Different means of administering polyethylene glycol to sheep: effect on the nutritive value of Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. foliage

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ben Salem ◽  
A. Nefzaoui ◽  
L. Ben Salem ◽  
J. L. Tisserand
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acacia Cyanophylla ◽  
Peg Treatment ◽  
Dietary Treatments

AbstractPolyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG) was used to inactivate tannins in Acacia cyanophylla Lindl foliage. In the first of two experiments, four groups of five Barbarine sheep were held in metabolism crates so that intakes, apparent digestibilities, nitrogen balances and urinary excretion of allantoin could be measured. The second experiment involved four groups of three male Queue Fine de l'Ouest sheep fitted with rumen cannulae and housed in individual pens to measure rumen fermentation parameters and dry matter in situ degradation of A. cyanophylla foliage. All animals received fresh A. cyanophylla foliage ad libitum and 330 g concentrate on a daily basis. In each experiment, three groups of sheep received 20 g PEG daily, either mixed with concentrate (PEG-concentrate), dissolved in drinking water (PEG-water) or sprayed as a solution on A. cyanophylla foliage at the point of feeding (PEG-treatment). The fourth group was not supplied with PEG (control). Dry-matter intake of A. cyanophylla was low (28·3 g/kg metabolic live weight (M0·75) per day) and increased in sheep given the PEG-concentrate diet (38·2 g/kg M0·75 per day). PEG-concentrate and PEG-water diets resulted in an improvement in protein utilization as indicated by an increase of crude protein apparent digestibility (2·1 and 1·9 fold, respectively), nitrogen retention (3·2 fold with both dietary treatments) and urinary excretion of allantoin (1·9 and 1·5 fold, respectively). Improvements obtained with PEG-treatment diet were low and in general not significant (P > 0·05). Low neutral-detergent fibre and acid-detergent fibre apparent digestibility coefficients of diets led to the conclusion that conventional detergent extraction techniques are questionable in determining the in vivo digestibility of cell wall constituents for tannin-rich forages. Results from rumen fluid analyses indicated that sheep given PEG-containing diets had higher ammonia-nitrogen and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations (P < 0·05). These results, coupled with the increase of allantoin excretion gave clear evidence that the efficiency of microbial synthesis was improved with PEG addition. The absence of change in ruminal pH and molar proportions of individual VF A suggested similar fermentation patterns among all dietary treatments. PEG supply increased the slowly degradable fraction of A. cyanophylla foliage incubated in the rumen (P < 0·05), thus dry matter potential degradability (a + b) was highest in sheep given PEG-containing diets. It is concluded that the affinity of acacia tannins to PEG, increased the availability of degradable proteins, which resulted in an improvement of the nutritive value of acacia foliage. However, for practical situations, adding PEG to concentrate or to drinking water is recommended for sheep browsing A. cyanophylla trees in the field or fed indoors.

The nutritive value of cooked potato in liquid and creep diets for early-weaned calves

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Hinks ◽  
Alison M. Armishaw
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Potato Flour ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Potato Flake ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARY1. In three experiments, 112 7-day-old British Friesian male calves were used in performance and digestibility trials to evaluate dried cooked potato in liquid and creep diets.2. A 15% depression in growth rate for each 10% inclusion of cooked potato flour in liquid diets was recorded from 4 to 21 days and the faeces of potato-fed calves also tended to be less solid. Over the whole feeding period, liquid diets containing up to 20% potato did not significantly depress performance to weaning at 35 days.3. Only when a liquid diet containing potato starch was introduced prior to 4 weeks of age was daily live-weight gain markedly depressed.4. Incorporating potato starch in milk diets did not influence creep intake.5. Calves offered a creep diet containing 40% cooked potato flake ate less, but grew faster than calves given a diet containing 40% flakedmaize. At constant intakes of creep, daily gains were 14 to 18% greater on the diet containing potato flake.6. The apparent digestibility of gross energy and nitrogen was 0·67 and 0·66 for the flaked maize creep and 0·71 and 0·69 for the potato creep. Digestible energy and digestible nitrogen values were 12·7 MJ and 18·2 g/kg dry matter for the maize diet and 13·0 MJ and 19·0 g/kg dry matter for the flaked potato diet.7. The incidence of bloat was higher for calves fed on potato than for those fed on maize.

