Identification of 18 vector species belonging to Group I, Group II, and Group III ‘Dirty 22’ species known to contaminate food and spread foodborne pathogens: DNA barcoding study of public health importance

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irshad M. Sulaiman ◽  
Emily Jacobs ◽  
Steven Simpson ◽  
Khalil Kerdahi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Coi Barcoding ◽  
Group Ii

AbstractThe US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) uses the presence of filth and extraneous materials as one of the criteria in implementing regulatory actions and assessing food adulteration of public health importance. So far, 22 common pest species (‘Dirty 22’ species) have been considered by this agency for the spreading of foodborne illness, and their presence is an indicator of unsanitary conditions in food processing and storage facilities. Recently, we classified the ‘Dirty 22’ species into four groups: Group I (four cockroach species), Group II (two ant species), Group III (12 fly species), and Group IV (four rodent species), and described two molecular diagnostic methods for group-specific identification. We developed a PCR-RFLP assay based on rRNA gene for the detection and differentiation of Group I ‘Dirty 22’ species. Later, we designed three Group II ‘Dirty 22’ species-specific nested PCR primer sets and sequence characterized the rRNA, elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1a), and wingless (WNT-1) loci. In this follow-up study, we have evaluated the robustness of five unique sets of published primers targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene for insect barcoding. With modified PCR conditions, we successfully used COI barcoding for 18 members of Group I, Group II, and Group III ‘Dirty 22’ species. Results of this study reveal that COI barcoding is an effective tool for rapid identification of insects of Groups I, II, and III ‘Dirty 22’ species known to contaminate food and spread foodborne pathogens.

Eulepida mbala, a new species from Zambia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4399 (4) ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
RICHARD SEHNAL
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
One New Species ◽  
A New Species

The genus Eulepida Kolbe, 1894 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Leucopholini) was established to accommodate 10 Afrotropical species, seven new and three previously placed in Lepidiota Kirby, 1828, Proagosternus Blanchard, 1851, and Tricholepis Hampson, 1891. Lacroix (2010) designated Leucopholis lepidota Klug, 1855 as the type species of the genus Eulepida. Currently the genus contains 20 species divided into three groups based on morphological characters (Lacroix 2010, 2013): species group I includes Eulepida lepidota (Klug, 1855), E. minor Moser, 1913, E. nitidicollis Kolbe, 1894, E. nyassica Kolbe, 1894, E. sinuatifrons (Fairmaire, 1887), and E. zambiensis Lacroix, 2010; species group II includes E. anatina Brenske, 1896, E. tschindeana Péringuey, 1904, and E. werneri Lacroix, 2010; and species group III includes E. baumanni Kolbe, 1894, E. flavovestita Moser, 1913, E. gracilipes Kolbe, 1894, E. kameruna (Frey, 1972), E. kenyensis Lacroix, 2010, E. mamboiae Brenske, 1896, E. manowensis Moser, 1913, E. mashona Arrow, 1902, E. montana Kolbe, 1894, E. reichei (Thomson, 1858), and E. savagei (Hope, 1842). Examination of material recently collected in Zambia revealed an undescribed species belonging to species group II (sensu Lacroix 2010). This group is defined by the combination of the following characters: protibia bidentate; antennal club distinctly longer than antennal shaft; pygidium narrow, longer than wide, with a pronounced elongate terminal invagination; and parameres symmetrical, long, evenly curved in ventral aspect (Lacroix 2010). The purpose of this paper is to describe one new species, to add new geographic records for some Eulepida species of group II, and to update the key for this group. New faunistic records are reported for Eulepida tschindeana and Eulepida werneri from Zimbabwe. 

Multilocus Genetic Characterization of Two Ant Vectors (Group II “Dirty 22” Species) Known To Contaminate Food and Food Products and Spread Foodborne Pathogens†

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1447-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
IRSHAD M. SULAIMAN ◽  
MICKEY ANDERSON ◽  
DAVID H. OI ◽  
STEVEN SIMPSON ◽  
KHALIL KERDAHI
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Primer Sets ◽  
Pcr Primer

