Attempts to establish New Experimental Methods to study Antitumoral Drugs

1967 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Garattini ◽  
M. G. Donelli ◽  
L. Morasca ◽  
C. Rainisio ◽  
R. Rosso
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Cancer Chemotherapy ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Study Duration ◽  
Cancer Dissemination ◽  
Perfuse Tissue

SummaryThis paper summarizes some studies recently carried out in this Institute in the field of cancer chemotherapy.Three main groups of data are reported:a) different sensitivity to chemotherapy of the same tumor transplanted in different sites of the body;b) a method to study cancer dissemination as a basis for cancer chemotherapy;c) a system to perfuse tissue culture with the blood of living animals as an approach to study duration of action of antitumoral drugs.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is a Common Denominator Linking Skeletal Muscle Wasting Due to Disease, Aging, and Prolonged Inactivity

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Hayden W. Hyatt ◽  
Scott K. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Cancer Chemotherapy ◽  
Muscle Wasting ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Wasting ◽  
Vital Functions

Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body and is required for numerous vital functions, including breathing and locomotion. Notably, deterioration of skeletal muscle mass is also highly correlated to mortality in patients suffering from chronic diseases (e.g., cancer). Numerous conditions can promote skeletal muscle wasting, including several chronic diseases, cancer chemotherapy, aging, and prolonged inactivity. Although the mechanisms responsible for this loss of muscle mass is multifactorial, mitochondrial dysfunction is predicted to be a major contributor to muscle wasting in various conditions. This systematic review will highlight the biochemical pathways that have been shown to link mitochondrial dysfunction to skeletal muscle wasting. Importantly, we will discuss the experimental evidence that connects mitochondrial dysfunction to muscle wasting in specific diseases (i.e., cancer and sepsis), aging, cancer chemotherapy, and prolonged muscle inactivity (e.g., limb immobilization). Finally, in hopes of stimulating future research, we conclude with a discussion of important future directions for research in the field of muscle wasting.

scholarly journals A Technique for the Cultivation of Insect Tissues

1928 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
J. G. H. FREW
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
In Vitro Tissue Culture ◽  
Successful Technique

In vitro tissue culture Is shown to be a possible mode of experimentation with the tissues of the Blow Fly larva. Methods are described- whereby the tissues, and the body fluids requisite as culture media may be obtained free from bacteria. The imperfections of the technique are noted and the conclusion reached that a successful technique must depend on the rearing of bacteria-free larvae, for which a method Is briefly outlined. It Is shown that progress in this part of the work must await further physiological knowledge, particularly in respect to the nature of the body fluids.

scholarly journals The Regulation of the Metastatic Cascade by Physical Activity: A Narrative Review

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie van Doorslaer de ten Ryen ◽  
Louise Deldicque
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Physical Activity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Tumor Spread ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Cancer Dissemination

The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the currently available knowledge about the mechanisms by which physical activity may affect metastatic development. The search terms exercise [Title/Abstract] AND metastasis [Title/Abstract] returned 222 articles on PUBMED on the 10 February 2019. After careful analysis of the abstracts, a final selection of 24 articles was made. Physical activity regulates the levels of metastatic factors in each of the five steps of the process. Moderate intensity exercise appears to prevent tumor spread around the body, among others, by normalizing angiogenesis, destroying circulating tumor cells, and decreasing endothelial cells permeability. Contrarily, high-intensity exercise seems to favor cancer dissemination, likely through excessive stress, which can be somewhat counteracted by an appropriate warm-up. In conclusion, chronic adaptations to moderate-intensity endurance exercise seem the most effective way to achieve a preventive effect of exercise on metastases. Altogether, the data gathered here reinforce the importance of encouraging cancer patients to perform moderate physical activity several times a week. To limit the undesired events thereof, a good knowledge of the patient’s training level is important to establish an adapted exercise training program.

scholarly journals In Vitro Development of Bone Marrows from Patients with Neutropenia

Blood ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER LAU ◽  
JEROME I. BRODY ◽  
LAWRENCE H. BEIZER
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vitro Development ◽  
Normal Bone ◽  
Vitro Development

Abstract Bone marrows from patients with neutropenia, characterized morphologically by a paucity of mature neutrophils, underwent normal maturation when removed from the body and grown in tissue culture. In addition, certain leukopenic plasmas appeared to stimulate development of normal bone marrows under similar circumstances. These observations suggest that the granulocytic elements in benign forms of neutropenia are innately capable of normal sequential growth and that sustained peripheral neutropenia may distort the normal feedback mechanism which regulates leukopoiesis.