Effect of amount ofPanicum virgatumhay offered on intake, apparent digestibility and short-term intake rate of rams

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-347
Author(s):  
C. M. Ferri ◽  
N. P. Stritzler ◽  
H. J. Petruzzi ◽  
E. D. Cerqueira
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
Diet Level

AbstractSwitchgrass (Panicum virgatumcv.Alamo) standing hay was cut and offered to 16 rams. The rams were randomly allocated to one of the following levels of feeding: 0·5; 1·0; 1·5 and 2·0✕maintenance. The forage was offered twice a day to the animals; no supplements were given. The animals were individually penned and fitted with faeces collection bags. After 8 days for adaptation, in vivo dry matter apparent digestibility (DMD) and proportion of blades and stem + sheath of the consumed forage were measured for 8 days. DMD varied from 0·310 (0·5) to 0·391 (2·0) and the proportion of the blade fraction in the diet from 0·44 (0·5) to 0·78 (2·0). The short-term intake rate (STIR) of rams was measured for 5 days. The animals were divided randomly into four blocks, with one ram of each treatment in each block. After 4 h without food and 15 min intervals between blocks, the amount of forage consumed during 4 min of active eating was measured. The amounts consumed were (in g DM per min per 50 kg live weight): 0·5: 8·2; 1·0: 7·8; 1·5: 5·3 and 2·0: 5·3 (0·5 = 1·0 > 1·5 = 2·0;P< 0·01). The results show that offer rate of P. virgatum affects the blade: stem + sheath ratio of intake and, therefore, the nutritive value of the diet. Level of feeding before measuring STIR influences the amount of forage consumed during the test.

scholarly journals Effect of monensin sodium associative to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on the performance of feedlot finished steers

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Julio Cezar Heker Junior ◽  
Mikael Neumann ◽  
Robson Kyoshi Ueno ◽  
Margarete Kimie Falbo ◽  
Sandra Galbeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Fat Thickness

The objective of this study was to evaluate the associative effect of monensin sodium to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on performance, consumption of nutrients and dry matter, apparent digestibility, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics of feedlot finished steers. The experiment lasted 106 days with 10 days of adaptation and 96-day trial, and had 32 crosses angus steers, average age 12 months and average weight of 376 kg, divided into 16 stalls, the weighing took place every 21 days and at the end of the experiment. The treatments consisted of the combination of the following additives to the diet included: Monensin sodium, 200 mg day-1 (MO); Monensin sodium, a dose of 200 mg day-1 + essential oil dose of 1.5g day-1 (MO+EO); Monensin sodium, a dose of 200 mg day-1 + virginiamycin, 200 mg day-1 (MO+VI); Monensin sodium, 200 mg day-1 + essential oil dose of 1.5g day-1 + virginiamycin day, 200 mg day-1 (MO+EO+VI), each treatment had four repetitions, where each repetitions consisted of a bay with two animals. The MO+VI association in relation to MO only increase in average daily gain (ADG) of 24.44%, 22.35%, 21.10% and 17.31% in weighing 42, 63, 84 and 96 days, similar the combination of MO+EO+VI which provided an improvement of 21.94%, 13.59%, 15.45% and 14.75% respectively in the same weightings. The daily carcass gain and carcass overall gain were higher in associations MO+VI and MO+EO+VI and provided an average gain of 16.67 kg more compared to MO and MO+EO. In the parameters feed efficiency, dry matter intake and nutrient expressed in kg day-1 and percentage of live weight were not observed differences (P > 0.05) between treatments. Data on apparent digestibility, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics did not show statistical difference between treatment, except for fat thickness which was higher when associated with any of the additives to the MO, and farm weight was higher in associations containing VI. Associating MO+VI or MO+EO+VI proved to be best in this work compared to MO+EO or only MO in the diets of steers in termination.

Single cereal diets for bacon pigs: 2. The effect of methods of storage and preparation of barley on performance and carcass quality

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
G. W. Dean ◽  
J. R. Luscombe
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Feeding Value

SUMMARYBarley which had been stored after treatment with 0·8 % propionic acid was incorporated into pig diets in either the milled or the rolled form and its feeding value compared with that of barley stored dry and then ground, and of moist barley stored anaerobically and then rolled. The pigs were fed from 50 to 200 lb live weight on the four diets. Their performance was not affected by the method of storage of the barley, but those given rolled barley required 11% more dry matter per unit of live-weight gain than those given milled barley. There were no significant differences between the treatments in carcass measurements, or in apparent digestibility coefficients as measured by the chromic-oxide method.

The effects of dietary oil inclusion and oil source on apparent digestibility, faecal volatile fatty acid concentration and manure ammonia emission

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. G. Leek ◽  
V. E. Beattie ◽  
J. V. O’Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Oil Source ◽  
Dietary Oil

