POLYDACTYLY AND THE MAYA: A REVIEW AND A CASE FROM THE SITE OF PELIGROSO, UPPER MACAL RIVER VALLEY, BELIZE

AbstractA single right fifth metatarsal found in Tomb 1 at Peligroso, Belize exhibited a small deformity in the form of a small (7 mm) accessory digit emanating from the plantar surface at mid-shaft. This Type A postaxial polydactyly is the first archaeological example of polydactyly reported for Mesoamerica. Polydactyly is one of the more commonly reported morphological anomalies and thus its appearance in Maya populations would have been prevalent enough to demand explanation. A review of related terminology in pertinent Amerindian languages is presented as a means of exploring the manners in which digits and the human body are conceptualized. Maya iconographic representations of polydactyly at Palenque have parallels to other Mesoamerican renderings of supernumerary digits used to identify divinities and deified ancestors. However, the Peligroso mortuary context comprised disarticulated and commingled bones, suggesting that the individual did not have a distinctive social role related to the presence of an extra digit.

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Identification of Genes involved in Postaxial Polydactyly, Sample of FATA territory, Pakistan

Pacific International Journal ◽

10.55014/pij.v1i1.37 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 20-31

Author(s):

Shadman Khan ◽

Abdul Jamil ◽

Haroon Khan

Keyword(s):

Genetic Mapping ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Autosomal Dominant ◽

Type A ◽

Pakistani Family ◽

Dominant Trait ◽

Autosomal Dominant Trait ◽

Postaxial Polydactyly ◽

Extra Digit

Postaxial Polydactyly (PAP) is characterized by fifth digit duplication in hands and/or feet. Two types of PAP including PAP-A, representing the development of well-formed extra digit, and PAP-B, representing the presence of rudimentary fifth digit, have been described. Both isolated and syndromic forms of PAP have been reported. Isolated forms of PAP usually segregate as an autosomal dominant trait and to date four loci have been identified. In the present study, we have described mapping of the first locus of autosomal recessive PAP type A on chromosome 13q13.3–13q21.2 in a consanguineous Pakistani family. In family with autosomal dominant forms of postaxial polydactyly, most of the affected individuals exhibit features representing type A PAP (Zhao et al.,2002; Galjaardet et al.,2003). In the respected family mapped on chromosome 13q13.3– 13q21.2, affected individuals showed the additional features of postaxial polydactyly.Several locus of causative genes are involved in this disease. To check the specified locus we use several microsatellite markers (D13S1246, D13S218, D13S1288, D13S1233, D13S263, D13S1312, D13S153, D13S328, D13S119, D13S632, D13S889,D4S90, D4S2936, D4S111, D4S43, D4S16114, D4S95, D4S127, D4S126, D4S179, D4S432, D4S2957, D4S431, D4S2366, D4S2935, D4S3007, D4S412, D4S3023, D4S2285 ). All the affected individuals showed no homozygosity. Genetic mapping of all the affected individuals showed that noval genes are responsible for the disease. In future, we will work on and try to find out the causative genes.

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Organizing Things in Dickens

10.1093/oso/9780190845476.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Elaine Auyoung

Keyword(s):

Human Body ◽

Individual Experience ◽

Bleak House ◽

Narrative Structures ◽

Concrete Objects ◽

Comprehension Process ◽

The Individual ◽

Individual Human

This chapter demonstrates how the organization of narrative information can shape a reader’s impression of what is represented. It focuses on two ways in which concrete objects are arranged in Charles Dickens’s Bleak House: as specific members of general categories and as part of causally connected narrative structures. Dickens relies on these representational strategies to capture a scale of reality no longer suited to the individual human body. In doing so, he also reveals that the realist novel’s conventional commitment to individual experience at the scale of concrete particulars reflects constraints on the comprehension process.

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The Crisis of Becoming-Nature in Howard Barker’s Recent Dramas

Journal of Contemporary Drama in English ◽

10.1515/jcde-2020-0008 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 100-114

Author(s):

Karoline Gritzner

Keyword(s):

Recent Work ◽

Human Body ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Young Men ◽

Human Agency ◽

The Self ◽

Love Relationships ◽

Late Style ◽

Life Force ◽

The Individual

AbstractThis article discusses how in Howard Barker’s recent work the idea of the subject’s crisis hinges on the introduction of an impersonal or transpersonal life force that persists beyond human agency. The article considers Barker’s metaphorical treatment of the images of land and stone and their interrelationship with the human body, where the notion of subjective crisis results from an awareness of objective forces that transcend the self. In “Immense Kiss” (2018) and “Critique of Pure Feeling” (2018), the idea of crisis, whilst still dominant, seems to lose its intermittent character of singular rupture and reveals itself as a permanent force of dissolution and reification. In these plays, the evocation of nonhuman nature in the love relationships between young men and elderly women affirms the existence of something that goes beyond the individual, which Barker approaches with a late-style poetic sensibility.

