Nuclear Families in a Nuclear Age: Theorising the Family in 1950s West Germany

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES CHAPPEL
Keyword(s):  
National Socialism ◽  
Sexual Revolution ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Face ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Political Economic

This essay explores the imagination of the family in 1950s West Germany, where the family emerged at the heart of political, economic and moral reconstruction. To uncover the intellectual origins of familialism, the essay presents trans-war intellectual biographies of Franz-Josef Würmeling, Germany's first family minister, and Helmut Schelsky, the most prominent family sociologist of the period. Their stories demonstrate that the new centrality of the family was not a retreat from ideology, as is often argued, but was in fact a reinstatement of interwar ideologies in a new key: social Catholicism in the former case, National Socialism in the latter. These divergent trajectories explain why Würmeling and Schelsky, despite being two central defenders of the family in the 1950s, could not work together. The essay follows their careers into the 1960s, suggesting that the fractious state of familialism in the 1950s helps us to understand its collapse in the face of the sexual revolution.

Voices in the wilderness? The Progressive League and the quest for sexual reform in British politics, 1932–59

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Sexual Revolution ◽  
Bertrand Russell ◽  
British Politics ◽  
Aldous Huxley ◽  
Support Measures ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Marriage Reform

The Progressive League which was first formed in 1932 by progressives, socialists and Liberals, such as Cyril Joad, Aldous Huxley, Bertrand Russell, and H. G. Wells. Relatively little known, and rising to a membership of only 600 at its height, the Progressive League was primarily concerned to promote the cause of sexual revolution in Britain in the mid-twentieth century, raising issues such as birth control, eugenics, abortion reform, marriage reform, the legalisation of homosexuality and the reform of the obscenity acts. Committed to the idea that its supporters should support measures that would improve the happiness of all mankind it also advocated the individualist view that all those who supported it should also make their own judgement of what was right. Disunity was often evident in their actions but Janet Shepherd feels that they were more than simply voices in the wilderness. Indeed, she argues that they contributed significantly to the debates, particularly in the 1950s, about marriage, homosexuality, abortion and what constituted obscenity, many of which came to some type of more progressive conclusion in the 1960s. Indeed, their willingness to challenge existing sexual conventions, and willingness to act as Daniel in the Lion’s den, meant that they exerted some influence.

Temperature Trends over Germany from Homogenized Radiosonde Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 5699-5715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margit Pattantyús-Ábrahám ◽  
Wolfgang Steinbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Hadley Centre

Abstract Temperature data from radiosondes over Germany have been homogenized manually. The method makes use of the different radiosonde (RS) networks existing in East and West Germany until 1990. The largest temperature adjustments, up to 2.5 K, apply to Freiberg sondes used in the east in the 1950s and 1960s. Adjustments for Graw Hamburg 1948 (H48), 1950 (H50), and Munich 1960 (M60) sondes, used in the west from the 1950s to the late 1980s, and for RKZ sondes, used in the east in the 1970s and 1980s, are also significant: 0.3–0.5 K. Small differences between Vaisala RS80 and RS92 sondes used throughout Germany since 1990 and ~2004, respectively, were not corrected for at levels from the ground to 300 hPa. Comparison of the homogenized data with other datasets—Radiosonde Innovation Composite Homogenization (RICH) and Hadley Centre Atmospheric Temperature, version 2 (HadAT2)—and with Microwave Sounding Unit satellite data shows generally good agreement. HadAT2 data exhibit a few suspicious spikes in the 1970s and 1980s and some suspicious offsets up to 1 K after 1995. Compared to RICH, the homogenized data show slightly different temperatures, by less than ~0.4 K, in the 1960s and 1970s. As reported in other studies, the troposphere over Germany has been warming by 0.2 ± 0.1 K decade−1 from ~1950 to 2013, and the stratosphere has been cooling. The stratospheric trend increases from almost no change near 230 hPa (the tropopause) to −0.4 ± 0.2 K decade−1 near 50 hPa. Trends from the homogenized data are more positive by about 0.1 K decade−1 compared to the original data, both in the troposphere and stratosphere.

Restoring Discipline in the Ranks

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-24
Author(s):  
Kevin Young
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Revolutionary Nationalism ◽  
Loan Program ◽  
The Face ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The 1960S

The Triangular Plan of the 1960s was a key moment in the rightward shift of the Bolivian Revolution (1952–1964). Billed by the United States, West Germany, and the Inter-American Development Bank as a generous loan program to “rehabilitate” the Bolivian tin mines, the plan also gave its architects a chance to discipline Bolivian workers, further privatize the Bolivian economy, and test the usefulness of conditional economic aid in containing revolutionary nationalism. From an analysis of the Triangular Plan it is possible to draw three major conclusions about postwar U.S. policy with regard to Latin America: (1) independent nationalism and popular militancy, rather than Soviet-style Communism, were the primary fears of policy makers; (2) the response to the Bolivian Revolution was not, as some have implied, indicative of benign intentions in the face of revolutionary nationalism; and (3) Bolivia often served as a “test case” or laboratory for policy measures.

Nursing Body and Soul in the Parish: Lutheran Deaconess Motherhouses in Germany and the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Kreutzer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Parish Nursing ◽  
The Face ◽  
German Model ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Principal Work ◽  
The 1960S

In Lutheran Germany, parish nursing traditionally constituted the deaconesses’ principal work. As “Christian mothers of the parish” they were charged with a wide spectrum of tasks, including nursing, social service, and pastoral care. At the center of the Christian understanding of nursing was the idea of nursing body and soul as a unity. This article analyzes the conception and transformation of Protestant parish nursing in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Germany and the United States, which developed very differently. In West Germany, parish nursing proved surprisingly resistant to modernization even in the face of upheavals of the 1960s, and in some places this traditional model survived as late as the 1980s and 1990s. In the United States, by contrast, an understanding of nursing rooted in the division of labor between care for body and care for soul had come to prevail by the 1920s and ‘30s, pushing out the German model of the parish deaconess altogether.

