National Concepts of Freedom and Government Pacification Policies: The Case of Czechoslovakia in the Transitional Period after 1918

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN ZÜCKERT
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The West ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractFounded in 1918, the Czechoslovak state faced a series of problems in the years after its foundation. Apart from the question of the relationship between the ideal of a nation-state and the reality of its multi-ethnic structure, as well as the question of territorial security, the successive Czechoslovak governments faced the challenge of pacifying an uprooted post-war society. During this phase of transition, ideals of nationhood and peace as well as concepts of political power were adapted to pragmatic government policies. Despite rifts between the Czech- and the German-speaking parts of the population, combined with the dangers of a radicalised strike movement and the difficult integration of members of the Czechoslovak Legion into the new polity, attempts at pacification were much more successful in the west of the country than in Slovakia and in Carpathia, since the latter two regions lacked the structural continuities of laws and institutions.

Race, citizenship and national identity in The School Paper, 1946-1968

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sianan Healy
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
World War ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Ideal

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore representations of Aboriginal people, in particular children, in the Victorian government’s school reader The School Paper, from the end of the Second World War until its publication ceased in 1968. The author interrogates these representations within the framework of pedagogies of citizenship training and the development of national identity, to reveal the role Aboriginal people and their culture were accorded within the “imagined community” of Australian nationhood and its heritage and history. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on the rich material available in the Victorian Department of Education’s school reader, The School Paper, from 1946 to 1968 (when the publication ceased), and on the Department’s annual reports. These are read within the context of scholarship on race, education and citizenship formation in the post-war years. Findings – State government policies of assimilation following the Second World War tied in with pedagogies and curricula regarding citizenship and belonging, which became a key focus of education departments following the Second World War. The informal pedagogies of The School Paper’s representations of Aboriginal children and their families, the author argues, excluded Aboriginal communities from understandings of Australian nationhood, and from conceptions of the ideal Australian citizen-in-formation. Instead, representations of Aboriginal people relegated them to the outdoors in ways that racialised Australian spaces: Aboriginal cultures are portrayed as historical yet timeless, linked with the natural/native rather than civic/political environment. Originality/value – This paper builds on scholarship on the relationship between education, reading pedagogies and citizenship formation in Australia in the post-war years to develop our knowledge of how conceptions of the ideal Australian citizen of the future – that is, Australian students – were inherently racialised. It makes a new contribution to scholarship on the assimilation project in Australia, through revealing the relationship between government policies towards Aboriginal people and the racial and cultural qualities being taught in Australian schools.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Use of Money to Divert the Exercise of Government Power for the Wealthiest

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-78 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Political Capital ◽  
Simple Mathematical Model ◽  
Government Power ◽  
The Relationship

This paper utilizes a simple mathematical model of the relationship between wealth and political power to indicate the extent to which the wealthiest agents can control government leaders through their investments in politicians and parties that enable them to maximize their return on this political capital just as they do with any commercial investments. This power over government policies is shown to sometimes be efficiently facilitated at the lowest cost through focusing voter choices on divisive issues. The control of government by private elites is demonstrated to be largely unhindered by any feasible limitations on political spending.

scholarly journals Antinous: From the Pederastic to the Divine

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond Wong
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
Roman Culture ◽  
Public Setting ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

No face is more recognized as the ideal of ancient male beauty than Antinous and yet little is known about his life. Scholars have used his relationship with the Emperor Hadrian as evidence for their own means. This relationship has gone from a sordid and scandalous affair to purely platonic and educational, depending on the personal orientations of the scholars and the cultural trends of their age. The controversy about Antinous began immediately: the establishment of his cult after his death was mocked by contemporaries as an exaggeration and inappropriate mourning. Soon after it was fuel for Christian critics about the arbitrary nature of pagan deities. However, in Hadrian’s lifetime the cult became an established sect of the Imperial Religion, spreading throughout the Eastern provinces. Why did this cult function successfully in the East, while being scorned in the West? This thesis explores the reasons for the different response. I will argue that the pederastic relationship had been a long established tradition within the East but mocked as inappropriate in the West, at least in a public setting. In Greek culture there were numerous cases of such relationships in myth. The contemporaries who criticized the relationship of Hadrian and Antinous, and especially his cult, were reacting against a trend of Hellenization of Roman culture. This had been a debated issue since the Roman conquest of the East, and many times before, the champions of Roman tradition had depicted the spread of Greek ways as the triumph of moral corruption.

Naming the West

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerdien Jonker
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The West ◽  
European Values ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Civilized World ◽  
Made In

This article discusses the relationship between Europe and ancient Greece as narrated (or ignored) in a range of European history textbooks. It unravels the threads the narrative has followed since the eighteenth century, investigating the choices made in construing the narrative taught today. Which meanings were inherent in the terms “east” and “west” before they acquired the ideological coloring associating “east” with “barbarians” and “west” with the civilized world and “Europe”? The article opens up a new perspective on a complex past that was lost from view when perceptions of the ancient Greeks as guarantors of European values became entwined with the invention of the nation state.

scholarly journals GERAKAN ISLAM TRANSNASIONAL: SEBUAH NOMENKLATUR, SEJARAH DAN PENGARUHNYA DI INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Aksa Aksa
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Revival ◽  
Islamic Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Boundary ◽  
Post War ◽  
Critical Limits

Transnational Islamic movement is a terminology that belongs in the new academic study. The term 'nomenclature', generally the ideology they have crossed the State boundary of the critical limits stretcher (Nation state). The emergence of transnational Islamic movement's lively lately is part of an Islamic revival and renewal of the Era that grew in the Middle East since the 18th century. The post-war collapse of the Caliphate based in Ottoman Turkey in 1924. The transnational Islamic movement has found its momentum by forming new forces in conducting resistance against colonialism and imperialism of the West. Presence of Transnational Islamic movement in Indonesia is part of the revivalisms Islamic movement in the Middle East and influenced directly against the pattern of Islam in Indonesia. Transmission line ideas Islamism is at least via the social movements, education, and publications.

