Effects of type and treatment of grain and protein source on dairy cow performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Khalili ◽  
A. Sairanen ◽  
K. Hissa ◽  
P. Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractThe effects of different types of energy or protein supplementation on performance of cows given grass silage-based diets were studied. The possibility of maintaining high energy intakes by using different grain sources, barley or maize, or by the use of the physical processing of the barley was investigated. In addition, the relative quality of rapeseed meal as a protein supplement compared with alternative protein supplements was examined. In experiment 1 16 Finnish Holstein-Friesian cows were used in a cyclic change-over design experiment with eight diets and four 21- day periods. The concentrate supplements comprised a 2 ✕ 2 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of two grain sources (barley (B) and maize (M)) given either ground (T–) or steam-rolled (T+), each supplemented with either rapeseed expeller (R) or a mixture of maize gluten and soya-bean meal (GS). Grass silage was givenad libitumand concentrates at a rate of 11·2 kg DM per day. M supplements increased milk, milk protein and lactose output (P< 0·05) and decreased milk urea concentration (P< 0·01) compared with B supplements. Blood β-hydroxy-butyrate (BHB) and plasma urea concentrations were higher (P< 0·01) for B than M diets. R supplements increased silage intake, energy-corrected milk yield and milk protein output and concentration (P< 0·05) compared with GS supplements. Steam-rolled grain decreased food intake, blood BHB (P< 0·05) and plasma and milk urea concentrations (P< 0·001). Steam rolling improved organic matter digestibility (grain ✕ processing interaction,P< 0·05) with M but not with B supplements.In experiment 2 four Finnish Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with rumen cannula were used in a balanced complete change-over design to evaluate ground or steam-rolled barley (T– v. T+) and two protein treatments (rapeseed expeller, R or a mixture of maize gluten/soya-bean meal/sugar beet solubles, GSS). Cows were given concentrates at 11·2 kg dry matter (DM) per day and offered grass silagead libitum. There were no differences (P> 0·05) in food intake, digestibility or milk production and composition between treatments. Plasma urea concentrations (P< 0·01) and molar proportion of butyrate (P< 0·05) in rumen fluid were decreased with R compared with GSS supplements. The results showed that replacing B with M grain resulted in minor increases in milk production. Steam rolling of grain did not influence animal performance. Among the protein supplements R increased animal performance compared with GS supplement.

Comparison of heat-treated rapeseed expeller and solvent-extracted soya-bean meal as protein supplements for dairy cows given grass silage-based diets

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.J. Shingfield ◽  
A. Vanhatalo ◽  
P. Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractSixteen early to mid lactation Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows were used in a cyclic change-over experiment with four 21-day experimental periods and a 4 5 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of heat-treated rapeseed expeller and solvent-extracted soya-bean meal protein supplements on animal performance. Dietary treatments consisted of grass silage offered ad libitum supplemented with a fixed amount of a cereal based concentrate (10 kg/day on a fresh weight basis) containing 120, 150, 180 or 210 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM). Concentrate CP content was manipulated by replacement of basal ingredients (g/kg) with either rapeseed expeller (R; 120, 240 and 360) or soya-bean meal (S; 80, 160 and 240). Increases in concentrate CP stimulated linear increases (P < 0·05) in silage intake (mean 22·5 and 23·8 g DM per g/kg increase in dietary CP content, for R and S, respectively) and milk production. Concentrate inclusion of rapeseed expeller elicited higher (P < 0·01) milk yield and milk protein output responses (mean 108 and 3·71 g/day per g/kg DM increase in dietary CP content) than soya-bean meal (corresponding values 62 and 2·57). Improvements in the apparent utilization of dietary nitrogen for milk protein synthesis (mean 0·282 and 0·274, for R and S, respectively) were associated with higher (P < 0·05) plasma concentrations of histidine, branched-chain, essential and total amino acids (35, 482, 902 and 2240 and 26, 410, 800 and 2119 µmol/l, respectively) and lower (P < 0·01) concentrations of urea (corresponding values 4·11 and 4·52 mmol/l). Heat-treated rapeseed expeller proved to be a more effective protein supplement than solvent-extracted soya-bean meal for cows offered grass silage-based diets.

