Prediction of the apparent digestible energy value of fats given to pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Powles ◽  
J. Wiseman ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
S. Jagger
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Two Age Groups

AbstractData from experimental programmes designed to investigate the effect of chemical structure of fats upon their apparent digestible energy (DE) value for pigs were subjected to regression analysis. For growing pigs, over the approximate live-weight range 30 to 90 kg, 25 data points were available, with fats evaluated having a range in the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (U/S) from 0·66 to 15·67 and in free fatty acid (FFA) content from 8 to 818 g/kg. Sixteen data points were available for young pigs of approximately 12 kg live weight with a range in U/S from 0·62 to 5·71 and in FFA content from 54 to 756 g/kg. The wide range of values for U/S and FFA content had been obtained by blending different fats and, therefore, represented both the range and extremes likely to be found in the formulation of pig diets. Derivation of prediction equations for DE were based upon a series of non-linear regression analyses employing, in sequence, U/S, U/S + FFA content and U/S × FFA content. The DE offats could be predicted from U/S and FFA content with equations accounting for 0·802 and 0·768 of the variation in DE values for growing and young pigs respectively. The most appropriate equation for pigs of all live weights employed U/S and FFA content additively (U/S + FFA content). The equation for growing pigs was DE (MJ/kg) = 36·898 – (0·0046FFA (g/kg)) — 7·33e(–0·906U/S) and for young pigs was DE (MJ/kg) = 37·890 — (0·0051FFA (g/kg)) –8·20e(–0·515U/S). Comparisons revealed that differences between the two age groups, with lower values achieved with younger pigs, -were more pronounced the lower U/S and the higher FFA content of the fat.

Effect of chemical structure of fats upon their apparent digestible energy value when given to young pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Powles ◽  
J. Wiseman ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
B. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Collection Period

AbstractThe effect of degree of saturation (ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids, U/S) and free fatty acid (FFA) content of fats upon their digestible energy (DE) values was investigated in post-weaning pigs. The two fats evaluated were soya-bean oil (SO) and tallow (T) (representing extremes of saturation) together with their acid oils (SAO and TAO respectively) providing high FFA levels). Blends of the four fats provided treatments with varying FFA content and U/S ratios. The experimental fats were evaluated by substitution, at 40, 80 and 120 g/kg into a basal diet, in a randomized-block design, with 98 gilts and 98 boars of approximately 12 kg live weight. Pigs had been weaned at 28 days of age and experimental diets were given 7 days after weaning. When pigs obtained a weight of 10 kg the inert marker titanium dioxide was added to the diets as a reference substance. A 5-day adjustment period was allowed followed by a 5-day collection period of faeces by grab sampling. Fat content of food and faeces, with methodology based on acid hydrolysis, allowed calculation of apparent digestible fat (AFD) of experimental diets. Analysis of variance demonstrated effects of fats, rates of inclusion, and fats × rates (P < 0·001 in all cases). There was no effect of sex. Extrapolation of the function obtained by regressing AFD of diets (y) on rate of inclusion of fat (x) to × = 1000 generated values for the fats. The product of the coefficient of fat apparent digestibility of fats and their respective gross energies gave DE values for fats which were: SO = 37·2 MJ/kg, SAO = 35·0 MJ/kg, T = 34·3 MJ/kg and TAO = 27·4 MJ/kg. Data for fat blends intermediary between these fats showed that DE improved as a function of U/S and that DE declined linearly with increasing FFA content.

scholarly journals Quantification and Analysis of Offensive Situations in Different Formats of Sided Games In Soccer

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Diaz-Cidoncha Garcia ◽  
Ignacio Refoyo Román ◽  
Julio Calleja-González ◽  
Alexandre Dellal
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Game Format ◽  
Complex Solutions ◽  
And Training ◽  
Substantial Degree ◽  
Two Age Groups