scholarly journals Fan-Shaped Application of Local Abdominal Wall Analgesia in Abdominoplasty Patients: Does the Technique Lead to Better Recovery?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinko Bagatin ◽  
Tomica Bagatin ◽  
Judith Deutsch ◽  
Katarina Sakic ◽  
Johann Nemrava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Pain Receptors ◽  
Great Pain ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Improve Patient

Plastic surgery can be considered an art form, molding and shaping areas of the body to provide enhancement and visual improvements. During this process, anesthesia is a key role player, for both local and general aspects. Proper combinations of local and general anesthesia can provide not only great pain relief and the ability to perform the artwork of plastic surgery, but can also lead to better and faster postoperative recovery of patients. Take a moment to imagine doing our skills without anesthesia, not only would it be barbaric, but also unethical. The method of using fan-shaped anesthesia application will be explored as a technique to improve patient recovery. This, instead of the classic straightforward areal injection application, seems to provide improved anesthetic distribution, penetrates layers better, and offers a swifter and more efficient way of blocking pain receptors. Choosing an appropriate anesthetic from the various ones available today is very important for pain control and postoperative recovery, as well as combining it with other drugs to increase its duration of action. This medley of drug combinations provides patient satisfaction and enhanced recovery.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of the antioxidant and prooxidant status during the growth of cultured plant cells of two strains of Polyscias filicifolia and Polyscias filicifolia LX-5

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
Nadezhda V. Kirillova ◽  
◽  
Alexander I. Spasenkov ◽  
Olga M. Spasenkova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Mitotic Activity ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oxidative Modification ◽  
Free Oxygen Radicals ◽  
Organogermanium Compounds

Сell cultures of plants are widely used as a model, which allows to evaluate adequately the metabolic processes in plants and their responses to various external influences, to study many physiological and biochemical processes in plants. It is known that cells actively proliferating outside the body contain a high level of activity of antioxidant enzymes. During the process of dividing cultured cells in the presence of oxygen, free oxygen radicals are generated, the excess of which is controlled by a reliable antioxidant defense system. Therefore, the assessment of biochemical equilibrium in this system, in our opinion, can be an objective marker indicator of the physiological stability of cells, which is extremely important, both theoretically and practically. In recent years, studies of organogermanium compounds with low toxicity and a wide spectrum of biological activity are one of the promising trends in modern chemistry of organogermanium compounds. In our study, it was shown that the activity of antioxidant enzymes in callus cells increased on average by 11% (SOD), 18.6% (peroxidase) and 26.5% (catalase) after polyscias tissue culture being transferred to a selective medium enriched with germanium by an organic compound. In the process of growth of cells of the initial and selective polyscias strains, the oscillatory nature of the change in the catalytic activity of the three main enzymes of the antioxidant system can be noted. The nature of these changes correlated with changes in the mitotic activity of the cells. The degree of oxidative modification of proteins in cells of both strains of polyscias tissue culture also correlated with the level of their mitotic activity.

Methodology to Evaluate Slamming Loads on Ocean Platforms

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcio Domingues Maia Junior ◽  
Antonio Carlos Fernandes ◽  
Marcela Trindade ◽  
Andre Ramiro
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Potential Flow ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Platform Motion ◽  
Air Pocket ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the study is suggest a methodology to be applied in ocean platforms and ships in order to appraise the maximum impact pressure due to the slamming occurrence in the hull shape near its bottom or horizontal regions. This methodology uses a theory based on potential flow. However, there are some phenomena such as creation of a compressible air pocket between the body and free surface at the impact moment that requires a more complete theory and or experimental methods. This gives rise to experimental coefficients to reduce the theoretical errors. The procedure presented here goes by the platform motion dynamics and “impact topology” to allow the potential to be used. Due to the complexity of the phenomenon studied and need for certifying accuracy and precision of the results, tank tests at the LabOceano model basin were carried out. The results showed a good fitting between numerical results and experiments. It should also be pointed out that the pressure sensor used in these experiments gives a pressure distribution over the instrumented area what brings more reliability on the results and a better visibility to the slamming phenomenon. Lastly the methodology in this work stands out as an important tool to evaluate slamming loads.

scholarly journals Opioid Pharmacokinetics in Relation to their Effects

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Mather
Keyword(s):  
Dissociation Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effective Dosage ◽  
Lipid Solubility ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Time Courses ◽  
Drug Receptor ◽  
Drug Receptors

