The effect of heat treatment on ileal amino acid digestibility of growing broilers given vetch and bitter vetch meals

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Fernández-Fígares ◽  
L. Pérez ◽  
R. Nieto ◽  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
C. Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Bitter Vetch ◽  
Poultry Diets ◽  
Ileal Content

AbstractForty-eight 4-week-old White Rock growing chickens (mean live weight 500 (s.e. 9·3) g) were given, by crop intubation, four isoencrgetic (13·1 M] metabolizable energy (ME) per kg dry matter (DM)) and isonitrogenous (120 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM) semisynthetic diets based on vetch (V) or bitter vetch (B) seeds, untreated or antoclaved at 120°C for 30 ruin (diets V, AV, B and AB, respectively). Autoclaving of the seeds caused some changes in amino acid (AA) composition but did not reduce the availability of A As, especially of lysine.The average apparent AA digestibility values derived from ileal content were 0·75, 0·85, 0·59 and 0·85 for diets V, AV, B and AB, respectively, corresponding to true absorption values of 0·90, 1·00, 0·74 and 0·97, respectively. Although the apparent digestibility values of several AAs were relatively low (methionine, isoleucine, tyrosine and cystine), most were higher than 0·70. Heat treatment resulted in a significant increase (P < 0·05) in the AA apparent digestibility of both seeds. It is concluded that heat treatment is useful for improvement of vetch and bitter vetch seeds for inclusion in poultry diets.

The Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Energy Value to Pigs of Plantains (Musa Sapientum Var. Paradisiaca Linn)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-191
Author(s):  
V. A. Oyenuga ◽  
B. L. Fetuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

The proximate and mineral constituents of six plantain forms, raw green plantain (RGP), cooked green plantain (CGP), raw ripe plantain (RRP), cooked ripe plantain (CRP), green plantain meal (GPM) and ripe plantain meal (RPM) were determined by chemical analysis. 24 large white barrows, weighing initially, between 40-45 kg., were used to study the apparent digestibility of nutrients, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (ME(n) and total digestible nutrients when the plantains served as the only source of nutrients. In a second experiment ME and ME(n) were measured for the plantain forms using 28 Large White barrows, with diets in which the plantains replaced 50% of maize in a basal diet. All the plantain forms had low fat, crude fibre and crude protein content but high in nitrogen-free extract, phosphorus, potassium and Iron. Identically high dry matter (D.M.) and nitrogen-free extract (N.F.E.) digestion coefficients were obtained for all the plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values. Digestion coefficients for crude protein (46.9, 53.6, 51.8, 34.3,-32.7 %), crude fibre, (46.6, 49.5, 58.7, 62.6, 56.9, 39.6 %), ether extract (55.9, 56.6, 66.9, 69.2, 54.7 and 34.6 %) for RGP, CGP, RRP, CRP, GPM and RPM respectively were considerably lower than for D.M. and N.F.E. The DE, ME ME(n) and TDN values were comparable for all plantain forms except RPM, which had significantly lower values in most cases. The fresh green plantains and green plantain meals had slightly higher energy values than the ripe plantains, even though the nutrients in the ripe plantains were better digested than in the green forms. The results are discussed in relation to variations in the relative proportions of the simple and more complex carbohydrates during ripening.

A note on the apparent digestibility of energy and protein in dried poultry excreta

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lowman ◽  
D. W. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Detailed Work

SUMMARYThe nutritional value of dried poultry excreta was investigated by determining the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, energy and copper in five diets containing 0 to 100% of this feed. Dried poultry excreta supplied 20·21% apparently digestible crude protein and approximately 1·57 or 1·74 Mcal of metabolizable energy per kg dry matter.The copper in dried poultry excreta was found to be less digestible than the copper in barley. It is concluded that, as far as copper levels are concerned, dried poultry excreta are safe for ruminants, and are a source ofcheap protein. More detailed work is needed to determine the metabolizable energy of the material accurately.

scholarly journals Effect of odontoplasty on apparent digestibility and consumption time of diet for equines