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Embodying the culture of achievement: Culture between illness and perfection is a ‘thin line’ – obtaining the ideal female body as an act of achievement

Culture & Psychology ◽

10.1177/1354067x211004085 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1354067X2110040

Author(s):

Josefine Dilling ◽

Anders Petersen

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Human Body ◽

Female Body ◽

The Body ◽

Thin Line ◽

Complex Processes ◽

The Individual ◽

Different Levels ◽

The Ideal ◽

Body Ideals

In this article, we argue that certain behaviour connected to the attempt to attain contemporary female body ideals in Denmark can be understood as an act of achievement and, thus, as an embodiment of the culture of achievement, as it is characterised in Præstationssamfundet, written by the Danish sociologist Anders Petersen (2016) Hans Reitzels Forlag . Arguing from cultural psychological and sociological standpoints, this article examines how the human body functions as a mediational tool in different ways from which the individual communicates both moral and aesthetic sociocultural ideals and values. Complex processes of embodiment, we argue, can be described with different levels of internalisation, externalisation and materialisation, where the body functions as a central mediator. Analysing the findings from a qualitative experimental study on contemporary body ideals carried out by the Danish psychologists Josefine Dilling and Maja Trillingsgaard, this article seeks to anchor such theoretical claims in central empirical findings. The main conclusions from the study are used to structure the article and build arguments on how expectations and ideals expressed in an achievement society become embodied.

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Individual Differences in the Vocal Communication of Malayan Tapirs (Tapirus indicus) Considering Familiarity and Relatedness

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11041026 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1026

Author(s):

Robin Walb ◽

Lorenzo von Fersen ◽

Theo Meijer ◽

Kurt Hammerschmidt

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Vocal Communication ◽

Social Role ◽

Animal Communication ◽

Solitary Living ◽

Low Visibility ◽

Living Species ◽

The Individual ◽

Tapirus Indicus

Studies in animal communication have shown that many species have individual distinct calls. These individual distinct vocalizations can play an important role in animal communication because they can carry important information about the age, sex, personality, or social role of the signaler. Although we have good knowledge regarding the importance of individual vocalization in social living mammals, it is less clear to what extent solitary living mammals possess individual distinct vocalizations. We recorded and analyzed the vocalizations of 14 captive adult Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus) (six females and eight males) to answer this question. We investigated whether familiarity or relatedness had an influence on call similarity. In addition to sex-related differences, we found significant differences between all subjects, comparable to the individual differences found in highly social living species. Surprisingly, kinship appeared to have no influence on call similarity, whereas familiar subjects exhibited significantly higher similarity in their harmonic calls compared to unfamiliar or related subjects. The results support the view that solitary animals could have individual distinct calls, like highly social animals. Therefore, it is likely that non-social factors, like low visibility, could have an influence on call individuality. The increasing knowledge of their behavior will help to protect this endangered species.

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Biallelic variant in DACH1, encoding Dachshund Homolog 1, defines a novel candidate locus for recessive postaxial polydactyly type A

Genomics ◽

10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.015 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Umair ◽

Oliva Palander ◽

Muhammad Bilal ◽

Bader Almuzzaini ◽

Qamre Alam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type A ◽

Candidate Locus ◽

Postaxial Polydactyly

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AESTHETIC AND ART EDUCATION AS A SOCIOCULTURAL PHENOMENON

Arts education and science ◽

10.36871/hon.202002001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 6-17

Author(s):

S. I. Kolbysheva ◽

Keyword(s):

Art Education ◽

Informal Education ◽

Social Role ◽

Leisure Activities ◽

Living Organism ◽

Cultural Value ◽

The Social ◽

Human Creativity ◽

Classical Culture ◽

The Individual

The article analyzes the phenomenon of aesthetic and art education in the context of postnon- classical culture, which most fully reflects the peculiarities of the worldview orientations and values of a modern man, and is a kind of reference point for determining the scientific and theoretical basis for the development of this phenomenon at the present time. The article reveals the reasons for strengthening the social role of aesthetic and art education, which connects it with the values of the family, leisure activities and informal education. Aesthetic and art education is considered as a “living” organism that is in constant motion, able to respond to sociocultural changes, and in its rhizomaticity does not ignore the heterogeneity of the surrounding world; as an integral component of education in general, which is found in the community of key tasks focused on “human creativity” in the context of value and meaning categories of culture. It is justified the shift from information and knowledge pedagogy to pedagogy of meaning, actualizing the importance of processes of self-identification, harmonizing the relationship between man and the world, itself based on the parity of dialogical forms of cognition; the transfer of dynamics of artistic and creative activities to the internal world of the individual and the updating on this basis of strategies of irrational thinking. In conclusion, the author is concerned about the level of humanitarian culture in the society and studies aesthetic and art education as an effective mechanism for its development, as a general cultural value internalized by society.