AbstractAn investigation was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary oil inclusion increases ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) emission from the manure, due to a negative effect of either unsaturated or saturated oil on microbial activity in the intestine. Dietary oil was included at 45 g/kg, as either crude palm oil (PO), soya oil (SO) or a 50: 50 SO: PO blend (OB), to a basal barley-soya-wheat diet (control) at the expense of dextrose and maize starch. Diets were formulated to contain 13·2 MJ digestible energy per kg and 11·0 g/kg lysine. Four boars were assigned to each dietary treatment, and were transferred to metabolism crates (mean live weight, 74·0 (± 2·89) kg) following 14 days dietary acclimatization. Urine and faeces were collected separately over a 5-day digestibility/nitrogen (N) balance period and a 2-day manure collection period. Inclusion of dietary oil increased apparent digestibility of oil (P < 0·01) and decreased the apparent digestibility of dry matter (P < 0·01) and gross energy (P < 0·05). Dietary oil did not affect the apparent digestibility of nitrogen, acid-detergent fibre, neutral-detergent fibre or hemicellulose. Apparent digestibility of oil was lower when oil was included as PO compared with SO and OB (P < 0·001). The concentration of faecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) was similar in all treatments, although the acetic: propionic acid ratio was lower when oil was included as PO and OB compared with SO (P < 0·05). N balance, manure N concentration and NH3-N emission was not affected by oil inclusion or oil source. In conclusion, dietary oil inclusion reduced apparent dry matter and energy digestibilities, although no effect on fermentation was indicated by digestibility of fibre or faecal VFA content. Consequently, ammonia emission was not affected by dietary oil included at 45 g/kg.

scholarly journals Effect of odontoplasty on apparent digestibility and consumption time of diet for equines

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
F.C.D. Araújo ◽  
M.G. Cruz ◽  
J.C.C. Balieiro ◽  
M.L. Menezes ◽  
C.G. Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of odontoplasty on apparent digestibility of diet for horses, consumption time, and particle size of feces. Nine horses were used, aged 14.5±3.3 years and weightng 531±38.7kg. The diet consisted of 1.5% of live weight (LW) in Tifton 85 hay and 0.75% of LW in concentrate for both assays. The experiment consisted of two tests of apparent digestibility using the method of total collection, before and after the odontoplasty, where the consumption time of hay and concentrate was also evaluated and the particle size of the feces was analyzed. An effect (P<0.05) of odontoplasty on the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was observed. Effect of the consumption time for the concentrate (P<0.05) was observed, but not for the forage (P<0.05). There was more retention (P<0.05) of the fecal particles in the sieves of bigger granulometry. The odontoplasty increases the digestibility of dietary nutrients and feces particle size, without changing feces quality. Animals after the procedure have shorter concentrate consumption time.

scholarly journals Phosphorus studies in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Ketaren ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted (1) to determine the effects of phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility and availability of P in soya-bean meal for growing pigs and (2) to compare growth v. digestibility variables for assessing the availability of P. In the first experiment the effect of phytase on P availability was assessed in a growth assay using a slope–ratio design of treatments. Two different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or soya-bean meal were added to a basal sugar–soya-bean-meal diet (2·5 g P/kg) to give two levels of P (g/kg): 3·25 and 4·0 for each source. An additional five diets were supplemented with phytase. The ten diets were offered ad lib. for 35 d to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. In addition, the relative effectiveness of different variables for assessing P availability were compared: bone bending moment, ash in various bones, and ash and P in the empty body. The addition of phytase increased growth rate (g/d) (741 v. 835; P < 0·05), lowered the food conversion ratio (2·37 v. 2·16; P < 0·01), and increased protein deposition (g/d) (108 v. 123; P < 0·05), protein retention (kg/kg) (0·33 v. 0·36; P < 0·05), energy retention (MJ gross energy/MJ digestible energy) (0·36 v. 0·38; P < 0·05) and the availability of P in soya-bean meal from 0·11 to 0·69 when bone bending moment was the criterion of availability. All other criteria for assessing availability were unsuitable. In the second experiment the availability of (P) in soya-bean meal was assessed in a digestibility experiment with grower pigs using diets 1–5 as for Expt 1 arranged in a slope–ratio design of treatments. In addition, the effects of phytase supplementation on the apparent digestibility of P, dry matter, crude protein (N × 6·25) and energy were determined. The diets were offered at three times maintenance energy requirements to male pigs initially weighing approximately 30 kg live weight and total collection of faeces was conducted over a 10 d period. The availability of P in the soya-bean meal was 0·66 using digestible P intake as the criterion of response. The apparent digestibility of P in soya-bean meal was 0·42. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of soya-bean meal P to 0·69 (P < 0·01) but had no effect on the faecal digestibility of dry matter or crude protein. Overall these experiments indicate that (1) estimates of P digestibility and availability were unlikely to be interchangeable and (2) phytase was effective in releasing much of the bound P in soya-bean meal.

