scholarly journals Closing the gap between person-oriented theory and methods

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Young Mun ◽  
Marsha E. Bates ◽  
Evgeny Vaschillo
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Target System ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Oriented Approach

AbstractSterba and Bauer's Keynote Article discusses the blurred distinction between theoretical principles and analytical methods in the person-oriented approach as problematic and review which of the person-oriented principles are testable under the four types of latent variable models for longitudinal data. Although the issue is important, some arbitrariness exists in determining whether a given principle can be tested within each analytic approach. To close the gap between person-oriented theory and methods and to extend the person-oriented approach more generally, it is necessary to embrace both variable-oriented and person-oriented methods because it is not the individual analytic methods but how studies are implemented as a whole that defines the person-oriented approach. Three areas in developmental psychopathology are discussed in which variable-oriented and person-oriented methods can be complementary. The need to better understand the target system using an appropriate person-specific tool is graphically illustrated. Several concepts of dynamic systems such as attractors, phase transitions, and control parameters are illustrated using experimentally perturbed cardiac rhythms (heart rate variability) as an example in the context of translational alcohol research.

scholarly journals Combat as an Interpersonal Synergy: An Ecological Dynamics Approach to Combat Sports

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1825-1836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Krabben ◽  
Dominic Orth ◽  
John van der Kamp
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Combat Sports ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Interactive Approach ◽  
Ecological Dynamics ◽  
Skilled Performance ◽  
Initial Support ◽  
And Control

Abstract In combat sports, athletes continuously co-adapt their behavior to that of the opponent. We consider this interactive aspect of combat to be at the heart of skilled performance, yet combat sports research often neglects or limits interaction between combatants. To promote a more interactive approach, the aim of this paper is to understand combat sports from the combined perspective of ecological psychology and dynamic systems. Accordingly, combat athletes are driven by perception of affordances to attack and defend. Two combatants in a fight self-organize into one interpersonal synergy, where the perceptions and actions of both athletes are coupled. To be successful in combat, performers need to manipulate and take advantage of the (in)stability of the system. Skilled performance in combat sports therefore requires brinkmanship: combatants need to be aware of their action boundaries and purposefully act in meta-stable regions on the limits of their capabilities. We review the experimental literature to provide initial support for a synergetic approach to combat sports. Expert combatants seem able to accurately perceive action boundaries for themselves and their opponent. Local-level behavior of individual combatants has been found to lead to spatiotemporal synchronization at the global level of a fight. Yet, a formal understanding of combat as a dynamic system starting with the identification of order and control parameters is still lacking. We conclude that the ecological dynamics perspective offers a promising approach to further our understanding of skilled performance in combat sports, as well as to assist coaches and athletes to promote optimal training and learning.

Coercion, Power, and Control in Interdependent Relationships

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Howe ◽  
Laura Mlynarski
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Social Interdependence ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Systems Framework ◽  
Interdependent Relationships

Children must learn to navigate the complex world of social interdependence. This chapter discusses the central characteristics of interdependent interaction, reviewing recent research from social psychology. It then explores the repertoire of skill necessary for successful navigation of interdependence, and how rigid coercive aggression might impede success. It combines a dynamic systems framework with developmental and family research on social interaction in dyads and larger groups. In this view, elements of emotion, thought, and action assemble at each moment during real-time interaction, conditioning and being conditioned by the ongoing flow of that interaction. These elements come to form coordinated ensembles at the individual, dyad, and group level, and over time self-stabilize into coherent styles, including coercive aggression and prosocial orientations. The chapter then focuses on how these styles develop, and concludes with discussion of directions for future research and intervention.