Abstract There has been a lot of research that enabled soccer to improve: its technique, tactics and strategy through analysis and training. Nevertheless, players’ need to interact with each other turns any defending or attacking situation into complex solutions with a wide range of variables to be considered, in which the player is never isolated and must make the move that has the most positive impact on play. Fifty-four sided games played in three different formats (5v5, 7v7 and 9v9) and with two age groups (U9 and U14) were filmed at three soccer clubs in Spain in order to identify the most relevant attacking moves, from a technical and tactical perspective. This study used the observational method; it is descriptive and is applied through well-prepared systematic quantitative observation in a natural environment. A key part of the method involved viewing the match recordings and logging moves that had been categorised beforehand. Cohen’s Kappa analysis showed that the results for the most representative variables presented a substantial degree of concordance (0.61-0.80). The results show that there were significant variations depending on the game format, and the following study will present a description and analysis of the aspects that had considerable influence on attacking moves in different formats of sided games (5v5, 7v7 and 9v9). The study also presents various practical applications for the area of training and analysing both youth and professional soccer.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS FORMS OF SELENIUM ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND METABOLISM OF FATTENED YOUNG PIGS IN PRODUCTION CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
M.G. CHABAEV ◽  
◽  
E.YU. TSIS ◽  
R.V. NEKRASOV ◽  
M.I. KLEMENTEV
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Large White ◽  
Organic Selenium ◽  
Young Pigs

Selenium plays an important role for maintaining complex and adequate nutrition of fattened young pigs. It also has a big biological importance to maintain growth and health, as well as for biochemical and physiological processes This study presents the results of a production experiment to determine the effect of organic and inorganic forms of selenium on growth indicators, immunohematological blood parameters and slaughter qualities of fattened pigs in period I and II. Test feeding with various forms of selenium has been implemented with two groups of analogs (N = 60; n = 30), taking into account age and live weight. The experiment was conducted on castrates of large white breed, which were divided into two groups of 30 heads each following the principle of analogues (taking into account their age, live weight). The studied fattened pigs received standard complete feeds of the SK-5 and SK-6 types for a period of 105 days. Growing pigs were fed with organic selenium for 20 mg/kg as part of the feed 64 mixture per head in the first and second period of fattening, while the animals of the control group were fed with 0.3 mg/kg of the inorganic form of selenium. Including a chelated form of selenium in the complete feed of castrates at the rate established in the course of scientific and economic studies has led to 757 g of average daily gain, which is 8.1% more as compared to the control group. The concentration of red blood cells in the blood of growing pigs fed with 20 mg/kg of selenium chelate increased by 6.3%, hemoglobin – by 2.4%, and white blood cells – by 7.1% as compared to the control. Feeding organic selenium to fattened young pigs contributed to a significant increase in specific units of protein activity by 38.65% (p < 0.01), BASC – by 7.63%, as well as lysis – by 40.06% (p < 0.05), and phagocytic activity by 3.33% in blood serum as compared to the control. The half-carcasses of hogs who had received fed rations including selenium chelate fetured slaughter weight and slaughter yield, respectively, higher – by 6.4 and 0.6% as compared with the control analogues. The use of the established norm of organic selenium in the diets of fattened young pigs according to the results of production testing is economically profitable and contributes to a per-head profit of 420 rubles.

A note on the effect of sudden changes in the composition of the diet of growing pigs

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-317
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Per Se

SUMMARYTwo diets, one based on barley and white-fish meal and the other on oats, wheat and meat and bone meal, with similar concentrations of digestible energy, crude protein, lysine and methionine+cystine were used to investigate the effects of sudden changes in the composition of the diet on the performance of pigs growing from 32 kg live weight, over a period of 77 days.The diets were given separately, alternated weekly with sudden changes from one diet to the other, or as a 1:1 mixture.Changes in diet per se had insignificant effects on performance.

scholarly journals Razlike u zdravstvenim pokazateljima kod nogometaša mlađih i starijih od 30 godina / Differences in health indicators in football players younger and older than 30 years