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration utilizes the presence of filth and extraneous materials as one of the criteria for implementing regulatory actions and assessing adulteration of food products of public health importance. Twenty-two prevalent pest species (also known as the “Dirty 22” species) have been considered by this agency as possible vehicles for the spread of foodborne diseases, and the presence of these species is considered an indicator of unsanitary conditions in food processing and storage facilities. In a previous study, we further categorized the Dirty 22 species into four groups: group I includes four cockroach species, group II includes two ant species, group III includes 12 fly species, and group IV includes four rodent species. Here, we describe the development of three nested PCR primer sets and multilocus genetic characterization by amplifying the small subunit rRNA, elongation factor 1-alpha, and wingless (WNT-1) genes of group II Dirty 22 ant species Monomorium pharaonis and Solenopsis molesta. These novel group II Dirty 22 species-specific nested PCR primer sets can be used when the specimens cannot be identified using conventional microscopic methods. These newly developed assays will provide correct identification of group II Dirty 22 ant species, and the information can be used in the control of foodborne pathogens.

Ultrastructural Lesions Produced by Alcohol and Sucrose in the Heart and Liver of C57BL Mice

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
K.K. SEKHRI ◽  
C.S. ALEXANDER ◽  
H.T. NAGASAWA
Keyword(s):  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Alcohol Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
C57bl Mice ◽  
Group Ii

C57BL male mice (Jackson Lab., Bar Harbor, Maine) weighing about 18 gms were randomly divided into three groups: group I was fed sweetened liquid alcohol diet (modified Schenkl) in which 36% of the calories were derived from alcohol; group II was maintained on a similar diet but alcohol was isocalorically substituted by sucrose; group III was fed regular mouse chow ad lib for five months. Liver and heart tissues were fixed in 2.5% cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon-araldite.

Heterogeneity and Immunochemical Properties of Anti-β2-glycoprotein I Autoantibodies

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (09) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Regnault ◽  
E. Hachulla ◽  
L. Darnige ◽  
B. Roussel ◽  
J. C. Bensa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Anticardiolipin Antibodies ◽  
Dual Reactivity ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Epitope Specificity ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Sufficient Concentration

SummaryMost anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are directed against epitopes expressed on β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI). Despite a good correlation between standard ACA assays and those using purified human β2GPI as the sole antigen, some sera from APS patients only react in the latter. This is indicative of heterogeneity in anti-β2GPI antibodies. To characterize their reactivity profiles, human and bovine β2GPI were immobilized on γ-irradiated plates (β2GPI-ELISA), plain polystyrene precoated with increasing cardiolipin concentrations (CL/β2GPI-ELISA), and affinity columns. Fluid-phase inhibition experiments were also carried out with both proteins. Of 56 selected sera, restricted recognition of bovine or human β2GPI occurred respectively in 10/29 IgA-positive and 9/22 IgM-positive samples, and most of the latter (8/9) were missed by the standard ACA assay, as expected from a previous study. Based on species specificity and ACA results, IgG-positive samples (53/56) were categorized into three groups: antibodies reactive to bovine β2GPI only (group I) or to bovine and human β2GPI, group II being ACA-negative, and group III being ACA-positive. The most important group, group III (n = 33) was characterized by (i) binding when β2GPI was immobilized on γ-irradiated polystyrene or cardiolipin at sufficient concentration (regardless of β2GPI density, as assessed using 125I-β2GPI); (ii) and low avidity binding to fluid-phase β2GPI (Kd in the range 10–5 M). In contrast, all six group II samples showed (i) ability to bind human and bovine β2GPI immobilized on non-irradiated plates; (ii) concentration-dependent blockade of binding by cardiolipin, suggesting epitope location in the vicinity of the phospholipid binding site on native β2GPI; (iii) and relative avidities approximately 100-fold higher than in group III. Group I patients were heterogeneous with respect to CL/β2GPI-ELISA and ACA results (6/14 scored negative), possibly reflecting antibody differences in terms of avidity and epitope specificity. Affinity fractionation of 23 sera showed the existence, in individual patients, of various combinations of antibody subsets solely reactive to human or bovine β2GPI, together with cross-species reactive subsets present in all samples with dual reactivity namely groups III and II, although the latter antibodies were poorly purified on either column. Therefore, the mode of presentation of β2GPI greatly influences its recognition by anti-β2GPI antibodies with marked inter-individual heterogeneity, in relation to ACA quantitation and, possibly, disease presentation and pathogenesis.