Sprache und Denken Bei Wundt, Paul und Marty Ein Beitrag Zur Problemgeschichte Der Sprachpsychologie

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Knobloch
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
Wilhelm Wundt ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Oriented Approach ◽  
Do So

Summary The paper recaptures, on the basis of one of the central issues of the discussion, namely, the relationship between thought and speech, the psychlin-guistic controversy between Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), Hermann Paul (1846–1921), and Anton Marty (1847–1914) at the turn of this century. The basic tenets of all three theories are presented, their assumptions analysed, and their respective fruitfulness (or lack of it) put forward. After redressing the distorted picture of Wundt’s position in the recent historiography of psycholingu-istics, it is shown that Wundt’s model of an expression-oriented approach, which in effect identifies categories of linguistic surface structure with those of an inner psychological nature, remains circular and not amenable to further development. Hermann Paul, though making use of a similar procedure, is opposed to Wundt’s (as well as Heymann Steinthal’s (1823–1899) social psychology or Völkerpsychologie), favouring instead the individual as the locus of linguistic events (and hence linguistic analysis), thereby playing down the importance of linguistic intercourse and communication in language acquisition and historical development. Finally, in Marty’s theories the contradiction between his reliance on 19th-century event-directed psychology and a rather modern functional conception of language is most evident. Marty wants, unlike Wundt and Paul, to distinguish clearly between genetic and systematic questions. But while recognizing the complementarity of event expression and control of comprehension on the part of the hearer, he does not do so in the case of the linguistic representation of ‘objects and events’. In an attempt to escape from the naive homology of thinking and grammar, Marty argues in favour of a complete separation of the two mental activities. The paper argues that the common psychological premisses of these authors must be considered if the differences between them are to be understood, since it is just these particular premises that lie in the way of an adequate comprehension of problems of semantics and of communication.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE FRAMES ANALYSIS IN INSTITUTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS: PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 168-177
Author(s):  
Наталья Александровна Шапиро ◽  
Мария Юрьевна Курганская
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Rational Behavior ◽  
Practical Relevance ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oriented Approach

Цель исследования состоит в практической актуализации концепции новой поведенческой экономики, потому что практико-ориентированная направленность новой поведенческой экономики, по мнению её автора Р. Талера, ориентирована на принятие решений в сложных, редких, с недостаточной связью ситуациях, где последствия отложены, а результаты не определяемы. Пандемия covid-19 является тем фактором, который сделал последствия применения большинства известных экономических стратегий и мер регулирования слабо предсказуемыми по времени и содержанию. В качестве метода обоснования практической актуализации новой поведенческой экономики взят сравнительный анализ поведенческих концепций новой институциональной и поведенческой экономики с гипотезой рационального поведения ортодоксальной неоклассики и критика этой гипотезы в теориях новой институциональной и поведенческой экономики. Принципиальное разграничение концепций видится во фрейме (специальный термин новой поведенческой экономики), учете в нем влияния, оказываемого на решения, которые принимают экономические субъекты-индивидуумы. Констатация отличий в трактовках экономического поведения приводит авторов статьи к выводу о важности применения методов подталкивания в условиях неопределенности. Акцент на индивидуальном поведении субъектов, как правило, оправдан, а исследование актуально, когда институциональная структура экономики и традиционные макроэкономические инструменты утрачивают свою продуктивность в связи с ростом неопределенности, вызванным, как в настоящее время, пандемией covid-19. The purpose of the study is to practically actualize the concept of a new behavioral economy as the practice-oriented approach of the new behavioral economy is focused on making decisions in difficult and rare situations with insufficient communication, when the consequences are postponed, and the results can’t be detected (according to its author R. Thaler). The covid-19 pandemic as the factor has made poorly predictable the impact of most of the known economic policies and control measures in terms of time and content. The author uses the comparative analysis of the behavioral concepts of the new institutional and behavioral economics with the hypothesis of rational behavior of orthodox neoclassicism and the theories of the new institutional and behavioral economics as a method to argue the practical relevance of the new behavioral economics. The fundamental differentiation of concepts is seen in the term of frame (a special term of the new behavioral economy), that includes the influence on the decisions made by economic subjects - individuals. The statement of the differences in the interpretations of economic behavior makes the authors of the article conclude that it is important to apply the methods of nudge while dealing with the conditions of uncertainty. Paying attention to the individual behavior of the subjects is mostly adequate and the study is relevant when the institutional structure of the economy and traditional macroeconomic instruments lose their productivity because of the growing uncertainty like today during the covid-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals The Impact of an Intensive English Reading Course Based on the Production-Oriented Approach on the L2 Motivational Self System Among Chinese University English Majors From a Dynamic Systems Theory Perspective