Responses of lactating ewes, offered fresh herbage indoors and when grazing, to supplements containing differing protein concentrations

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Penning ◽  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Daily Milk

ABSTRACTThe responses to supplements differing in protein concentration and degradability were measured in lactating ewes and their twin lambs when offered fresh ryegrass either cut or grazed. Housed Scottish Halfbred ewes, offered fresh-cut grass ad libitum received no supplement (N) or supplements with barley and maize starch (B); barley and soya-bean meal (S); barley, soya-bean meal and fish meal (SF) or barley and fish meal (F) in weeks 2 to 7 of lactation. By feeding supplements, herbage organic-matter (OM) intake was depressed (2·00 v. 1·74 kg/day). Mean daily milk yield was increased when protein supplements were given and, because milk protein concentration was higher for supplement F and similar for all other diets, mean daily milk protein output increased with increasing fish meal in the diet. Milk yields were N 2·55, B 2·59, S 3·17, SF 3·15 and F 3·17 kg/day. Total milk solids and fat concentrations were also higher for S, SF and F than N or B. Lambs from ewes supplemented with protein grew faster and the ewes generally lost less weight and body condition compared with unsupplemented ewes.At pasture, Masham ewes grazed at herbage allowances of either 4 (L) or 10 (H) kg OM per day and received no supplement (N) or supplements B or F, for the first 6 weeks of lactation and then, in weeks 7 to 12, grazed without supplements. For NL, BL, FL, NH, BH and FH respectively lamb growth rates from birth to 6 weeks were 235, 242, 274, 267, 286 and 302 g/day; from birth to 12 weeks were 210, 209, 249, 255, 275 and 287 g/day and losses in ewe body-condition score from birth to 12 weeks were 1·28, 1·22, 1·06, 0·97, 0·62 and 0·76.It is concluded that protein supplements increased milk yield and lamb growth rates and that the response tended to be greater with fish meal.

A comparison of soya-bean, sunflower and fish meals as protein supplements for yearling cattle offered grass silage-based diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were carried out to examine the relative value of soya-bean, sunflower and fish meals as protein supplements for growing beef cattle offered grass silage ad libitum. In each experiment, well preserved grass silage (116 and 119 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM) and 69 and 76 g ammonia-N per kg total N in experiments 1 and 2 respectively) was supplemented with (1) barley (107 g CP per kg DM), (2) barley/soya-bean meal (224 g CP per kg DM), (3) barley/sunflower meal (223 g CP per kg DM) and (4) barley/fish meal (218 g CP per kg DM). Each of the supplements was offered at a rate of 1·3 kg per head daily to 32 British Friesian castrated male cattle (mean initial live weight 334 kg) n i each experiment. The treatments were imposed for 118 and 134 days in experiments 1 and 2 respectively and the animals were slaughtered 8 months after the end of the treatment periods. On average over the two experiments for supplements 1 to 4 respectively, silage DM intakes were 6·2, 6·3, 6·3 and 6·2 (s.e. 0·053) kg/day; live-weight gains 0·69, 0·78, 0·71 and 0·80 (s.e. 0·039) kg/day; carcass weights 375, 377, 377 and 374 (s.e. 8·1) kg, carcass fat classification (1 = leanest, 5 = fattest); 3·5, 3·5, 3·4 and 3·6 (s.e. 0·14) and areas of m. longissimus dorsi 19·8, 19·9, 19·7 and 19·3 (s.e. 0·66) mnv/kg carcass weight. It is concluded that when part of a barley supplement given in addition to well preserved grass silage was replaced with soya-bean, sunflower or fish meals, silage intake was not affected. The inclusion of fish meal in the diet increased live-weight gain by HOg/day and the response to soya-bean meal was 0·78 of the response to fish meal per unit of crude protein. Sunflower meal did not affect performance. The treatments did not affect carcass weight or fatness 8 months after the end of the treatment periods.

