scholarly journals Modulation of the Cosmic Radiation and its Manifestation in Cosmogenic Isotopes

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 313-316
Author(s):  
J. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Solar Physics ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Solar Variability ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Solar Type ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Underlying Processes

An issue of increasing importance in solar physics and climatology is solar variability (Sofia and Fox, 1994). It seems that most solar type stars show some magnetic variability at the surface (Baliunas and Jastrow, 1990). To understand the underlying processes and to model them is a big challengein solar physics.When satellites began to observe the sun outside the disturbing atmosphere it soon became clear that the solar irradiance is also variable and seems to be related to the 11- year Schwabe cycle (Willson, et al., 1986), (Foukal, this volume). This result is of great importance because the sun is the engine which drives the climate system on earth. Although the variations are small (0.1-0.2%) there is clear evidence from observational data of solar type stars (Baliunas and Jastrow, 1990) and from theoretical considerations as well that much larger fluctuations over longer time scales potentially could occur.This raises the question what role the sun plays in today’s climate change and possibly in the near future. There are basically two approaches to address this question. 1. The solar irradiance and the climate have to be monitored continuously with high precision in order to detect changes and to understand how they are caused. 2. Since there are reasons to believe that the sun also exhibits long-term changes which cannot be detected during short periods of direct observations, one has to investigate the past by looking for connections between climate and solar variability.To reconstruct past climate changes is comparatively simple. There is a large amount of climatic observations available for the last 2-3 centuries. The climatic conditions of earlier times can be reconstructed quite reliably based on isotopic ratios, pollen assemblages, and many other parameters measured in natural archives.

scholarly journals Solar cycles or random processes? Evaluating solar variability in Holocene climate records

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Edward Turner ◽  
Graeme T. Swindles ◽  
Dan J. Charman ◽  
Peter G. Langdon ◽  
Paul J. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Variability ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Solar Forcing ◽  
Holocene Climate ◽  
Proxy Records ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Solar Type

Abstract Many studies have reported evidence for solar-forcing of Holocene climate change across a range of archives. These studies have compared proxy-climate data with records of solar variability (e.g. 14C or 10Be), or have used time series analysis to test for the presence of solar-type cycles. This has led to some climate sceptics misrepresenting this literature to argue strongly that solar variability drove the rapid global temperature increase of the twentieth century. As proxy records underpin our understanding of the long-term processes governing climate, they need to be evaluated thoroughly. The peatland archive has become a prominent line of evidence for solar forcing of climate. Here we examine high-resolution peatland proxy climate data to determine whether solar signals are present. We find a wide range of significant periodicities similar to those in records of solar variability: periods between 40–100 years, and 120–140 years are particularly common. However, periodicities similar to those in the data are commonly found in random-walk simulations. Our results demonstrate that solar-type signals can be the product of random variations alone, and that a more critical approach is required for their robust interpretation.

scholarly journals Global Circulation of the Sun: Where are we and where are we going?

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 91-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Solar Variability ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Stellar Rotation ◽  
Global Circulation ◽  
Broad Audience ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Circulation Problem

There are several goals I hope to reach in this talk. First, I would like to give this broad audience some idea of our present state of knowledge concerning global circulation of the sun—what the observations tell us (and don’t tell us!) as well as current theories. This will comprise a large part of my talk. In doing this, I hope I do not bore the specialists in this area. Second, I would like to put the problem of global circulation of the sun in the broader context of “solar variability”, a topic of rapidly growing interest in the solar community, that has implications for stars generally, and which may not have caught the attention of the stellar community. I would like also to put the solar circulation problem in the context of stellar rotation, by making a few admittedly speculative extrapolations to other stars. In addition, I will give a few of my own opinions about what we should be doing in the near future to make more progress in understanding the solar problem. And finally, I hope to provoke a wide ranging discussion of the whole area of circulation and variability in the sun and stars.

A long-term geophysical and astronomical dataset: sunspot counting from 1610 to 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Vaquero
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Solar Physics ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

<p>Solar activity is an essential factor for the study of many aspects of the geophysical and astronomical sciences. A very simple measure of solar activity is counting sunspots using telescopes. This task can be done even with small telescopes since the Sun is apparently a very large and luminous star. For this reason, it is possible to rescue the ancient observations of sunspots made in the past centuries to obtain an image of the evolution of solar activity during the last four centuries.</p><p>The first attempt to reconstruct solar activity from these records was made by Rudolf Wolf, who defined the <em>Sunspot Number</em> index in the 19th century. The Zurich Observatory (and later the Brussels Observatory) was in charge of continuing Wolf's work to the present day. In 1998, Hoyt and Schatten presented a new reconstruction of solar activity that was very different from Wolf's reconstruction (Vaquero and Vázquez, 2009). Many of these differences were solved by Clette et al. (2014).</p><p>Currently, research to improve the <em>Sunspot Number</em> is focused on (i) improving the database by reviewing old observations, and (ii) improving the methodologies to convert raw data into the <em>Sunspot Number</em> index. In this work, we try to present the latest advances in this task (Muñoz-Jaramillo and Vaquero, 2019; Arlt and Vaquero, 2020).</p><p> </p><p>References</p><p>Arlt, R., Vaquero, J.M. (2020) Living Reviews in Solar Physics 17, 1.</p><p>Clette, F. et al. (2014) Space Science Reviews 186, 35.</p><p>Muñoz-Jaramillo, A., Vaquero, J.M. (2019) Nature Astronomy 3, 205.</p><p>Vaquero, J.M. and Vázquez, M. (2009) The Sun recorded through history (Springer).</p>

