Drug abuse and developmental psychopathology

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEYER D. GLANTZ ◽  
ALAN I. LESHNER
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Research Findings

Drug abuse research and theory has become much more sophisticated over the last 2 decades, and some of the advancements parallel concepts that are part of the developmental psychopathology approach. The application of the developmental psychopathology perspective to recent drug abuse research findings can provide a greater understanding of that information and point to important areas of future research. Among the drug abuse research areas discussed here and viewed from this perspective are antecedent and co-occurring psychopathological conditions and other problem behaviors; the diversity of the nature of, paths to, and processes and outcomes related to drug abuse; the role of intermediary influences; the interaction of individual and environmental predisposing and protective factors; the role of families and other social institutions in intervention; and developmental stage characteristics. Directions for future research are also discussed.

Happiness and Resilience Following Physical Disability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana S. Dunn ◽  
Gitendra Uswatte ◽  
Timothy R. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Positive Psychology ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Rehabilitation Psychology ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Restricted Mobility

Restricted mobility, activity, or physical loss can have psychological consequences, so that some individuals report a variety of depressive symptoms and problem behaviors following disability onset. Yet many people with disabilities adjust to their circumstances reasonably well. The focus of this chapter is on those who exhibit positive reactions to living with disability. Our discussion is grounded in the theoretical and empirical perspectives of positive psychology; the constructive, person–situation focus of rehabilitation psychology; and the approaches emerging from the synergy of both research areas. Positive psychology emphasizes three foci: subjective states, individual processes, and the creation and maintenance of positive social institutions that facilitate participation in personal and social activities. We consider the first two foci by examining happiness, and then resiliency and positive growth. We then consider the implications of our review for future research and therapy.

The Crisis of Social Institutions and Police Homicides: The Adverse Effects of Low Institutional Control

2021 ◽  
pp. 108876792110184
Author(s):  
Kamali’ilani T. E. Wetherell ◽  
Terance D. Miethe
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Institutional Control ◽  
Different Levels

Using U.S. census data and a multi-source database on officer-involved killings, the current study extends previous research by exploring the influence of measures of weak social control in economic, educational, and familial institutions on state rates of police homicide. States with lower levels of institutional control are found to have higher overall rates of police homicides and police killings involving Black, Hispanic, and White decedents. The significant effects of institutional control on these police homicide rates are generally found to exhibit contextual invariance across different levels of various control variables (e.g., comparisons of states with low or high violent crime rates, low vs high economic inequality, low vs high levels of urbanization). These results and the limitations of this study are discussed in terms of implications for future research and public policy on police homicides and the role of social institutions in minimizing the occurrence of these incidents.

Internal projects as strategic tools: an organisation-level perspective and a research agenda

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjørn Bjorvatn
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
And Performance

PurposeThe purpose of this conceptual paper is to describe and explain how organisations use internal projects to implement organisation-level strategy objectives.Design/methodology/approachTheory development with an emphasis on explaining key constructs and their mutual relationships. The theoretical contribution is represented in a diagram along with a detailed verbal account.FindingsThe paper develops a dynamic, cross-level framework to illustrate the organisational processes and outcomes that determine project-based strategy implementation within a single organisation. The interplay between the base organisation and the project, and benefits realisation were singled out as key future research areas. The proposed framework engages with central discourses in the fields of project management, strategic management, innovation studies, knowledge management and organisation studies.Research limitations/implicationsOnly the contours of an organisation-level theory of strategically motivated internal projects are outlined. Future research must elaborate on the complexities, the non-linear relationships and the boundary conditions that follow from the proposed framework.Practical implicationsManagers are alerted to the strategic role of internal projects, how these projects help connect strategy and performance and what the accompanying organisational processes and outcomes look like.Originality/valueThe paper constitutes an early conceptual treatment of strategy-driven internal projects as a distinct project category, thus addressing a major knowledge gap in project studies. Organisational project-management theory is extended with suggestions for future research.