Oxygen Fraction Adjustment According to Body Surface Area during Extracorporeal Circulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 098
Author(s):  
Cem Arıtürk ◽  
Serpil Ustalar Özgen ◽  
Behiç Danışan ◽  
Hasan Karabulut ◽  
Fevzi Toraman
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Extracorporeal Circulation ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Oxygen Fraction ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

<p class="p1"><span class="s1"><strong>Background:</strong> The inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO<sub>2</sub>) is usually set between 60% and 100% during conventional extracorporeal circulation (ECC). However, this strategy causes partial oxygen pressure (PaO<sub>2</sub>) to reach hyperoxemic levels (&gt;180 mmHg). During anesthetic management of cardiothoracic surgery it is important to keep PaO<sub>2</sub> levels between 80-180 mmHg. The aim of this study was to assess whether adjusting FiO<sub>2</sub> levels in accordance with body temperature and body surface area (BSA) during ECC is an effective method for maintaining normoxemic PaO<sub>2</sub> during cardiac surgery.</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1"><strong>Methods:</strong> After approval from the Ethics Committee of the University of Acıbadem, informed consent was given from 60 patients. FiO<sub>2</sub> adjustment strategies applied to the patients in the groups were as follows: FiO<sub>2</sub> levels were set as 0.21 × BSA during hypothermia and 0.21 × BSA + 10 during rewarming in Group I; 0.18 × BSA during hypothermia and 0.18 × BSA + 15 during rewarming in Group II; and 0.18 × BSA during hypothermia and variable with body temperature during rewarming in Group III. Arterial blood gas values and hemodynamic parameters were recorded before ECC (T1); at the 10th minute of cross clamp (T2); when the esophageal temperature (OT) reached 34°C (T3); when OT reached 36°C (T4); and just before the cessation of ECC (T5).</span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1"><strong>Results:</strong> Mean PaO<sub>2</sub> was significantly higher in Group I than in Group II at T2 and T3 (<em>P</em> = .0001 and <em>P</em> = .0001, respectively); in Group I than in Group III at T1 (<em>P</em> = .02); and in Group II than in Group III at T2, T3, and T4 <br /> (<em>P</em> = .0001 for all). </span></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1"><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adjustment of FiO<sub>2</sub> according to BSA rather than keeping it at a constant level is more appropriate for keeping PaO<sub>2</sub> between safe level limits. However, since oxygen consumption of cells vary with body temperature, it would be appropriate to set FiO<sub>2</sub> levels in concordance with the body temperature in the <br /> rewarming period.</span></p>

Features of the cervix uteri in women of reproductive age with endometrial polyps and micropolyps

2016 ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
T.F. Tatarchuk ◽  
◽  
D.G. German ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cervix Uteri ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Endometrial Polyps ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Aggressive Form ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Control Group Group

The article presents the comparative analysis of the state of the cervix in women with endometrial polyps and micropolyps. Patients and methods. The study involved 130 patients aged 18-35 years: 70 patients with endometrial polyps (group I), 30 patients with micropolyps (group II) and 30 patients of the control group (group III). Results. According to the anamnesis of women in the I group were significantly more frequent diseases of the cervix, which corrected physical surgery methods, in particular cryodestruction. In group II, the representatives of these indicators were similar to healthy. Normal colposcopic picture met significantly less frequently in patients and I, and II group. The differences in the incidence of HPV high oncogenic risk in all groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion. Destructive methods used in the detection of any changes in the cervix are often overly aggressive, form scars and contributing to inflamaciones process. In the chain of events leading to the formation of PE, cervical pathology and its correction can take the basic place. Key words: endometrial polyp, micropolyps, chronic endometritis, uterine cervix, colposcopy.

THE USE OF BOLUSES REDUCES THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF SUBCLINICAL KETOSIS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION OF HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE COWS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Г.В. ШИРЯЕВ ◽  
Ю.Г. ТУРЛОВА ◽  
Г.С. НИКИТИН
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Reproductive Indices