The Industrial Development Authority, 1949–58: establishment, evolution and expansion of influence

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (155) ◽  
pp. 460-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Barry ◽  
Mícheál Ó Fathartaigh
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Trade Liberalisation ◽  
Corporation Tax ◽  
Tax Relief ◽  
Fianna Fail ◽  
The Face ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Industry And Commerce ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract Established in 1949 in the face of Fianna Fáil hostility, and greeted with suspicion by both the department of Industry and Commerce and the department of Finance, the Industrial Development Authority within ten years had carved out a powerful position for itself within the bureaucracy. By the early 1950s, while Seán Lemass was still wedded to the concept of import-substituting industrialisation, the I.D.A. was formulating its vision for ‘industrialisation by invitation’ and lobbying internally for the introduction of export profits tax relief. The adoption of this measure in 1956 initiated the low corporation-tax regime that remains in place to this day. Though frequently conflated, the reorientation of industrial policy in the 1950s and the dismantling of tariff barriers in the 1960s were quite separate initiatives. That the establishment of the I.D.A. and the adoption of export profits tax relief were opposed by the department of Finance and enacted by inter-party governments clearly distinguishes them from the later trade-liberalisation initiative associated with the partnership of T. K. Whitaker and Lemass. The present paper explores the circumstances surrounding the establishment of the I.D.A. and traces its evolution and expanding influence over the first ten years of its existence.

1. The basic idea

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Peter Molnar
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Chemical Stratification ◽  
The Face ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S

‘The basic idea’ presents the principles of plate tectonics and describes how this revolutionary theory took hold. It begins with Alfred Wegener in 1912, who proposed the concept of continental drift and a former huge continent, Gondwanaland. In the face of strong opposition, this theory was supported by the development of palaeomagnetism in the 1950s and, in the 1960s, became subsumed within the broader framework of plate tectonics. Three major events precipitated this change: a switch in emphasis from continents to ocean basins and their exploration; rapid growth in seismology; and a shift in perspective from the chemical stratification of the Earth, in terms of crust and mantle, to another that emphasized strength—a strong lithosphere, some 100–200 km thick, overlying a weak asthenosphere.

The Family of Manat the Museum of Modern Art: The Power of the Image in 1950s America

Prospects ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 367-391
Author(s):  
Eric J. Sandeen
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Museum Of Modern Art ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Cultural Event ◽  
Nuclear Age ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S

The family of man was an important cultural event of the 1950s. This great photographic exhibition, which drew record crowds at the Museum of Modern Art and attracted over 9,000,000 people on its sixyear, world-wide tour, was the work of Edward Steichen, who saw the opportunity for a retrospective on the history of photography as well as a comment on the perils of modern-day society. The exhibition took on a life of its own. It surpassed in popularity even the optimistic prediction of Steichen and defied the bland skepticism of other departments within the Museum. Museum workers received their first bonus because of its success. Popular magazines and newspapers from all over the world saw in the exhibition a penetratingly simple statement about the first decade of the nuclear age, and millions of people became acquainted with a photographic language to which they had not been exposed before.

Studying Modern Arabic Literature

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Public Intellectual ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Global Culture ◽  
The West ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
The Face ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Modern Arabic

This book is devoted to the life and academic legacy of Mustafa Badawi who transformed the study of modern Arabic literature in the second half of the twentieth century. Prior to the 1960s the study of Arabic literature, both classical and modern, had barely been emancipated from the academic approaches of orientalism. The appointment of Badawi as Oxford University's first lecturer in modern Arabic literature changed the face of this subject as Badawi showed, through his teaching and research, that Arabic literature was making vibrant contributions to global culture and thought. Part biography, part collection of critical essays, this book celebrates Badawi's immense contribution to the field and explores his role as a public intellectual in the Arab world and the west.

Transformations: The New Deal through the 1950s

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Woloch
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Labor Standards ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Fair Labor Standards Act ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The New Deal

This chapter traces the changes in federal and state protective policies from the New Deal through the 1950s. In contrast to the setbacks of the 1920s, the New Deal revived the prospects of protective laws and of their proponents. The victory of the minimum wage for women workers in federal court in 1937 and the passage in 1938 of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which extended labor standards to men, represented a peak of protectionist achievement. This achievement rested firmly on the precedent of single-sex labor laws for which social feminists—led by the NCL—had long campaigned. However, “equal rights” gained momentum in the postwar years, 1945–60. By the start of the 1960s, single-sex protective laws had resumed their role as a focus of contention in the women's movement.

“Because every recipient is also a potential patient” – TV Health Programmes in the FRG and the GDR, from the 1960s to the 1980s

Gesnerus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-191
Author(s):  
Susanne Vollberg
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Continuous Coverage ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Television Programme ◽  
East German ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Media Systems ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Function

In the television programme of West Germany from the 1960s to the 1980s, health magazines like Gesundheitsmagazin Praxis [Practice Health Magazine] (produced by ZDF)1 or ARD-Ratgeber: Gesundheit [ARD Health Advisor] played an important role in addressing health and disease as topics of public awareness. With their health magazine Visite [Doctor’s rounds], East German television, too relied on continuous coverage and reporting in the field. On the example of above magazines, this paper will examine the history, design and function of health communication in magazine-type formats. Before the background of the changes in media policy experienced over three decades and the different media systems in the then two Germanys, it will discuss the question of whether television was able to move health relevant topics and issues into public consciousness.

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