/ deletion are undertaken to investigate whether convergence with the matrix regional dialect has taken place in Los Angeles Chicano English. Two superficial analyses mistakenly find convergence. A third emic multivariate analysis finds no phonological convergence. It is argued that sonority of adjacent consonants accounts for most of the variation. In order to give an account of the degree and direction of the /-t,d/ deletion processses in Chicano English, Clement's (1988) model of nonaffixal syllabification, which is also based on sonority, is extended to this affix-affecting delection process.

IDENTIFICATION OF COFFEE BEANS USING FTIR-SPECTROSCOPY AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Д.А. МЕТЛЕНКИН ◽  
Ю.Т. ПЛАТОВ ◽  
Р.А. ПЛАТОВА ◽  
А.Е. РУБЦОВ ◽  
А.М. МИХАЙЛОВА
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Ir Spectra ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Coffee Beans ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Decaffeinated Coffee

Для идентификации кофе используют методы газовой и жидкостной хроматографии, которые дают точную и подробную информацию о его химическом составе, однако трудоемки, сложны по пробоподготовке и непригодны для оперативного мониторинга качества. Цель настоящего исследования – разработка и апробация метода идентификации кофе по ботаническому виду, географическому месту произрастания и обжарке с применением Фурье-ИК-спектроскопии и многомерного анализа. В качестве объектов исследования были образцы кофе в зернах, различающиеся по ботаническому виду (арабика/робуста), географическому месту произрастания (Азия/Америка/Африка) и обжарке (жареный/нежареный). Для разработки моделей идентификации кофе в зернах была сформирована база спектральных данных и применены методы многомерного анализа – метод главных компонент (МГК) и дискриминантный анализ (ДА). ИК-спектры образцов кофе регистрировали с помощью Фурье-ИК-спектрометра Bruker ALPHA с алмазным модулем НПВО в диапазоне 4000–400 см–1 при разрешающей способности спектрометра 2 см–1. Спектральные данные были экспортированы из встроенного программного обеспечения OPUS 7.3.5.0 в Excel. При анализе матрицы спектральных данных выявлены наиболее интенсивные полосы поглощения ИК-спектра, приписываемые наличию функциональных групп воды, липидов, полисахаридов, кофеина и хлорогеновой кислоты в кофе. При сравнении ИК-спектров образцов кофеина, декофеинизированного кофе и кофе в зернах выявлены полосы поглощения спектра, которые можно использовать для построения калибровочной модели содержания кофеина в составе кофе в зернах. По спектральным данным МГК построена многомерная модель градации образцов кофе в зависимости от ботанического вида и наличия обжарки. По матрице факторных нагрузок выявлены полосы поглощения спектра, объясняющие различия образцов по ботаническому виду и обжарке и вносящие наибольший вклад в разделение образцов кофе на группы. Методом ДА по 19 переменным – коэффициентам поглощения на волновых числах спектра разработана система классификационных функций градации образцов кофе по географическому месту произрастания. Доказано, что сочетание Фурье-ИК-спектроскопии с методами многомерного анализа можно использовать как быстрый и неразрушающий инструмент для идентификации кофе в зернах. Gas and liquid chromatography methods are used to identify coffee. They provide accurate and detailed information about its chemical composition; however they are time-consuming, complex in sample preparation and unsuitable for operational quality monitoring. The purpose of this study is to develop and test a method for identifying coffee by botanical species, geographical place of growth and roasting using FTIR-spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Samples of coffee beans were selected as objects of research, differing in botanical type (Arabica/Robusta), geographical place of growth (Asia/America/Africa) and roasting (roasted/not roasted). To develop models for the identification of grain coffee, a spectral database was formed and the methods of multivariate analysis were applied: principal components analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis. The IR-spectra of coffee samples were recorded using a Bruker ALPHA FTIR-spectrometer with a diamond module in the range of 4000–400 cm–1 with a resolution of the spectrometer of 2 cm–1. Spectral data were exported from the OPUS 7.3.5.0 embedded software to Excel. During analysis the matrix of spectral data, the most intense absorption bands of the IR-spectrum were revealed, attributed to the presence of functional groups of water, lipids, polysaccharides, caffeine and chlorogenic acid in grain coffee. By comparison the IR spectra of the samples: caffeine, decaffeinated coffee and grain coffee, absorption bands of the spectrum were revealed, which can be used to build a calibration model of the caffeine content in the composition of coffee beans. Using PCA based on the spectral data, a multivariate model of the gradation of coffee by botanical type and depending on the roast was build. According to the matrix of factor loadings, absorption bands of the spectrum were revealed, explaining the differences between the samples in botanical type and roasting and making the greatest contribution to the division of coffee samples into groups. By the method of discriminant analysis using 19 variables – absorption coefficients at the wave numbers of the spectrum – a system of classification functions for the gradation of grain coffee samples according to the geographical place of growth has been developed. It is proved that the combination of FTIR-spectroscopy with multivariate analysis methods can be used as a fast and non-destructive tool for identifying coffee beans.