The chemical structure of drug molecules determines their fundamental pharmacological properties by ‘fit’ to the receptor, but the physicochemical properties, particularly lipid solubility and fraction un-ionised, dominate in determining distribution in the body and the rate of access to the biophase containing the drug receptors. For example, fentanyl appears much more potent than morphine because similar effective biophase concentrations are achieved with much smaller doses. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations of the relationships between dose and the time-courses of blood concentrations and pharmacological effects of opioid drugs have helped explain the commonly observed variability between patients and have been useful in deriving effective dosage regimens of opioids such as pethidine, morphine, fentanyl and methadone where blood concentrations are a determinant of pharmacological response and ‘target’ analgetic blood opioid concentrations have been identifiable. However, there are instances when blood opioid concentrations are not determinants of the analgetic response. Examples include opioids, such as buprenorphine, for which the drug-receptor dissociation rate determines the duration of action, heroin which first has to be metabolised to become an agonist, pentazocine which is an agonist at some opioid receptors and an antagonist at others, and opioids placed intra-spinally acting on receptors in the spinal cord.

Fabrication and Evaluation of Lidocaine Hydrochloride loaded Cubosomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 5288-5292
Author(s):  
Rajani Thoutreddy ◽  
Umasankar Kulandaivelu ◽  
GSN Koteswara Rao ◽  
Rajasekhar Reddy Alavala ◽  
Chakravarthi Guntupalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poloxamer 407 ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
In Vitro Drug Release ◽  
Lidocaine Hcl

Topical delivery of local anaesthetic drugs such as Lidocaine HCl using carriers and novel nanotechnology can enhance effective drug permeation through the skin into deeper layers and exhibit desirable duration of action. The present study was aimed to formulate and evaluate Lidocaine HCl loaded cubosomes (LHLCs) for sustained therapeutic topical action. Cubosomes emanated as favourable means for the delivery of the drug. LHLCs were prepared by top-down technique using lipid and polymer. Eight formulations of LHLCs were prepared using different concentrations of glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and Poloxamer 407 (P-407). Local anaesthetics create loss of sensation in particular region of the body by inhibiting impulse generation and propagation. Lidocaine HCl is most commonly used amino amide local anaesthetic. It is used as local, topical, intravenous, epidural, peripheral and spinal anaesthesia. The prepared cubosomal dispersions were evaluated to determine surface morphology, particle size, poly dispersibility index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment ability, tissue distribution studies, and in vitro drug release studies. Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis confirmed that drug was encapsulated in bicontinuous structure. The maximum entrapment efficiency was found to be 89.85±1.1% with vesicle size as 228±2.1nm, charge as -5.68±2.7, PDI as 0.295 and 98.83%± 0.12 in vitro drug release at the end of 12 hr for F7 formulation, which was confirmed as optimized cubosomal dispersion.

scholarly journals Computer simulations of propofol infusions for total intravenous anaesthesia in dogs : review article

2009 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K.E. Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Total Intravenous Anaesthesia ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Intravenous Anaesthesia ◽  
Anaesthetic Depth

The volatile anaesthetic agents halothane, isoflurane and enflurane are all chlorofluorocarbons and according to international treaties, their emission into the atmosphere will be prohibited from the year 2030. The agents desflurane and sevoflurane are fluorinated hydrocarbons and act as greenhouse gases. The future of veterinary anaesthesia could be dependent on the development of total intravenous anaesthesia. Drugs utilised in total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) should have a short duration of action and no tendency to accumulate in the body. Propofol has been the dominant agent used. Computer technology has enabled targeted plasma concentration controlled infusions to replace manual infusion regimens. This study simulated the pharmacokinetics of various infusion regimens similar to those used in clinical practice using previously published pharmocokinetic data. Bolus doses of 0, 4, 6 and 8 mg/kg were simulated in combination with infusion rates of 0, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg/kg/min for either 240 or 1440 min. The computer was also programmed to maintain a steady state plasma concentration based on the previous simulated data. Generated data were then compared with published data. Changes in the context-sensitive half-life for propofol were also evaluated. Results showed that the generated data were similar to published data. A decrease in plasma concentration to levels associated with a light plane of anaesthesia was evident even when the highest bolus dose and infusion rate were used. There was a slow rise in plasma concentration when only an infusion was used. A lightening of anaesthetic plane may be evident early in the course of TIVA and careful monitoring of anaesthetic depth is required. As the duration of the infusion increased, plasma concentration steadily rose but achieved 95 % of the steady state by 204 min. The most dramatic changes in plasma concentration occurred in the first hour of an infusion. Similarly, the infusion rates decreased most in the first 70 min. Most changes in anaesthetic depth are likely to occur early in the course of TIVA and careful observation of anaesthetic depth is required.

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