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Approaches To The Concept Of Social Mobility

The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology ◽

10.37547/tajpslc/volume03issue02-04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 03 (02) ◽

pp. 19-26

Author(s):

Isakov S.D. ◽

Keyword(s):

Social Status ◽

Social Mobility ◽

Social Role ◽

The Individual ◽

Sociological Interpretation

The article discusses the sociological interpretation of the concept of social mobility, its generality with the concept of stratification and features of individuality. The emergence of social mobility with the change of social status and social role of the individual is also emphasized. The article also briefly discusses the classification of social mobility.

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SOCIO-CULTURAL FEATURES OF SPEAKERS’ COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOR IN DIFFERENT SOCIAL ROLES AND THEIR TRANSLATION INTO UKRAINIAN

Young Scientist ◽

10.32839/2304-5809/2020-11-87-99 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (87) ◽

Author(s):

Myroslava Lohvynenko ◽

Keyword(s):

Social Roles ◽

Social Role ◽

Communicative Behavior ◽

Communication Situations ◽

The Social ◽

The Individual ◽

Cultural Features ◽

Linguistic Means

The article is a study of the features of the individual’s communicative behavior, when implementing different social roles. By analyzing the concept of the social role and status, author puts forward the classification of the most frequent social roles represented by an individual in formal and informal communication situations (that of a father, lecturer, friend, colleague, employer, employee, consultant). The work is based on the number of studied and investigated dialogical fragments, where one character appears in different social roles and uses various language means. Having considered typical communicative situations, the author also singles out linguistic and extra-linguistic means which mark the changes of speaker’s social roles, namely: elevated, sarcastic, polite, sad, ironic, joyful, neutral, strict, humorous, angry, contemptuous, intrusive, friendly, confident and other tones as well as smile, frown and raised eyebrows, laugh, direct eye contact, pointing finger, pointing the hand etc. At the next stage of the analysis the author reveals the language means that mark the changes of the speaker's social roles as well as outlines the difficulties, connected with their translation into Ukrainian. Translation of the dialogical fragments was studied in order to find out types of rendition of the means that indicate realization of different social roles by the speaker. Non-verbal communication was also researched, aiming to find out correlation between the social role of the speaker and the means, used by the speaker, according to his social role. As a result, the paper presents the analysis of such means of translation as transliteration, transcription, antonymous, descriptive, and contextual tracing, literal types of translation as well as their dependence on the social role of the speaker. So the components of intercourse let communicative behavior of the individual to be comprehensively considered. Thereby, the results of the study, their representation in per cents, as well as examples of the communicative situations and their analysis, are represented in the following article.

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La cuentística erótica de Jaramillo Levi a través de sus máquinas deseantes

LETRAS ◽

10.15359/rl.1-49.10 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 147-161

Author(s):

Fátima R. Nogueira

Keyword(s):

Short Stories ◽

Human Body ◽

Driving Forces ◽

The Other ◽

Death Instinct ◽

Deleuze And Guattari ◽

Sexual Drive ◽

The Subject ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship

Se estudia la narrativa de Jaramillo Levi centrada en la relación entre el erotismo y la muerte, desde el intercambio de dos fuerzas que actúan en la producción del deseo: una, de naturaleza libidinosa e inconsciente, la otra de filiación social. Estos relatos exploran el vínculo entre las pulsiones sexuales y el instinto de la muerte revelando el exceso y la violencia ocultos en el erotismo; además, plasman la magnitud del deseo que al exceder los límites del cuerpo y del individuo deviene una experiencia de la sexualidad inhumana reafirmada sólo por un campo saturado de intensidades y vibraciones. Partiendo de la teoría lacaniana del deseo, y de conceptos de Deleuze y Guattari, en los relatos tal encuentro de fuerzas objetiviza el sujeto y cuestiona la noción antropomórfica de sexualidad. This study deals with Jaramillo Levi’s short stories centered on the relationship between eroticism and death, examining the exchange of two driving forces which create desire. The nature of one of these forces is unconscious and libidinous while the other is social. These stories explore the link between sexual drive and the death instinct, disclosing overindulgence and violence hidden behind eroticism. In addition, they depict the magnitude of desire, which upon exceeding the boundaries of the human body and the individual, becomes an experience of inhuman sexuality that can reaffirm itself only in a field permeated with intensity and vibrations. Considering Lacan’s theory of desire and other concepts from Deleuze and Guattari, the exchange of forces in these stories objectifies the subject and questions the anthropomorphic notion of sexuality.

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