A long-term geophysical and astronomical dataset: sunspot counting from 1610 to 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Vaquero
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Solar Physics ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

<p>Solar activity is an essential factor for the study of many aspects of the geophysical and astronomical sciences. A very simple measure of solar activity is counting sunspots using telescopes. This task can be done even with small telescopes since the Sun is apparently a very large and luminous star. For this reason, it is possible to rescue the ancient observations of sunspots made in the past centuries to obtain an image of the evolution of solar activity during the last four centuries.</p><p>The first attempt to reconstruct solar activity from these records was made by Rudolf Wolf, who defined the <em>Sunspot Number</em> index in the 19th century. The Zurich Observatory (and later the Brussels Observatory) was in charge of continuing Wolf's work to the present day. In 1998, Hoyt and Schatten presented a new reconstruction of solar activity that was very different from Wolf's reconstruction (Vaquero and Vázquez, 2009). Many of these differences were solved by Clette et al. (2014).</p><p>Currently, research to improve the <em>Sunspot Number</em> is focused on (i) improving the database by reviewing old observations, and (ii) improving the methodologies to convert raw data into the <em>Sunspot Number</em> index. In this work, we try to present the latest advances in this task (Muñoz-Jaramillo and Vaquero, 2019; Arlt and Vaquero, 2020).</p><p> </p><p>References</p><p>Arlt, R., Vaquero, J.M. (2020) Living Reviews in Solar Physics 17, 1.</p><p>Clette, F. et al. (2014) Space Science Reviews 186, 35.</p><p>Muñoz-Jaramillo, A., Vaquero, J.M. (2019) Nature Astronomy 3, 205.</p><p>Vaquero, J.M. and Vázquez, M. (2009) The Sun recorded through history (Springer).</p>

scholarly journals Closing up onto our sun: solar imaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 240 ◽  
pp. 07011
Author(s):  
Kushagra Shrivastava ◽  
Keith Wen Kai Chia ◽  
Kang Jun Wong ◽  
Alfred Yong Liang Tan ◽  
Hwee Tiang Ning
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Future Science ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Term Data ◽  
Made In

Solar activity research provides insight into the Sun’s past, future (Science Daily, 2018). The solar activity includes observations of large numbers of intense sunspots, flares, and other phenomena; and demands a wide range of techniques and measurements on the observations. This research needs long term data collection before critical analyses can occur, to generate meaningful learning and knowledge. In this project, we will use solar imaging to make observations of solar activity, and take our baby steps to make contributions in citizen science. Observations will be made in 3 wavelengths to gain a more thorough analysis by looking at different perspectives of the Sun, namely H-Alpha, Calcium-K, and white light.

scholarly journals NEONATOLOGY: EVOLUTION FROM THE PAST TO FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Laschi ◽  
Serafina Perrone ◽  
Chiara Lembo ◽  
Giuseppe Buonocore
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Biological Fluid ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
The Past ◽  
Primary Responsibility ◽  
Metabolic Screening ◽  
The 19Th Century

The begin of modern neonatology takes place in the 1940s, when physicians first started to have interest in the newborn so that the primary responsibility for the neonate passed from the obstetricians to the neonatologists. In the 19th century the term premature grouped together the concept of “preterm and weak infants”, meant as babies suffering from poor energy and vitality. The idea that premature infants could be treated was introduced in the second half of the 19th century, when crucial fields signed the basis for neonatal care over the last century, such as thermoregulation, Apgar score, respiratory support, prenatal corticosteroids, metabolic screening and jaundice. From then on, advances in neonatology have resulted in the reduction of infant mortality worldwide. To date, scientific evidences have shown that the environmental conditions experienced in early life can profoundly influence human biology and long-term health. Chemical contaminants in water and diet, tobacco smoke, air pollution, gestational diabetes, hypertension and pre-eclampsia are all conditions that lead to the lowest common denominator oxidative stress. Fetuses and newborns -especially preterm- are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress mediated damage. Recently, the “omics” sciences represent the major area of growing interest and research in neonatology. The analysis of the metabolic profile detectable in a human biological fluid allows to instantly identifying changes in the composition of endogenous and exogenous metabolites caused by the interaction between specific physiopathological states, gene expression, and environment. From metabolomics studies comes the need of individualized and tailored medicine.