Moist barley for growing pigs: some effects of storage method and processing

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
H. Denerley ◽  
C. S. Stewart ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bacterial Development ◽  
Feeding Value

SUMMARYForty-eight pigs were used to compare the feeding value of barley which had been stored dry, and then hammer-milled, with that of barley stored moist, either anaerobically or treated with 1·3% propionic acid, and then rolled. The pigs were fed from 30 kg live weight for a period of 11 weeks and during this period all consumed the same allowance of dry matter. The growth rate and feed conversion ratio of the pigs given the rolled moist barley were significantly poorer than those of others given dry milled or acid treated rolled barley. There were no treatment differences in carcass attributes.Microbiological counts made throughout the experiment showed that there was no significant fungal or bacterial development on the acid treated barley. Similar numbers of bacteria were present on the dry barley as on the moist, but the fungal count for the moist grain was always at least 500 times higher than that of the corresponding dry sample. The dominant organisms were identified.In a further experiment the apparent digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen of diets containing dry, moist or propionic acid treated barley, processed either by milling or rolling, were determined. The highest values were obtained for dry barley. Acid treated moist barley had lower values than moist barley. The method of processing did not affect the apparent digestibility of the dry matter, but that of the N was significantly lower for the rolled barleys.

The live-weight gain and dry-matter and water intakes of calves offered milk substitute diets at high concentrations

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Ternouth ◽  
I. J. F. Stobo ◽  
J. H. B. Roy ◽  
A. W. Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Ad Libitum

Thirty-two British Friesian calves were individually offered milk substitutes ad libitum twice daily for 12 weeks. The milks were reconstituted to contain 170, 200, 230 or 260 g dry matter (DM) per kg, using spray-dried skim milk powder and homogenized fat-filled powder containing 500 g fat per kg. Drinking water was available ad libitum at all times. The last two blocks of four calves were used to measure the digestibility, absorption and retention of the constituents of the diets at 2, 6 and 11 weeks of age.The DM intakes of the calves given the four diets were variable but generally increased with increasing DM concentration, mean values being 61·5, 59·5, 66·0 and 73·3 g DM per kg M0.75. As the calves increased in age, their intakes decreased from 67·3 g DM per kg M0.75 at 2 weeks of age to 61·1 g DM per kg M0.75 at 8 weeks of age.The higher DM concentrations and intakes were associated with the higher rates of weight gain; the mean live weights at 12 weeks of age being 121·8, 123·9, 135·3 and 141·6 kg for the calves offered milks reconstituted at 170, 200, 230 and 260 g DM per kg respectively.The concentration of the DM had no effect upon the coefficients of digestion or absorption nor on the retention of energy, protein, calcium or phosphorus. The digestibility of protein increased, whilst the absorption and retention of Ca and P declined with age.Intake of drinking water did not change with age, but was higher for calves given the milk containing 260 g DM per kg than for those given the other three concentrations. The total water intakes were similar for the calves given milks containing 200, 230 and 260 g DM per kg.The linear relationship of DM intake to DM concentration of the milk substitute suggested a lower level of intake in the present experiment, than was observed in a previous experiment (Ternouth, Stobo, Roy and Beattie, 1985b) when the milk concentrations were lower and drinking water was not available. When the concentrations of the DM were re-calculated to take into account the quantity of drinking water consumed, the relationships between DM intake and adjusted DM concentration for the two experiments were similar.

Fish-meal supplementation of grass silage given to young growing steers: effect on intake, apparent digestibility and live-weight gains

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sanderson ◽  
C. Thomas ◽  
A. B. McAllan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

AbstractSeventy-two, 4-month-old, British Friesian steers were used to investigate the effects of feeding a supplement of fish meal on the voluntary intake and live-weight gain by young growing cattle given a well preserved ryegrass silage. The silage was offered either alone or mixed with 50,100 or 150 g fish meal per kg silage dry matter (DM) and the diets were offered either ad libitum or intakes were restricted to 16, 19 or 22 g dietary DM per kg live weight (LW). Intakes were recorded daily, LW weekly and in vivo apparent digestibility over one 7-day period during the 132-day trial.For animals fed ad libitum, the absolute intake of dietary DM increased linearly with an increase in the level of fish-meal supplementation such that intake when the highest level of fish meal was given was significantly higher (P < 0·01) than when silage was given alone. However, DM intake per unit LW (approx. 24 g DM per kg LW) was not affected significantly (P > 0·05).Inclusion of fish meal in the diet did not affect the apparent digestibility of dietary DM, organic matter, acid-detergent or neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) although there was a trend for slightly higher (P > 0·05) gross energy apparent digestibility when fish meal was given. Increasing the level of feeding reduced NDF digestibility. The coefficients measured at the 22 g and ad libitum levels of intake were lower (P < 0·01 and P < 0·05 respectively) than that measured at the 16 g DM per kg LW level.Animals given silage alone to appetite achieved LW gains of 0·6 kg/day. LW gains increased linearly with increasing level of feeding (P < 0·001) and increasing level offish-meal supplementation (P < 0·001).

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