Acidogenicity of feeds for dairy cows. 2. Production responses

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 206-206
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D. Wadhwa ◽  
L.P. Borgida ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Falling prices for cereals and beneficial effects on milk protein concentrations may promote greater inclusions of rapidly fermented ingredients in dairy rations. There is, however, a limit to the inclusion of these feeds into dairy rations beyond which performance declines due to sub-acidosis and related disorders. The feed compounder will need to be able to set limits on levels of feeding concentrates according to these risks. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeds of different acidogenicity (Wadhwa et al., 1998) on lactation performance of dairy cows offered diets based on grass- or maize-silage.Twelve multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in the third month of lactation were used for this experiment. The experimental design involved adaptation and covariance recording on a standard diet (grass silage and 10 kg concentrates per day), followed by three 21-day experimental periods arranged as four 3x3 Latin Squares. The Latin Squares were constrained to a single forage to avoid difficulties in changeovers between grass silage and maize silage.

Protein supplementation of silage-based diets for calves

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Total N ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to examine the effects on the intake and performance of calves of supplementing a diet, based on high-digestibility, well-preserved grass silage, with fish meal. The effects of fish-meal supplementation were examined at each of two amounts of concentrate intake (1·05 and 2·2 kg/day) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Fish meal was offered at a rate of 75 g/kg silage dry-matter (DM) intake. Experiments 1 and 2 involved 36 and 40 castrated male calves, respectively, which were initially 7 weeks old and had a live weight of 70 kg. The treatments were imposed for 20 weeks. The silages used in the two experiments had mean concentrations of 22-8 g nitrogen (N) per kg DM; 524 g protein N per kg total N; 59 g ammonia N per kg total N; 0·4 g butyric acid per kg DM; and 712 g digestible organic matter per kg DM. The concentrate consisted of (g/kg) 800 ground barley, 125 soya bean meal, 50 molasses and 25 mineral and vitamin supplement, respectively, and contained 29 g N per kg DM. Silage DM intakes and live-weight gains for the low and high amounts of concentrate supplementation were 1·93 and 1·46 (s.e. 0·055) kg/day and 0·84 and 1·01 (s.e. 0·013) kg/day respectively. The supplement of fish meal did not affect silage DM intake or animal performance for either concentrate intake. Proportionately, only 0·21 of the difference in live weight at the end of the treatment periods between the two amounts of concentrate intake remained at slaughter at 18 months of age. It is concluded that the optimum growth rate for autumn-born calves during their first winter can be sustained by a diet of high-digestibility grass silage supplemented with a maximum of 1·0 kg cereal-soya bean meal concentrate and that no response in performance was obtained to supplementation of this diet with fish meal.

Feed Additives for Fattening Cattle

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 112-112
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
P.J. Broadbent ◽  
E.A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Daily Gain

Feed additives are widely used in beef production systems. Two trials were made to measure the effect of feed additives on the daily gain and feed efficiency of fattening beef cattle. In the first trial 48 Friesians and 48 weaned suckled calves weighing about 390 kg were fed individually on grass silage ad libitum together with 4 kg (Friesians) and 3 kg (weaned calves) bruised barley daily. The treatments were control (C), no additive; Avotan 150 mg/d (A); Flavomycin 45 mg/d (F) and Romensin 200 mg/d (R). Minerals and vitamins were given daily on the silage. In the second trial there were 240 Friesian and Exotic x Friesian bulls. They were housed on slats in groups of 15 and offered a mixture of bruised barley and soya bean meal ad libitum. The treatments were control, no additive; Flavomycin 50 mg/d, Romensin 210 mg/d and Salinomycin 150 mg/d. In trial 1 the steers were implanted with Ralgro and the heifers with Finaplix. No implants were used in the second trial. All the animals were weighed regularly and feed intake was recorded continuously. They were slaughtered when they achieved the required conformation and fat cover.

The effect of body weight at calving on milk production and reproductive performance of Friesian × Zebu heifers

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Deresz ◽  
C. M. Jaume ◽  
M. R. de Carvalho ◽  
C. A. González
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwenty-six pregnant Holstein-Friesian × zebu heifers, arranged in pairs according to age, body weight, expected calving date and amount of zebu breeding, were allocated at random to two nutritional regimens during the last 12 weeks before calving. If was planned that the animals in treatment A should calve at a pre-calving live weight of 480 kg and those in treatment B should calve at 380 kg. The diet consisted of maize silage or elephant grass silage, soya-bean meal and minerals. During the first 21 days of the post-partum period both groups were given 6 kg concentrate per head daily. After this period, the feeding level was adjusted every 14 days according to the current milk yield. The mean total milk yields were 2132 kg and 1283 kg (P < 0·05) and the lengths of lactation were 239 days and 156 days (P < 0·01) for cows in treatments A and B, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between treatments in the intervals from calving to first heat or calving to conception.