scholarly journals Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Phosphorus Element in Fertilizers Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baohua Zhang ◽  
Pengpeng Ling ◽  
Wen Sha ◽  
Yongcheng Jiang ◽  
Zhifeng Cui
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Matrix Effect ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
P Element ◽  
Characteristic Line ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
The Matrix

Rapid detection of phosphorus (P) element is beneficial to the control of compound fertilizer production process and is of great significance in the fertilizer industry. The aim of this work was to compare the univariate and multivariate analysis of phosphorus element in compound fertilizers and obtain a reliable and accurate method for rapid detection of phosphorus element. A total of 47 fertilizer samples were collected from the production line; 36 samples were used as a calibration set, and 11 samples were used as a prediction set. The univariate calibration curve was constructed by the intensity of characteristic line and the concentration of P. The linear correlation coefficient was 0.854 as the existence of the matrix effect. In order to eliminate the matrix effect, the internal standardization as the appropriate methodology was used to increase the accuracy. Using silicon (Si) element as an internal element, a linear correlation coefficient of 0.932 was obtained. Furthermore, the chemometrics model of partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was used to analysis the concentration of P in fertilizer. The correlation coefficient was 0.977 and 0.976 for the calibration set and prediction set, respectively. The results indicated that the LIBS technique coupled with PLSR could be a reliable and accurate method in the quantitative determination of P element in complex matrices like compound fertilizers.

Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Matrix Effects on 110 Pesticide Residues in 28 Tea Matrixes

2013 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1453-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Guo-Fang Pang ◽  
Chun-Lin Fan ◽  
Xi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Signal Suppression ◽  
The Matrix

Abstract Matrix effects on 110 pesticides in 28 tea matrixes of different varieties and origins by LC/MS/MS were studied, and most of the pesticides exhibited soft and medium signal suppression. To better understand the influence of the tea varieties and the physicochemical characteristics of pesticides on the matrix effects, the multivariate analysis tool called hierarchical cluster analysis was applied. Tea matrixes were grouped into three clusters: unfermented, fermented, and post-fermented teas. Any type of tea can be chosen from each cluster as a corresponding representative matrix within that cluster to make matrix-matched solutions, which could simplify analysis while guaranteeing its accuracy. Matrix effects on most pesticides were similar despite the physicochemical diversities of the pesticides.

A note on tests of significance in multivariate analysis

1939 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Generalized Variance ◽  
Vector Correlation ◽  
Tests Of Significance ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Generalized Parameters

Multivariate generalizations. In multivariate statistical analysis, common terms such as variances and correlation coefficients have received certain generalizations. Wilks (7) has called the determinant |V|, where V is the matrix of variances and covariances between several variates, a generalized variance; certain ratios of such determinants have been called by Hotelling(5) vector correlation coefficients and vector alienation coefficients. While these determinantal functions have properties which justify to some extent this kind of generalization, it sometimes seems more reasonable to leave any generalized parameters, or corresponding sample statistics, in the form of matrices of elementary quantities. This is stressed by the formal analogy which then often exists between the generalized and the elementary formulae.

Chicano English evidence for the exponential hypothesis: A variable rule pervades lexical phonology

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santa Ana A. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Actual Rate ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Age Grading ◽  
Lexical Phonology ◽  
Chicano English ◽  
Independent Confirmation

ABSTRACTGuy (1991) proposed a linkage between empirical linguistics, in the morphological constraints of /-t,d/ deletion, and formal linguistic theory, in lexical phonology. He hypothesized an explanation for the actual rate of deletion reported in /-t,d/ studies in the three-tier lexical phonology model (Kiparsky, 1979): namely, that an exponential relationship exists in the relative rate of deletion of /-t,d/ clusters in words, according to different morphological classes as described in the three-tier model. In this article, the hypothesis is tested in the English of 45 Chicanos from Los Angeles, which as a recently formed dialect provides an interesting test case in two respects. A major difference exists between the English of older and younger Chicanos involving the morphological classes associated with /-t,d/ deletion. Additionally, age grading of the /-t,d/ deletion process operates only among the younger speakers. Guy's model receives solid independent confirmation in the Chicano English data. These results simultaneously integrate the three-tier lexical phonology model, Guy's hypothesis, and the dialect-specific characteristics of Chicano English.

Factors Related to Perinatal Substance Abuse in a California County

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1403-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Gurnack ◽  
Wendy Paul
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Drug Misuse ◽  
Test Results ◽  
History Of

The study reported here originates from a county in California between Los Angeles and San Francisco. 658 mothers were tested over a 1–mo. period in June 1991 to ascertain the prevalence of drug misuse among pregnant women. 11% of the mothers tested positive for some type of substance. Of those substances found in the urine of the mothers who tested positive, the most prevalent were barbiturates, marijuana methamphetamines, and amphetamines. When the multivariate analysis of logistic regression was performed with test results as the dependent variable, history of drug use was the most important factor related to mothers testing positive for drugs.