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonći Grgurinović ◽  
Joško Sindik
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Prevention ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Age Groups

Numerous studies show that wide range of anthropological characteristics and health indicators significantly affects the success in football. Therefore, constant monitoring of these indicators provides to the coaches the information useful for the planning of the training process, adjusted to concrete athletes. This study explores selected morphological, physiological characteristics and health (MPH) indicators of adult football players of various levels of sporting excellence. The aim of the study was to determine the differences in MPH indicators, as well as their correlation, stratified according to the age group of the athletes. The different profiles of players were identified, in relation to selected MPH indicators. A sample of 813 male players is examined, 362 in the age group 17-30 years (M±SD 21.48±3.51) and 451 aged over 30 years (43.84±9.17), from Zagreb football clubs, included in medical examination at the Clinic for Occupational Health and Sport. Several differences in MPH are found between two age groups, mainly in direction more desirable features in younger age group. The results provide important information for planning training, but also for health prevention measures.

Effect of chemical structure of fats upon their apparent digestible energy Value when fed to young pigs.

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 162-162
Author(s):  
J. Powles ◽  
J Wiseman ◽  
D J A Cole ◽  
B Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Acid Oil ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Weaning Pig

Previous studies have examined the effect of the degree of saturation (as measured by th3 ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids, U/S) and free fatty acid (FFA) content on the digestible energy (DE) value of fats fed to growing/ finishing pigs. However, there have been no detailed studies with the immediate post-weaning pig, which was the objective of the current programme.Two fats of differing degrees of saturation (U/S) and their respective acid oils of high free fatty acid (FFA) content were obtained for evaluation. Fats were Soyabean Oil (SO), Soyabean Acid Oil (SAO), Tallow (T) and Tallow Acid Oil (TAO).

Estimation of genetic parameters for agonistic behaviour of pigs at different ages

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. SCHEFFLER ◽  
E. STAMER ◽  
I. TRAULSEN ◽  
J. KRIETER
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Wide Range

SUMMARYThe mixing of pigs unacquainted with each other in commercial pig production is a standard procedure which leads to agonistic interactions with a wide range of individual pig behaviour. Hence, the aims of the present study were to assess the heritabilities of agonistic behaviour and to estimate correlations between three different age groups (weaned pigs n = 1111, growing pigs n = 446 and breeding gilts n = 279). The behavioural observation analysis included a period of 17 h directly after mixing as weaned pigs, growing pigs and breeding gilts (220 days of age) whereby the following agonistic traits were observed: number of fights (NF), duration of fights (DF), initiated fights (IF), received fights (RF), fights won (FW) and fights lost (FL). The behaviour of the weaned and growing pigs was significantly influenced by cross-fostering, their weight at mixing and litter attributes. Cross-fostered animals showed fewer agonistic interactions as weaned pigs and as growing pigs than non-cross-fostered animals. The influence of weight revealed that heavier pigs had a higher NF score at weaning and as growing pigs. The random litter effect explained up to 0·08 of the total variance in weaned and 0·04 in growing pigs, whereby this could partly be explained by litter size. Pigs from larger litters tended to have more agonistic interactions. The heritabilities of the recorded traits were at a low to medium level but similar between the age groups. There were high correlations between NF and all other traits in weaned pigs. The trait IF showed that the more fights a pig initiated, the more it won. This was also found for growing pigs and breeding gilts. The relationships between the age groups provided no uniform trend. The phenotypic correlations were low and the genetic correlations varied widely, partly due to the small sample size.