Изучено влияние кормовой добавки в форме индивидуальных болюсов Метраболь на возможность снижения негативного влияния субклинического кетоза (СКК) и результативность искусственного осеменения высокопродуктивных молочных коров в посттранзитный период. Животные были подобраны по принципу условных аналогов и разделены на 3 группы в зависимости от концентрации β-оксимасляной кислоты в их крови. В I группе (n=18) у коров не было СКК, концентрация кислоты составляла <1,0 ммоль/л, во II группе (n=21) у животных зарегистрирован СКК, концентрация кислоты — 1,0…1,4 ммоль/л. С целью поиска решения по снижению негативного влияния СКК на репродуктивные показатели была сформирована III группа коров, переболевших СКК (n=24) с концентрацией β-оксимасляной кислоты в крови 1,0…1,4 ммоль/л, но с использованием болюсов, применяемых для ускоренного восстановления репродуктивной функции коров после отела. Важной составляющей опыта явилось то, что к моменту гормональной синхронизации у коров всех 3 групп фиксировалось отсутствие СКК (снижение β-оксимасляной кислоты до уровня <1,0 ммоль/л). Для синхронизации полового цикла выбрана схема Пресинх-овсинх. Установлено, что гормональная синхронизация животных, перенесших СКК, в сравнении со здоровыми, не позволяет снизить негативное влияние данного нарушения обмена веществ. Во II группе у животных зафиксированы самые низкие репродуктивные показатели (количество использованных доз; индекс осеменения, сервис-период; время от первого до успешного осеменения; результат первичного осеменения; количество животных, осемененных 3 и более раз). В III группе применение болюсов позволило, в сравнении с животными II группы, не только избежать отрицательного воздействия СКК, но и превзойти по изучаемым параметрам животных из I группы. The effect of the feed additive in the form of individual boluses Metrabol on the possibility of reducing the negative effect of subclinical ketosis (CCK) and the effectiveness of artificial insemination of highly productive dairy cows in the post-transit period was studied. The animals were selected according to the principle of conditional analogs and divided into 3 groups depending on the concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid in their blood. In group I (n=18), the cows did not have SSC, the acid concentration was <1.0 mmol/L, in group II (n=21), SSC was registered in animals — 1.0...1.4 mmol / L. In order to find a solution to reduce the negative effect of CCB on reproductive indices, a group III of cows was formed who had CCB (n = 24) with a concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid in their blood of 1.0...1.4 mmol/L, but using boluses, used to accelerate the restoration of the reproductive function of cows after calving. An important component of the experiment was that by the time of hormonal synchronization, cows of all 3 groups had no SSC (decrease in β-hydroxybutyric acid to a level of <1.0 mmol/L). To synchronize the sexual cycle, the Pressinh-ovsinh scheme was chosen. It was found that hormonal synchronization of animals that underwent SSC, in comparison with healthy ones, does not allow reducing the negative effect of this metabolic disorder. In group II, animals had the lowest reproductive indices (number of doses used; insemination index, service period; time from first to successful insemination; result of primary insemination; number of animals inseminated 3 or more times). In group III, the use of boluses made it possible, in comparison with animals of group II, not only to avoid the negative effect of SSC, but also to surpass the animals from group I in terms of the studied parameters.

Serum Endocrine Profile in Relation to Estrus Synchronization in Surti Does

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Chaudhary ◽  
C. T. Khasatiya ◽  
S. B. Patel ◽  
S. S. Chaudhary ◽  
V. B. Atara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Estrus Synchronization ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Endocrine Profile ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
And Control

The serum progesterone and estradiol profiles during synchronization of estrus by buck effect and PGF2α treatments were monitored in Surti does. Total eighteen non-pregnant does selected were evenly divided into 3 groups, 6 does in each group. The does of Group I were teased with a sexuallyactive- apronized buck; and those of Group II were treated with PGF2α, i.e., Inj. Lutalyse® @ 7.5 mg/doe IM twice 11 days apart, while the Group III served as untreated control. Blood samples were collected from all the animals on day 0 (before 1st PGF2α injection), 3rd day (during treatment), 11th day (before 2nd PGF2α injection), 14th day (after treatment) and 40th day (post-service) by jugular vein puncture. The serum separated was stored at -20°C till further analysis. In all the three groups, 83.33% does, conceived at first service in the sampling cycle. The overall mean serum progesterone concentration of Group I does (5.82±0.72 ng/ml) was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) as compared to Group II (2.93±0.38 ng/ml) and III (2.88±0.30 ng/ml). Similarly, the overall mean serum progesterone concentration of Surti does on day 0 (2.65±0.46 ng/ml), 3rd (2.56±0.80 ng/ml), 11th (4.45±0.84 ng/ml) and 14th (3.40±0.63 ng/ml) did not differ significantly, but the overall mean level at day 40 (6.31±0.45 ng/ml) was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher, because most of animals became pregnant at that time. The overall mean serum oestradiol-17β levels of Group I (24.40±2.98 pg/ ml) was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in Group II (15.77±1.77 pg/ml) and III (12.21±1.45 pg/ ml). On the other hand, the overall mean serum oestradiol-17β levels of Surti does on day 0 (12.89±1.21 pg/ml), 3rd (15.84±1.74 pg/ml), 11th (14.81±1.96 pg/ml), 14th (22.15±2.97 pg/ml) and 40th (21.64±5.16 pg/ml) did not differ significantly (p>0.05) and the slightly higher overall mean level found at 40th day might be the influence of the non-pregnant does at first service in the cumulative animals. The hormonal profile reflected the initiation of cyclicity and establishment of pregnancy in treated and control animals.