Conclusion and Recommendations

2014 ◽  
pp. 226-238
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Financial Sector Development ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Potential Channels

This book started with a brief review of different outlooks on the role of financial sector development in the process of economic growth. Then it highlighted the fact that recent studies, particularly those originating from modern growth theory, suggest that financial intermediation affects growth through various channels. To test this proposition, an empirical model was built, data were obtained, empirical tests were carried out, and results were discussed. The final chapter in this book, therefore, summarises key research findings and discusses the potential channels through which financial sector development affects the economic growth process. The chapter further highlights contributions of this research to growth studies, discusses policy implications arising from the findings of this research, and provides directions for future research and analysis.

scholarly journals Developmental approaches to substance use and abuse

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANTE CICCHETTI ◽  
SUNIYA S. LUTHAR
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Drug Use Disorders ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

In 1996 the Institute of Medicine (IOM, 1996) issued a report on pathways to addiction. Although focused on the use of illegal drugs, the recommendations of the committee are equally applicable to more socially condoned, but still addictive, substances such as alcohol. The IOM (1996) report articulated the types of research that would be needed to expand the understanding of the etiology of drug use disorders, including the following: (a) multidisciplinary research to investigate the combined effects of biological, psychosocial, and contextual factors as they relate to the development of drug use, abuse, and dependence; (b) studies of sufficient duration to enable follow-up of participants in determining the role of risk and protective factors related to the transition from drug use to abuse to dependence; (c) research investigating the role of family factors in the etiology of drug use and abuse; (d) examination of psychopathology as a precursor to drug use and abuse in adolescents and adults; (e) studies of risk and protective factors related to drug use and abuse, especially during discrete developmental stages; and (f) investigation of childhood risk and protective factors that are associated with drug abuse and dependence. In reflecting on these comprehensive goals, striking similarities emerge with respect to these research foci and the field of developmental psychopathology (Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995; Cicchetti & Toth, 1991). Specifically, the principles that guide inquiries conceptualized within a developmental psychopathology framework can be applied toward the conduct of studies designed to address the agenda generated by the IOM (1996) report on substance abuse.

scholarly journals Unraveling the Interconnections Between Statistical Learning and Dyslexia: A Review of Recent Empirical Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Singh ◽  
Christopher M. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Structured Information ◽  
Learning Impairment

One important aspect of human cognition involves the learning of structured information encountered in our environment, a phenomenon known as statistical learning. A growing body of research suggests that learning to read print is partially guided by learning the statistical contingencies existing between the letters within a word, and also between the letters and sounds to which the letters refer. Research also suggests that impairments to statistical learning ability may at least partially explain the difficulties experienced by individuals diagnosed with dyslexia. However, the findings regarding impaired learning are not consistent, perhaps partly due to the varied use of methodologies across studies – such as differences in the learning paradigms, stimuli used, and the way that learning is assessed – as well as differences in participant samples such as age and extent of the learning disorder. In this review, we attempt to examine the purported link between statistical learning and dyslexia by assessing a set of the most recent and relevant studies in both adults and children. Based on this review, we conclude that although there is some evidence for a statistical learning impairment in adults with dyslexia, the evidence for an impairment in children is much weaker. We discuss several suggestive trends that emerge from our examination of the research, such as issues related to task heterogeneity, possible age effects, the role of publication bias, and other suggestions for future research such as the use of neural measures and a need to better understand how statistical learning changes across typical development. We conclude that no current theoretical framework of dyslexia fully captures the extant research findings on statistical learning.

scholarly journals Oil terrorism-militancy link: Mediating role of moral disengagement in emergency and crisis management

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwasoye Patrick Mafimisebi, PhD Student ◽  
Sara Thorne, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Resistance Movements ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Rational Choices ◽  
Research Findings