The Spread and Persistence of Māturīdi Kalām and Underlying Dynamics

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-92
Author(s):  
Philipp Bruckmayr
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theological Schools ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe paper is concerned with a long-term perspective on the position of Māturīdi kalām within (mostly) Hanafi Muslim societies from Timurid times to the 19th century. Whereas outright conflict between legal and theological schools was mainly a thing of the past during the time in question with Ash'arism, already fully embraced also by Hanafi constituencies within the ahl al-sunna wa l-jamā'a, a preference for Māturīdi views on specific issues persisted among the majority of Hanafi kalām scholars from Bosnia to South Asia. This state of affairs will be highlighted through recourse to madrasa curricula and theological literature from the era and areas as diverse as Turkey and Southeast Asia. Additionally, it seeks to draw attention to the mechanisms behind the spread and long-term persistence of the school throughout large parts of a Muslim world seemingly dominated by Ash'arism in the sphere of scholastic theology. In this regard, the prevalence of Transoxanian legal tradition within Hanafism and its linkages to Māturīdism, as well as the relationship of Naqshbandi Sufism to the school will be discussed.

Long-Term Changes in the Living Arrangements of Children in the Netherlands

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben van Gaalen ◽  
Frans van Poppel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
The 19Th Century

The demographic and social processes of the past 150 years have radically changed the number of parents that children grow up with. This article uses two unique data sets to illustrate long-term changes in the living arrangements of children born between 1850 and 1985 in the Netherlands. Changes are described in terms of whether fathers, mothers, and stepparents lived with these children at birth and at age 15. A massive shift occurred in the living arrangements of the 1850-1879 cohort compared with the 1880-1899 cohort of children, and there is only a slight return to 19th-century conditions in the most recent birth cohort. Researchers and politicians should be careful when comparing contemporary family life with the extraordinary situation Western families were in just after World War II. To some degree, contemporary complexities are more comparable to those in the 19th century, although the sources of these complexities are different.

scholarly journals Long-term solar activity and terrestrial connections. Part II: at the beckon of the sun?

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 492-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Diamantides
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Nonlinear Part ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Task ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Long Term Behavior

Abstract. The research task described herein aims at the structuring of an analytical tool that traces the time course of geophysical phenomena, regional or global, and compares it to the course of long-term solar conditions, long-term meaning decades or a few centuries. The model is based on the premise that since in a last analysis the preponderance of atmospheric, hydrospheric, and, possibly, some aspects of geospheric phenomena are, or have been, powered by energy issuing from the sun - either now or in the past - the long-term behavior of such phenomena is ultimately "connected" to long-term changes occurring in the sun itself. Accordingly, the proposed research firstly derives and models a stable surrogate pattern for the long-term solar activity, secondly introduces a transfer-function algorithm for modeling the connection between the surrogate and terrestrial phenomena viewed as partners in the connection, and thirdly probes the connection outcome for episodic or unanticipated effects that may arise due to the fact that in the present context, the connection, should it exist, is very likely nonlinear. Part I of the study presents the theory of the concept, while Part II demonstrates the concept's pertinence to a number of terrestrial phenomena.Key words. Solar activity · Kolmogorov algorithm

scholarly journals Killer Cities: Past and Present

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 570-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Walker Hanlon ◽  
Yuan Tian
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Lower Mortality ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

The industrial cities of the 19th century were incredibly unhealthy places to live. How much progress has been made in reducing these negative health effects over the past 150 years? To help answer this question, we compare mortality patterns in 19th century England to those in Chinese urban areas in 2000. We document that substantial improvements have been made in improving health in cities over this period. Unlike historical English cities, large cities in China have lower mortality than less populated areas. However, we also provide evidence that in China a substantial relationship between industrial pollution and mortality remains.

scholarly journals Long-term solar activity and terrestrial connections. Part I: theory

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-491
Author(s):  
N. D. Diamantides
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Nonlinear Part ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Task ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Long Term Behavior