Selection of External Coatings for Northern Pipelines: Laboratory Methodologies for Evaluation and Qualification of Coatings

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sankara Papavinasam ◽  
R. Winston Revie ◽  
Michael Attard
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Selection Of

In the near future, the construction of northern pipelines for transmission of natural gas will begin in North America. Construction in the harsh northern climate, with temperatures as low as −45°C, and remote location will impose unique challenges with respect to protective coatings. It is critical that the design of coatings be adequate to protect the pipelines under long-term, severe environmental conditions, including the extreme climatic conditions that will apply in the North before the pipe is installed and operation begins. There are many quality coatings from which to choose for application on new pipelines. The main issue is in understanding how to select and use coatings on pipelines in new regimes (e.g. Northern pipelines), which may operate in a different environment than do existing pipelines. Uniform, standardized tests that would simulate the conditions during construction and operation of Northern pipelines will allow external pipeline coatings to be selected with confidence regarding anticipated long-term performance under operational conditions. Selection of mainline coatings is important, but there is also a need to focus on field-applied coatings for both repairs and joints. Methodologies and standards that are available to evaluate coatings are reviewed in this paper.

scholarly journals Photometric Observations of the Sun

1994 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 117-129
Author(s):  
Gary A. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Total Solar Irradiance ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Solar Variability ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Terrestrial Atmosphere ◽  
Photometric Observations ◽  
Disparate Data

Ground-based calorimetry and photometry of the Sun have been carried out for many years. Following the early years, ground-based photometry has largely replaced ground-based calorimetry, in part due to the advent of airborne and spaceborne detector systems for the broad-band measurement of the solar irradiance and the realization of the difficulty of correcting calorimetry measurements for the effects of the terrestrial atmosphere. Even from spacecraft, recent measurements of the total solar irradiance range from about 1367 to 1374 W/m2. Most of this difference can be ascribed to differences in instrumental scales, while a variation of about 1 to 2 W/m2 appears to be due to solar variability. The quiet Sun may also change, globally, over longer time scales. Using disparate data to understand solar variability will require cooperation between a number of current groups, supported by various governments, covering several zones of longitude.

scholarly journals Preliminary Design of the Brazilian's National Institute for Space Research Broadband Radiometer for Solar Observations

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (S328) ◽  
pp. 224-226
Author(s):  
L. A. Berni ◽  
L. E. A. Vieira ◽  
G.S. Savonov ◽  
A. Dal Lago ◽  
O. Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Total Solar Irradiance ◽  
Space Research ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Total Radiation ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Solar Observations

AbstractThe Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), which is the total radiation arriving at Earth's atmosphere from the Sun, is one of the most important forcing of the Earths climate. Measurements of the TSI have been made employing instruments on board several space-based platforms during the last four solar cycles. However, combining these measurements is still challenging due to the degradation of the sensor elements and the long-term stability of the electronics. Here we describe the preliminary efforts to design an absolute radiometer based on the principle of electrical substitution that is under development at Brazilian's National Institute for Space Research (INPE).

A Search for Dyson Spheres around Late-Type Stars in the Solar Neighborhood II

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 707-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Jugaku ◽  
Shiro Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Solar Neighborhood ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Late Type ◽  
Solar Type

AbstractWe continued our search for partial (incomplete) Dyson spheres associated with 50 solar-type stars (spectral classes F, G, and K) within 25 pc of the Sun. No candidate objects were found.

Intraindividual Variability and Stability of Affect and Well-Being

GeroPsych ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Röcke ◽  
Annette Brose
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Underlying Processes

Whereas subjective well-being remains relatively stable across adulthood, emotional experiences show remarkable short-term variability, with younger and older adults differing in both amount and correlates. Repeatedly assessed affect data captures both the dynamics and stability as well as stabilization that may indicate emotion-regulatory processes. The article reviews (1) research approaches to intraindividual affect variability, (2) functional implications of affect variability, and (3) age differences in affect variability. Based on this review, we discuss how the broader literature on emotional aging can be better integrated with theories and concepts of intraindividual affect variability by using appropriate methodological approaches. Finally, we show how a better understanding of affect variability and its underlying processes could contribute to the long-term stabilization of well-being in old age.

Demographic gaps between Syrian and the European populations: What do they suggest?

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Murat Yucesahin ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci
Keyword(s):  
Transition Theory ◽  
World Population ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Syrian Population ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Near Future

Syrian crisis resulted in at least 6.1 million externally displaced people 983,876 of whom are in Europe while the rest are in neighbouring countries in the region. Turkey, due to its geographical proximity and substantial land borders with the country, has been the most popular destination for those fleeing Syria since April 2011. Especially after 2012, a sharp increase in the number of Syrian refugees arriving in Turkey was witnessed. This has triggered an exponential growth in academic and public interest in Syrian population. Numerous reports mostly based on non-representative sample surveys have been disseminated whilst authoritative robust analyses remained absent. This study aims to fill this gap by offering a comprehensive demographic analysis of the Syrian population. We focus on the demographic differences (from 1950s to 2015) and demographic trends (from 2015 to 2100) in medium to long term, based on data from World Population Prospects (WPP). We offer a comparative picture to underline potential changes and convergences between populations in Syria, Turkey, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We frame our discussion here with reference to the demographic transition theory to help understanding the implications for movers and non-movers in receiving countries in the near future.

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