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
F.C.D. Araújo ◽  
M.G. Cruz ◽  
J.C.C. Balieiro ◽  
M.L. Menezes ◽  
C.G. Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of odontoplasty on apparent digestibility of diet for horses, consumption time, and particle size of feces. Nine horses were used, aged 14.5±3.3 years and weightng 531±38.7kg. The diet consisted of 1.5% of live weight (LW) in Tifton 85 hay and 0.75% of LW in concentrate for both assays. The experiment consisted of two tests of apparent digestibility using the method of total collection, before and after the odontoplasty, where the consumption time of hay and concentrate was also evaluated and the particle size of the feces was analyzed. An effect (P<0.05) of odontoplasty on the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was observed. Effect of the consumption time for the concentrate (P<0.05) was observed, but not for the forage (P<0.05). There was more retention (P<0.05) of the fecal particles in the sieves of bigger granulometry. The odontoplasty increases the digestibility of dietary nutrients and feces particle size, without changing feces quality. Animals after the procedure have shorter concentrate consumption time.

scholarly journals Phosphorus studies in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Ketaren ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted (1) to determine the effects of phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility and availability of P in soya-bean meal for growing pigs and (2) to compare growth v. digestibility variables for assessing the availability of P. In the first experiment the effect of phytase on P availability was assessed in a growth assay using a slope–ratio design of treatments. Two different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or soya-bean meal were added to a basal sugar–soya-bean-meal diet (2·5 g P/kg) to give two levels of P (g/kg): 3·25 and 4·0 for each source. An additional five diets were supplemented with phytase. The ten diets were offered ad lib. for 35 d to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. In addition, the relative effectiveness of different variables for assessing P availability were compared: bone bending moment, ash in various bones, and ash and P in the empty body. The addition of phytase increased growth rate (g/d) (741 v. 835; P < 0·05), lowered the food conversion ratio (2·37 v. 2·16; P < 0·01), and increased protein deposition (g/d) (108 v. 123; P < 0·05), protein retention (kg/kg) (0·33 v. 0·36; P < 0·05), energy retention (MJ gross energy/MJ digestible energy) (0·36 v. 0·38; P < 0·05) and the availability of P in soya-bean meal from 0·11 to 0·69 when bone bending moment was the criterion of availability. All other criteria for assessing availability were unsuitable. In the second experiment the availability of (P) in soya-bean meal was assessed in a digestibility experiment with grower pigs using diets 1–5 as for Expt 1 arranged in a slope–ratio design of treatments. In addition, the effects of phytase supplementation on the apparent digestibility of P, dry matter, crude protein (N × 6·25) and energy were determined. The diets were offered at three times maintenance energy requirements to male pigs initially weighing approximately 30 kg live weight and total collection of faeces was conducted over a 10 d period. The availability of P in the soya-bean meal was 0·66 using digestible P intake as the criterion of response. The apparent digestibility of P in soya-bean meal was 0·42. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of soya-bean meal P to 0·69 (P < 0·01) but had no effect on the faecal digestibility of dry matter or crude protein. Overall these experiments indicate that (1) estimates of P digestibility and availability were unlikely to be interchangeable and (2) phytase was effective in releasing much of the bound P in soya-bean meal.

Maize gluten and rapeseed meal as protein supplements to barley or wheat for intensively finished Charolais-cross bulls

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pullar
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Weight Gain Percentage

AbstractFour diets, barley/proprietary protein concentrate (B/PC), barley/maize gluten (B/MG), barley/rapeseed meal (B/RSM) and wheat/'rapeseed meal (W/RSM) were formulated to contain 165 g crude protein and 13·0 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter. In experiment 1, all four diets were offered ad libitum to Charolais × Friesian bulls from 187 kg live weight to slaughter at about 488 kg live weight. In experiment 2, the B/PC and B/RSM were offered ad libitum to Charolais × (Hereford × Friesian) bulls from 222 kg live weight to slaughter at about 491 kg live weight. There were no significant differences between treatments in daily live-weight gain, percentage fat and lean in the live animal, slaughter weight or days on experiment in either experiment. In experiment 1, the carcasses from bulls given B/PC were 14 kg heavier than carcasses from bulls given W/RSM (P<0·05), but only 10 and 7 kg heavier than from bulls given B/MG and B/RSM respectively (P<0·05). The killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC was significantly greater (P<0·05) than bulls given B/RSM. In experiment 2, carcass weights were similar but the killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC were again greater (P < 0·001). It is concluded that B/MG and B/RSM were as effective as B/PC as finishing diets and that wheat can be successfully substituted for barley, when offered with rapeseed meal.