Abstract. The research task described herein aims at the structuring of an analytical tool that traces the time course of geophysical phenomena, regional or global, and compares it to the course of long-term solar conditions, long-term meaning decades or a few centuries. The model is based on the premise that since in a last analysis the preponderance of atmospheric, hydrospheric, and, possibly, some aspects of geospheric phenomena are, or have been, powered by energy issuing from the sun – either now or in the past, the long-term behavior of such phenomena is ultimately "connected" to long-term changes occurring in the sun itself. Accordingly, the proposed research firstly derives and models a stable surrogate pattern for the long-term solar activity, secondly introduces a transfer-function algorithm for modeling the connection between the surrogate and terrestrial phenomena viewed as partners in the connection, and thirdly probes the connection outcome for episodic or unanticipated effects that may arise due to the fact that in the present context, the connection, should it exist, is very likely nonlinear. Part I of the study presents the theory of the concept, while Part II demonstrates the concept's pertinence to a number of terrestrial phenomena.Key words. Solar activity · Kolmogorov algorithm

scholarly journals History of otorhinolaryngology in Germany before 1921

HNO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-365
Author(s):  
Albert Mudry ◽  
Robert Mlynski ◽  
Burkhard Kramp
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Neck Surgery ◽  
German Society ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Head And Neck Surgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academic Organization ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

AbstractIn 2021, the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery is celebrating the 100th anniversary of its foundation. The aim of this article is to present the main inventions and progress made in Germany before 1921, the date the society was founded. Three chronological periods are discernible: the history of otorhinolaryngology (ORL) in Germany until the beginning of the 19th century, focusing mainly on the development of scattered knowledge; the birth of the sub-specialties otology, laryngology (pharyngo-laryngology and endoscopy), and rhinology in the 19th century, combining advances in knowledge and implementation of academic structures; and the creation of the ORL specialty at the turn of the 20th century, mainly concentrating on academic organization and expansion. This period was crucial and allowed for the foundation of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery on solid ground. Germany played an important role in the development and progress of ORL internationally in the 19th century with such great contributors as Anton von Tröltsch, Hermann Schwartze, Otto Körner, Rudolf Voltolini, and Gustav Killian to mention a few.

scholarly journals Most Frequent Problems of Building Structures of Urban Apartment Buildings from 2nd Half of 19th Century and the Start of 20th Century

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Klara Kroftova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Horizontal Load ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Basic Prerequisite

An urban residential building from the second half of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the so-called tenement house, is a significant representative of the architecture of the developing urban fabric in Central Europe. The vertical and horizontal load-bearing structures of these houses currently tend to show characteristic, repeated defects and failures. Their knowledge may, in many cases, facilitate and speed up the design of the historic building’s restoration without compromising its heritage value in this process. The article presents the summary of the most frequently occurring defects and failures of these buildings. The summary, however, is not an absolute one, and, in the case of major damage to the building, it still applies that, first of all, a detailed analysis of the causes and consequences of defects and failures must be made as a basic prerequisite for the reliability and long-term durability of the building’s restoration and rehabilitation. An integral part of the rehabilitation of buildings must be the elimination of the causes of the appearance of their failures and remediation of all defects impairing their structural safety, health safety and energy efficiency.

scholarly journals Historical sunspot records

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Arlt ◽  
José M. Vaquero
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Group Sunspot ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Sunspot Numbers ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Physical Quantities

AbstractSunspot observations are available in fairly good numbers since 1610, after the invention of the telescope. This review is concerned with those sunspot observations of which longer records and drawings in particular are available. Those records bear information beyond the classical sunspot numbers or group sunspot numbers. We begin with a brief summary on naked-eye sunspot observations, in particular those with drawings. They are followed by the records of drawings from 1610 to about 1900. The review is not a compilation of all known historical sunspot information. Some records contributing substantially to the sunspot number time series may therefore be absent. We also glance at the evolution of the understanding of what sunspots actually are, from 1610 to the 19th century. The final part of the review illuminates the physical quantities that can be derived from historical drawings.

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