scholarly journals Gerakan Islam Transnasional: Sebuah Nomenklatur, Sejarah dan Pengaruhnya di Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Aksa Aksa
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Revival ◽  
Islamic Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Right

Transnational Islamic movement is a terminology that belongs in the new academic study. The term has become a ' nomenclature ' is generally understood as an ideology that crosses state boundaries (nation state). The emergence of transnational Islamic movement's lively lately is part of an Islamic revival and renewal of an era that grew in the Middle East since the 18th century.  The post-war collapse of the Caliphate based in Ottoman Turkey in 1924, the movement has found the right momentum by forming new forces in conducting resistance against colonialism and imperialism of the West. Presence of transnational Islamic movement in Indonesia is part of the revivalism Islamic movement in the Middle East that directly make effect against the pattern of Islam in Indonesia. Transmission lines the ideas of this movement through the social movements, education and publications

Criticism of “Colonial Modernity” through Kurdish Decolonial Approaches

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Engin Sustam
Keyword(s):  
Global Capitalism ◽  
First Century ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Political Movement ◽  
The West ◽  
Colonial Modernity ◽  
Western Modernity ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Western modernity with its colonial application has created an identity trauma and patriarchal domination of the memory of colonized and oppressed peoples. Critiques from colonized territories encourage us to reread the colonial epistemes of modernity, whether or not centered on the West. The Kurdish political movement thus defines a new interpretation of modernity based on the critique of colonialism and global capitalism: “democratic modernity.” This chapter problematizes the relations between modernity, the nation state, the destruction of ecology, social confinement, the relationship of the forces of these relations, but above all the modalities by which it becomes possible to act on them to break the “stalemate” of the modernity of thought in the twenty-first century.

An uncivil state of affairs: Fascism and anti-Catholicism in Thailand, 1940–1944

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Strate
Keyword(s):  
Strong Association ◽  
The West ◽  
Complete Independence ◽  
Western Imperialism ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Local Populace ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal

The 1940 Franco-Thai border conflict coincided with the beginning of a four-year campaign to weaken the Catholic Church's position in Thailand. The government closed down schools, confiscated property and imprisoned clergy. Angry mobs looted and burned churches, while the local populace boycotted businesses owned by Catholic Thais. The state-led persecution was part of a broad effort to deal with the legacy of western imperialism in Thailand. Catholicism's strong association with French colonialism, combined with France's decline, made the Church the ideal target for anti-imperialist forces. This overlooked incident provides strong evidence that Phibun Songkhram's strategy was not simply to survive the war, as historians have often claimed. The anti-Catholic campaign, which complicated the country's post-war status, was part of an attempt to re-position the country vis-à-vis the West and provide complete independence for Thailand.

scholarly journals Antinous: The Pederastic to the Divine

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond Wong
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
Roman Culture ◽  
Public Setting ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

No face is more recognized as the ideal of ancient male beauty than Antinous and yet little is known about his life. Scholars have used his relationship with the Emperor Hadrian as evidence for their own means. This relationship has gone from a sordid and scandalous affair to purely platonic and educational, depending on the personal orientations of the scholars and the cultural trends of their age. The controversy about Antinous began immediately: the establishment of his cult after his death was mocked by contemporaries as an exaggeration and inappropriate mourning. Soon after it was fuel for Christian critics about the arbitrary nature of pagan deities. However, in Hadrian’s lifetime the cult became an established sect of the Imperial Religion, spreading throughout the Eastern provinces.  Why did this cult function successfully in the East, while being scorned in the West?  My paper will explore the reasons for the different response. I will argue that the pederastic relationship had been a long established tradition within the East but mocked as inappropriate in the West, at least in a public setting. In Greek culture there were numerous cases of such relationships in myth. The contemporaries who criticized the relationship of Hadrian and Antinous, and especially his cult, were reacting against a trend of Hellenization of Roman culture. This had been a debated issue since the Roman conquest of the East, and many times before, the champions of Roman tradition had depicted the spread of Greek ways as the triumph of moral corruption.

The Internet, National Citizenship, and the “Sovereignty Paradox”

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Amadu Wurie Khan
Keyword(s):  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Political Agency ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The West ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
National Citizenship ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the potential of the Internet for asylum seekers'/refugees' political agency and for challenging the boundaries of national citizenship and state sovereignty. It considers that Western governments' formulation of “restrictionist” and “assimilationist” citizenship policies and the conjoining “managerialist” approach to asylum are aimed at asserting state sovereignty and national citizenship. However, it is argued that attempts at the territorial construction of membership amounts to a “sovereignty paradox”: policies promote an international humanitarian norm of citizenship, which depends on state sovereignty for its realisation. Asylum-seeking migrants' views and practices are therefore deployed to explore the counterproductivity of the UK government's attempt to coerce would-be British citizens to have loyalty and allegiance to the nation-state. This UK case study provides empirical substantiation of asylum-seeking migrants' political agency in the West, and the resilience of state sovereignty in affirming an international humanitarian norm of citizenship. It also contributes to an understanding of asylum-seeking migrants' political agency through the Internet in holding political elites in the West accountable for their migration-citizenship policies. This perspective has been strikingly missing in the citizenship and international relations theories, particularly given the context that non-citizen asylum-seeking migrants residing in liberal democracies are a major trigger for these policies. The chapter also attempts to deconstruct the relationship between transnationalism and globalisation: a project that continues to be problematic in the academy.

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