Amino acid ileal digestibility of some grain legume seeds in growing chickens

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pérez ◽  
I. Fernández-Figares ◽  
R. Nieto ◽  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
C. Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Legume Seeds ◽  
Bitter Vetch ◽  
Poultry Diets ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractThe apparent and true amino acid (AA) digestibility from soya-bean meal (SBM), vetch meal (VM), field pea meal (FPM) and bitter vetch meal (BVM) were determined in the lower ileum of growing chickens force-fed on semisynthetic diets (120 g crude protein and 13·1 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter) based on each meal as the sole source of protein. The average apparent and true digestibility values were 0·82, 0·73, 0·76 and 0·60 and 0·90, 0·91, 0·87 and 0·74 for diets SBM, VM, FPM and BVM, respectively. Marked differences in AA digestibility among diets were found. The apparent digestibility of methionine, the most limiting essential AA in poultry diets, was significantly higher in diet SBM than in diets FPM and BVM (P < 0·05). It is concluded that the seeds of vetch and field pea may be suitable for inclusion in poultry diets as partial substitutes for soya bean. The use of bitter vetch is not recommended.

scholarly journals Intake, gain and carcass traits of Hereford and Charolais bulls offered diets based on triticale, barley and grass silages

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arto Kalevi Huuskonen ◽  
Seija Jaakkola ◽  
Katariina Manni
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Barley Silage

Total mixed rations (TMR) based on grass silage (GS), triticale silage (TS), mixture of GS and TS, barley silage (BS) and mixture of GS and BS were fed to fifty Hereford (HF) and fifty Charolais (CH) bulls. The proportion (g kg-1 dry matter [DM]) of the silages in the TMRs were as follows: (1) GS (600); (2) TS (600); (3) GS (300) and TS (300); (4) BS (600); (5) GS (300) and BS (300). Concentrate proportion was 400 g kg-1 DM. According to feed analyses, the GS had 15 and 8% higher metabolizable energy (ME) concentration as well as 51 and 49% higher crude protein (CP) concentration compared to TS and BS, respectively. Average DM intake (DMI) on TS and BS containing diets was higher compared to GS as a sole forage (p=0.001). Compared to the TS based rations the use of BS rations increased daily DMI by 5% (p<0.05). In CH bulls, DMI decreased 0.8 kg d-1when GS partially replaced TS or BS while in HF bulls the use of silage mixtures slightly increased DMI (0.23 kg d-1). The live weight gain (LWG) and carcass gain of the CH bulls were 5 and 26% higher, respectively, compared to the HF bulls. Inclusion of GS in the diet increased LWG and carcass gain with TS but decreased them with BS (interaction p<0.01). The experiment demonstrated lower feeding value of TS compared to BS in the diet of the bulls. Whole crop silage based rations increased DMI compared to GS as a sole forage in the TMR. When GS partially replaced TS or BS, interactions in LWG and carcass gain results demonstrated higher feeding value for BS and lower for TS compared to GS. Feeding treatments had only minor effects on carcass traits of the bulls.

The effects of heat treatment and protein quantity on digestibility and utilization of milk substitutes by lambs

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Penning ◽  
Ines M. Penning ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Milk Substitutes