Consonant cluster reduction in Tejano English

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
San Antonio ◽  
Consonant Cluster ◽  
Santa Ana ◽  
Consonant Cluster Reduction ◽  
Syllable Stress ◽  
Chicano English ◽  
Cluster Reduction

ABSTRACTThis study examines the well-known process of consonant cluster reduction in the English of residents of a San Antonio, Texas, barrio. The study compares Tejano patterns of /-t, d/ deletion with the pan-English pattern summarized by Labov (1989). Results of VARBRUL analysis show that /-t, d/ deletion in Tejano English is constrained by many of the same factors as in other English dialects, including Los Angeles Chicano English. Results also suggest, however, a complex pattern of convergence and divergence. Younger Tejanos are converging toward other dialects of English with respect to the effect of the morphological class on cluster simplification. Yet there is some evidence that they are diverging from other dialects with respect to the effect of syllable stress. On this latter dimension, younger Tejanos replicate the pattern found by Santa Ana (1991) among Los Angeles Chicanos. Finally, the study compares /-t, d/ deletion in Tejano/Chicano English in San Antonio and Los Angeles and shows that, despite many similarities, Mexican American varieties exhibit regional as well as generational differences.

scholarly journals Early Mortality in Multiple Myeloma: Risk Factors and Impact on Population Outcomes

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 1320-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano J Costa ◽  
Wilson I Gonsalves ◽  
Shaji Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Plasma Cell ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Plasma Cell Leukemia ◽  
Cell Leukemia

Abstract Background: There has been major improvement in the survival of patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM) over the past two decades. Such improvement has been attributed to the broader use of hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation and novel drugs that prolong initial remission and more successfully treat relapsed disease. Early mortality (EM), here defined as death in the first year after diagnosis, is uncommon in modern MM trials. The magnitude of EM in unselected patients with MM and its impact on overall outcomes in this disease is unknown Methods: We analyzed EM in MM utilizing data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result Program (SEER-13). Patients diagnosed with MM as first malignant neoplasm between 1993 and 2010 (follow up until end of 2011) were included. Cases reported from death certificate or autopsy only were excluded, along with patients recorded as alive but with no survival time (<1% of total). Relative EM rates (1 – relative survival) used data from the US population in 2000 as reference. We described EM for different population groups, changes over time and performed multivariate analysis (binary logistic regression) to assess risk factors for EM in MM. To assess the impact of factors other than reduction in EM in the increased survival of MM, we performed a landmark survival analysis including only those patients who survived at least 1 year after diagnosis. Results: There were 30,324 patients in the analysis, 11,439 diagnosed at age < 65 and 18,885 at age ≥ 65. Absolute EM was 17.6% and 35.3% while relative EMwas 16.9% and 31.7% for the younger and the older groups respectively. There was decline of relative EM rates that occurred in both age groups but only became evident among older patients after 2005 (Figure 1). In multivariate analysis, factors associated with increased risk of EM were male sex, age ≥65 years , diagnosis in 1993-2001, presence of primary plasma cell leukemia, low household income and residence in the coverage area of certain SEER registries (Table 1). Landmark analysis of 1-year survivors demonstrated increased survival from 1993-2001 to 2002-2010 for patients < 65 (median 58 vs. 85 months, P<0.001) and for patients ≥ 65 (median 38 vs. 48 months, P<0.001, Figure 2). Conclusions: Reduction in EM partially explains population improvements in MM overall survival. EM remains high in MM and a major barrier for continued improvement in survival outcomes. Table 1 Factor Reference OR 95% C.I. P Female sex Male 0.90 0.85-0.95 <0.001 Year of diagnosis 1993-2001 2002-2010 1.16 1.10-1.22 <0.001 Plasma Cell Leukemia Multiple Myeloma 5.62 4.17-7.58 <0.001 Age ≥65 years < 65 years 2.56 2.42-2.72 <0.001 Race-ethnicity <0.001 NHB NHW 0.97 0.90-1.04 0.39 Hispanic NHW 1.04 0.95-1.14 0.41 AIAN NHW 0.90 0.63-1.28 0.56 API NHW 0.84 0.75-0.94 0.004 Median household income# 0.91 0.87-0.95 <0.001 SEER registry <0.001 Alaska Los Angeles 1.37 0.62-3.02 0.43 Atlanta Los Angeles 1.003 0.89-1.14 0.96 Connecticut Los Angeles 0.83 0.75-0.93 0.002 Detroit Los Angeles 1.06 0.96-1.16 0.23 Hawaii Los Angeles 1.21 1.01-1.45 0.04 Iowa Los Angeles 0.89 0.80-0.99 0.03 New Mexico Los Angeles 0.88 0.77-1.01 0.07 Rural Georgia Los Angeles 1.10 0.76-1.58 0.63 San Francisco-Oakland Los Angeles 0.99 0.86-1.11 0.87 San Jose-Monterey Los Angeles 1.05 0.87-1.12 0.51 Seattle-Puget Sound Los Angeles 0.91 0.83-1.01 0.08 Utah Los Angeles 1.13 0.98-1.29 0.08 NHB= non-Hispanic Blacks;, NHW= non-Hispanic Whites; AIAN= American Indian, Alaska Natives; API= Asian and Pacific Islanders; #Per US$ 10,000 Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2 Figure 2. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document