The effect of level of protein supplementation on the performance and carcass composition of young bulls given grass silage ad libitum

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwo experiments have been carried out to examine the effects of the level of protein supplementation given with grass silage-based diets on the performance and carcass composition of bulls, and to compare diets based on silage and dried forage. The five treatments used consisted of grass silage offered ad libitum and supplemented with 2·5 kg dry matter (DM) of barley-based concentrates containing (1) zero (2) 200 (3) 400 and (4) 600 g soya-bean meal per kg and (5) artificially dried grass and hay supplemented with 3·2 kg concentrate DM. The silages used in both experiments were well preserved, containing on average 200 g DM per kg; 140 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM; 63 g ammonia-nitrogen per kg total N and 731 g digestible organic matter per kg DM. The bulls were of late-maturing breed type and were initially 12 months old and 412 and 405 kg live weight in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. For treatments 1, 2, 4 and 5 in experiment 1 respectively (treatment 3 was not used) total DM intakes were 8·3, 8·3, 81 and 110 (s.e. 0·21) kg/day; CP intakes 1063, 1271, 1664 and 1539g/day; metabolizable energy intakes (MEI) 98, 99, 96 and 87 MJ/day; carcass weights 317, 316, 317 and 316 (s.e. 3·2) kg; carcass saleable meat concentrations 714, 712, 718 and 716 (s.e. 5·8) g/kg and carcass fat trims 73, 81, 73 and 68 (s.e. 3·9) g/kg. In experiment 2 for treatments 1 to 5 respectively total DM intakes were 8·3, 8·5, 8·3, 8·4 and 11·2 (s.e. 0·26) kg/day; CP intakes were 1090, 1329, 1504, 1720 and 1561 g/day; MEI 102, 106, 103, 103 and 94 MJ/day; carcass weights 318, 331, 330, 327 and 321 (s.e. 3·3) kg; carcass saleable meat concentrations 726, 721, 725, 721 and 732 (s.e. 60) g/kg and fat trims 71, 77, 78, 80 and 64 (s.e. 4·5) g/kg. It is concluded that protein supplementation of a silage-based diet did not affect performance or carcass fatness in experiment 1 or carcass fatness in experiment 2, but including 200 or 400 g soya-bean meal per kg concentrate increased performance in experiment 2. Animals given silage produced fatter carcasses than those given dried forage in experiment 2 but not in experiment 1.

The effect of composition of concentrate on the voluntary intake of silage and milk output

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
K. Aston ◽  
J. Bass ◽  
S.R. Daley ◽  
P.M. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Current Trial ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Friesian Cows

Earlier work at this institute with calves indicated that a concentrate containing a mixture of fibre and fat allowed higher voluntary intakes than a concentrate containing barley. The objective of the current trial was to compare the immediate and residual effects on milk yield and composition of supplements containing starch or a mixture of fibre and fat.Primary growths of perennial ryegrass were cut on 22 May and 12 June and wilted for 24 h prior to ensiling. The earlier cut material was preserved with an additive containing a mixture of formic acid, sulphuric acid and formalin at 4 l/t, whilst the later cut herbage was ensiled with formic acid at 3 l/t. A 60:40 mixture of the two silages was offered ad_ libitum with 2 pelleted supplements. Supplement Ba was a mixture of (DM basis) rolled barley (932 g/kg) and fishmeal (68 g/kg). Supplement SBP/FF consisted of unmolassed beet pulp (555 g/kg), extracted rice bran (315 g/kg), fat prills (56 g/kg) and soya bean meal (75 g/kg). Sources of protein differed in an attempt to balance RDP:UDP supply. The factorial combination of the two supplements (Ba and SBP/FF) given at two levels, 6 kg DM (L) or 12 kg DM (H), provided the 4 treatments imposed over weeks 3 to 10 of lactation on 40 British Friesian cows. During weeks 12 to 20 of lactation (Post experiment period) the cows were given an equal mixture of the two concentrates at 9 kg DM/day. Milk output was adjusted by covariance according to yield in week 2 of lactation.

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