SUMMARYThe effects of heat treatment, as measured by undenatured non-casein nitrogen (NCN gN/100 g total N), and of protein: energy ratio on the digestibility coefficients and utilization of milk substitutes by lambs were investigated.Twenty-four Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn lambs (12 males and 12 females) were given milk substitute diets in which approximately 20 or 30% of the gross energy was supplied by protein (PE20 and PE30). NCN levels were approximately 7, 12, 18 and 5, 11, 16 for diets PE20 and PE30 respectively.All lambs were offered a daily allowance of milk substitutes containing 7·95 MJ of gross energy from 3 to 25 days of age, when they were slaughtered and the chemical composition of the empty body was measured. Gains in the chemical components were measured using the comparative slaughter technique.For each unit increase in NCN value there was an increase in the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (D.M.), crude protein (CP) and ash of 0·13, 0·13 and 0·93 percentage units, respectively. The apparent digestibility coefficients of all the dietary components, except lactose increased by 0·24 (d.m.), 0·24 (CP), 0·63 (fat), 0·75 (ash) and 0·32 (energy) percentage units and the metabolizability by 0·24 units for each 1% increase in PE.Live-weight and empty body-weight gains increased with increasing PE and NCN. Lambs receiving diets PE20 had a daily live-weight gain 42 g less than those on diets PE30; increasing NCN from 5 to 18 gN/100 g total nitrogen, increased live-weight gain by 33 g/day.Increasing PE and NCN increased water gain and nitrogen retention; increasing PE also increased ash retention and decreased fat gain.Lambs on diets PE20 contained more fat and less protein, at the same empty body weight, than those receiving diets PE30.Efficiencies of conversion of dry matter and energy to live-weight gain, and energy and N utilization all increased with increasing NCN, but increasing PE did not affect energy utilization and decreased N utilization.Female lambs had lower growth rates than males (—14·5 g/day) and had a higher total fat gain (128 g).

Protein requirements of male cattle fattened on diets differing in energy concentrations

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Levy ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
Y. Folman ◽  
M. Bleiberg ◽  
D. Ilan
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Live Weight Gain

ABSTRACTThe effects of three levels of crude protein in the diet, 10, 12 and 14 %, on the performance of entire Israeli Friesian male cattle (bulls) during fattening, was studied in two experiments.The bulls were 5 months old and 200 kg live weight, and 7·5 months and 250 kg, at the start of Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, and were slaughtered after 178 to 268 days (Experiment 1) or 156 to 166 days (Experiment 2) on trial, at a live weight of 430 to 480 kg.In Experiment 1 mixed diets of two metabolizable energy concentrations (11·1 and 10·5 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter) were used, each containing concentrates with 10, 12 or 14% crude protein content. In half of the treatments the crude protein content of the concentrate was increased by two percentage units for the first 61 days of the experiment. Daily live-weight gain was significantly higher at 14% and 16% crude protein than at 10% and 12% crude protein during the first 61 days for animals on the high energy diet, but liveweight gain was not affected by crude protein content on the low energy diet over this period, or at either energy concentration from 62 days to slaughter.In Experiment 2 the diet consisted of concentrate, wheat straw and cotton hulls, giving a metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 10·55 MJ/kg dry matter. Daily live-weight gain did not differ significantly between concentrates containing 10, 12 or 14% crude protein, but carcass weight gain was higher at 12% and 14% crude protein than at 10% crude protein.It is concluded that in order to ensure the best performance of bulls of the Israeli Friesian breed, diets with a high concentration of energy should contain 14% crude protein when fed to animals with a body weight of 200 to 300 kg, and 12% crude protein for heavier animals.

A note on the effect of monensin when added to diets high in sodium hydroxide-treated straw given to cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-429
Author(s):  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Levy ◽  
V. Samuel ◽  
D. Drori
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTFour groups of 12 beef heifers were each given either straw treated with 35 g sodium hydroxide per kg (TS) or untreated straw (US) and were either supplemented with 35 mg monensin per kg (Ms) or not supplemented (Ns). The diet consisted of approximately 0·40 of a concentrate mixture that contained 12·8 MJ metabolizable energy and 243 g crude protein per kg dry matter, and 0·60 straw. Feeding was ad libitum. The average initial weight of the heifers was 207·2 kg and the experiment lasted 86 days.The average dry matter consumed was 2·3g/kg live weight. Average daily gain (±s.e.) was 505±31·6, 371±33·8, 380±26·2 and 257±32·7g/day for treatment groups TS-Ms, TS-Ns, US-Ms and US-Ns, respectively. These findings indicate that monensin may counteract some ill-effects of diets high in sodium hydroxide-treated straw and thus further research is warranted.

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