The controversial issues of terrorism and militancy have generated contemporary interests and different interpretations have emerged on how to combat and manage these dangerous events. This study widens understanding of moral disengagement mechanism application in the perpetuation of inhumanities within the context of oil terrorist and militant behaviors. The research findings and model are explicit on how people form moral evaluations of agents who are forced to make morally relevant decisions over times in context of crisis situations. Quite crucially, understanding the context of terrorism and militancy provides policymakers, emergency and crisis managers better analysis and response to such events. The research fundamental purpose was to investigate the mediating role of moral disengagement on delinquency of oil terrorism and militancy; and considered implications for emergency and crisis management practices. The study found that situational-induced crises such as oil terrorism and militancy were sufficient to account for an individual's misdeeds and unethical or inhumane decisions made under frustration and agitation may be perceived as less indicative of one's fundamental character. Findings suggest that more repugnant delinquencies could have been committed in the name of justice than in the name of injustice, avenues for future research. In context, the result of the moral disengagement scale shows that morality of delinquency (oil terrorism and militancy) is accomplished by cognitively redefining the morality of such acts. The main finding is that people in resistance movements are rational actors making rational choices. The authors argue that theorists, policymakers, and practitioners must give meaningful attention to understanding the multidimensional nature of emergency, crisis and disaster management for better strength of synthesis between theory and practice. The research is concluded by thorough examination of the implication and limitations for future research and practice.

Child and Adolescent Psychopathy

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall T. Salekin ◽  
John E. Lochman
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Peer Relations ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Adolescent Psychopathy ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Symptoms

This current article introduces the special issue on child and adolescent psychopathy and the search for protective factors. Although there has been considerable research conducted on psychopathy at the adult level and a surge of research attempting to extend the concept to children and adolescents in the past decade, few studies have attempted to examine factors that might moderate or protect against the development of psychopathy. This special issue focuses on topics relevant to examining potential protective factors within a developmental psychopathology framework. Articles in the special issue are longitudinal and thus allow for the examination of protective factors as they are evidenced in real time. They focus on genetics, peer relations, parental factors, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These studies provide a foundation for examining protective factors and provide the groundwork for future research in this area.

From Readiness to Action: How Motivation Works

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie W. Kruglanski ◽  
Marina Chernikova ◽  
Noa Schori-Eyal
Keyword(s):  
General Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretical Construct ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Animal Learning ◽  
First Order ◽  
Motivational Readiness ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Order Factor

Abstract We present a new theoretical construct labeled motivational readiness. It is defined as the inclination, whether or not ultimately implemented, to satisfy a desire. A general model of readiness is described which builds on the work of prior theories, including animal learning models and personality approaches, and which aims to integrate a variety of research findings across different domains of motivational research. Components of this model include the Want state (that is, an individual’s currently active desire), and the Expectancy of being able to satisfy that Want. We maintain that the Want concept is the critical ingredient in motivational readiness: without it, readiness cannot exist. In contrast, some motivational readiness can exist without Expectancy. We also discuss the role of incentive in motivational readiness. Incentive is presently conceived of in terms of a Match between a Want and a Perceived Situational Affordance. Whereas in classic models incentive was portrayed as a first order determinant of motivational readiness, here we describe it as a second order factor which affects readiness by influencing Want, Expectancy, or both. The new model’s relation to its theoretical predecessors, and its implications for future research, also are discussed.

scholarly journals Advancing the Field of Social Marketing Through the Lens of Group Dynamics: An Overview and Research Agenda

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (III) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Farooq Ahmad ◽  
Syed Ali Raza Hamid ◽  
Muhammad Nawaz Qaisar
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Social Marketing ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Marketing Social ◽  
The Social

Social marketing is an emerging sub-discipline of marketing. Social marketing deals with attitudinal reconstruction and helps to augment behavioral changes to address various social issues. Social marketing also uses conventional elements of 4Ps to influence behavior change. In this study, a systematic literature review was examined from peer-reviewed journals on social marketing. The focus of this literature review was on important theoretical contributions and theories used in the social marketing domain. Social marketing employed the theories initially developed in psychology and social psychology to study the phenomenon of behavior change as a function of intra-individual processing, persuasive techniques, and one-way communication. Individual centered approaches have been used in this context. The role of group dynamics a strategic tool has not been explored in the domain of social marketing. The research paper has identified possible future research areas in the domain of social marketing in the context of group dynamics.

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