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chili Li ◽  
Chujia Zhou ◽  
Wen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Dynamic Systems Theory ◽  
Intensive English ◽  
English Reading ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
L2 Motivational Self System ◽  
Ideal L2 Self ◽  
And Control ◽  
Oriented Approach

This article reports on a study that took a Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) perspective to second language (L2) motivational self system (L2MSS). More specifically, it investigated the influence of an Intensive English Reading course based on the Production-Oriented Approach (POA) upon the L2MSS of Chinese university English majorsfrom the DST perspective. To this end, two intact classes composed of 50 students were assigned into experimental group (EG) (N = 23) and control group (CG) (N = 27), who responded to an L2MSS scale before and after the one-semester intervention. Eight and five students were respectively selected using the purposive sampling method from the experimental and control groups for follow-up semi-structured interviews. The quantitative results revealed that the overall and dimensional (Ideal L2 Self and L2 Learning Experience) levels of L2MSS were significantly strengthened over time in the EG while kept stable in the CG. The qualitative results suggested that the enhanced Ideal L2 Self of the participants stemmed from an attractor basin that was deepened by a number of attractors encompassing Output Tasks and Peer Performance. The interview results also showed that the increased L2 Learning Experience of the participants pertained to an attractor basin that was consolidated by an array of attractors containing Output Tasks, Teacher Guidance, Group Discussion, and Peer Assessment. The findings indicated that the attractors at the subjective and social dimensions in the POA-based course collectively worked together to cause changes in L2MSS among the participants. The implications for intervening L2 motivation from a POA approach in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms were discussed.

A person-oriented approach in research on developmental psychopathology

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
LARS R. BERGMAN ◽  
DAVID MAGNUSSON
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Adjustment Problems ◽  
Classification Approach ◽  
White Spots ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oriented Approach

There is a growing acceptance of a holistic, interactionistic view in which the individual is seen as an organized whole, functioning and developing as a totality. This view emphasizes the importance of patterns of operating factors. Within this framework, a standard variable-oriented approach, focusing on the variable as the main theoretical and analytical unit, has limitations. A person-oriented approach would often be preferable, where the main theoretical and analytical unit is the specific pattern of operating factors. Such an approach is presented here, focusing on individual development and psychopathology. A brief theoretical and methodological overview is given and a classification approach is emphasized. Empirical examples concerning the longitudinal study of adjustment problems illustrate a number of issues believed to be important to development and psychopathology: problem gravitation, the significance of single variables and of patterns, the developmental study of syndromes (=typical patterns), and the detection of “white spots” in development.

scholarly journals The Effects of Controlled Tempo Manipulations on Cardiovascular Autonomic Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 205920431985828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Bretherton ◽  
Jim Deuchars ◽  
W. Luke Windsor
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Control Rhythm ◽  
Age Range ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time ◽  
Direct Measures ◽  
Response Direction

Music has been associated with alterations in autonomic function. Tempo, the speed of music, is one of many musical parameters that may drive autonomic modulation. However, direct measures of sympathetic nervous system activity and control groups and/or control stimuli do not feature in prior work. This article therefore reports an investigation into the autonomic effects of increases and decreases in tempo. Fifty-eight healthy participants (age range: 22–80 years) were randomly allocated to either an experimental ( n = 29, tune) or control (rhythm of the same tune) group. All participants underwent five conditions: baseline, stable tempo (tune/rhythm repeatedly played at 120 bpm), tempo increase (tune/rhythm played at 60 bpm, 90 bpm, 120 bpm, 150 bpm, 180 bpm), tempo decrease (tune/rhythm played at 180 bpm, 150 bpm, 120 bpm, 90 bpm, 60 bpm) and recovery. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity were continuously recorded. The 60 bpm in the tempo decrease stimulus was associated with increases in measures of parasympathetic activity. The 180 bpm in the tempo increase stimulus was also associated with shifts towards parasympathetic predominance. Responses to the stimuli were predicted by baseline %LF. It is concluded that the individual tempi impacted upon autonomic function, despite the entire stimulus having little effect. The 60 bpm in an increasingly slower stimulus was associated with greater vagal modulations of heart rate than faster tempi. For the first time, this study shows that response direction and magnitude to tempo manipulations were predicted by resting values, suggesting that music responders may be autonomically distinct from non-responders.

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