The effects of varying the dietary calorie: protein ratios on the performance characteristics and carcass quality of growing pigs in the tropics

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
B. L. Fetuga ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
C:P Ratio ◽  
C:P Ratios

SUMMARYTwo trials were carried out to investigate the effects of increasing calorie: protein (C:P) ratios of high iso-nitrogenous diets on the performance characteristics, nutrient digestibility, carcass quality and organ weights of 67 growing pigs of the Yorkshire and Landrace breeds, reared in a tropical environment on concrete-floored pens from 9 to 56-8 kg live weight before slaughtering and grading. The dietary protein content was approximately 24 % of dry matter in all cases, and the C:P ratios ranged from 153 to 184 kcal digestible energy/g in both trials. Results showed no consistently significant differences in gain and feed intake due to increasing C:P ratio, but feed conversion ratios consistently improved with increasing C:P ratio. Digestible energy consumed per kg of body weight gained also increased with increasing C:P ratio. The nutrient digestion coefficients did not appear to be significantly affected by the C:P ratio. With respect to carcass quality measurements, there were nonsignificant differences in dressing percentage and average backfat measurements, but significant differences in percentage trimmed fat with increase in C:P ratio. The carcass length, loin eye area, and percentage lean cuts decreased as the C:P ratios increased, the last two showing significant differences only in the second trial. The organ weights showed no significant differences due to increases in C:P ratio.

scholarly journals Influence of organic and non-organic microelements on productivity and metabolic processes in growing young pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 303-310
Author(s):  
M.G. Chabaev ◽  
R.V. Nekrasov ◽  
M.I. Klementiev
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Mineral Deposition ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Simultaneous Decrease ◽  
Iron Manganese

The purpose of our research was to determine the effect two different complexes of elements of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, selenium by organic and mineral origin in feeding mixture “SK-4” on growing pigs productivity, metabolic state and mineral deposition in their organs. We formed two groups of growing pigs, 40 heads each, with an average live weight of 13.6 kg at the age of 42 days. In addition to the main diet, the experimental animals were fed by two premixes of enriched mineral (in the form of sulfates) and organic (as chelates) complex of trace elements. In growing period, the pigs from control and experimental groups were kept in equal conditions. Within 56 days of experiments the productivity of animals was depended on feeding, whereas the use of organic complex increased the average daily live weight gain by 6.3% (p≤0.01) with simultaneous decrease in exchange of energy costs by 6.4%. In the experimental group, the feeding with organic form of trace elements contributed to the increase in blood: erythrocytes - by 4.8% (p≤0.01) and hemoglobin - by 15% (p≤0.001) during the whole research period. We proved that the addition of chelate forms to the diet of growing pigs provided greater deposition of trace elements in their organs, which allowed reducing the excretion of trace elements, which is confirmed by the changes in histological sections. The results of our study showed that organic elements were more effective in terms of pigs production and health, and fully meet their needs in essential elements.

scholarly journals Effects of Oxytetracycline Containing Feed on Pond Ecosystem and Health of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Svobodová ◽  
E. Sudová ◽  
L. Nepejchalová ◽  
S. Červinka ◽  
B. Vykusová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Histological Change ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Pond Ecosystem ◽  
Haematopoietic Tissue ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Two Age Groups

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of medicated feed, Rupin Special gran. ad us. vet. with oxytetracyclini chloridum as active ingredient (5 g kg-1 feed), on physical and chemical characteristics of a pond ecosystem and the health of carp of two age groups in a pilot operation. The medicated feed was administered in 8 doses (15 g kg-1 live weight). In the study, temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, microbiological, hydrobiological and hydrochemical variables of pond water were monitored. The fish health assessment was based on clinical, pathological-morphological and haematological examinations of 80 individuals in total. The examinations were made before, during, immediately after and 15 days after the administration of medicated feed. No effects on water quality were found. An important histological change after the application of 8 doses was the loss of haematopoietic tissue from the spleen, and dystrophic changes in the renal duct epithelium. A decrease in leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and in total blood plasma protein concentrations (P < 0.05) were observed already after the 3rd dose of Rupin Special. It follows from the results of the study that Rupin Special should be used in only 4 (exceptionally 6) doses, compared to the originally recommended 8 doses.

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