Bridging the gap between perioperative pelvic floor training and urologic surgeries with risk of incontinence by digital technologies: a survey. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Niclas Mumm ◽  
Lucas Bohn ◽  
Lennert Eismann ◽  
Alexander Buchner ◽  
Theresa Vilsmaier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Pelvic Floor Training ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

BACKGROUND Pelvic floor training (PFT) is the gold standard for conservative treatment of male stress urinary incontinence. OBJECTIVE To evaluate patients´ perspective at risk of incontinence on PFT and application of digital technologies for PFT. METHODS Patients undergoing transurethral surgery of the prostate (group I), radical prostatectomy (group II) or treatment at a specialized incontinence outpatient clinic (group III) were surveyed anonymously. Chi-Square test and Kruskal-Wallis-analysis were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS 180 patients were included in the final analysis. In group I (n=35) no patient underwent PFT prior to transurethral surgery. 23.5% of patients in group II (n=51) and 95.7% of patients in group III (n=94) performed PFT. 11.4% in group I, 80.4% in group II and 91.5% in group III have been advised to perform PFT by their urologist. Regarding the information level on PFT, patients from group I (median 1, range 0-5) are less satisfied than patients from group II (median 3, 0-9) or group III (median 5, range 0-10, p<0.001). 88.6% of patients from group I are willing to perform PFT as preventive treatment or to avoid incontinence surgery, 100% from group II and 68.4% from group III (p<0.001). The likelihood to use digital PFT is higher in group I (median: 9, range 0-10) and II (median: 9, range 0-10) than in group III (median: 4, range 0-10, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients at risk of incontinence currently have limited access to PFT, although they are willing to perform PFT. Digital PFT is highly accepted by patients preoperatively and might be a valuable tool to increase PFT participation.

scholarly journals Lymphopenia as a Biological Predictor of Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Jongmin Lee ◽  
Sung-Soo Park ◽  
Tong Yoon Kim ◽  
Dong-Gun Lee ◽  
Dong-Wook Kim
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Invasive Ventilation ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Severity Levels ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Absolute Lymphocyte Counts ◽  
Using Data

We aimed to identify whether lymphopenia is a reliable prognostic marker for COVID-19. Using data derived from a Korean nationwide longitudinal cohort of 5628 COVID-19 patients, we identified propensity-matched cohorts (n = 770) with group I of severe lymphopenia (absolute lymphocyte counts [ALC]: <500/mm3, n = 110), group II of mild-to-moderate lymphopenia (ALC: ≥500–<1000/mm3, n = 330), and group III, no lymphopenia (ALC: ≥1000/mm3, n = 330). A significantly higher mortality rate was associated with lymphopenia severity: 40% in group I, 22.7% in group II, and 13.0% in group III (p < 0.001). At 28 days, the estimated inferior overall survival associated with intensified lymphopenia: 62.7% in group I, 79.9% in group II, and 89.0% in group III (p < 0.001). Lymphopenia contributed significantly toward a greater need for interventions in all groups but at varying degrees: requirements of invasive ventilation, intensive oxygen supply, or adequate oxygen supply, respectively (p < 0.001). The lymphopenia intensity was independently associated with higher COVID-19 mortality in multivariable analysis; adjusted odds ratios of 5.63 (95% CI, 3.0–10.72), and 2.47 (95% CI, 1.5–4.13) for group I and group II, respectively. Lymphopenia and its severity levels may serve as reliable predictive factors for COVID-19 clinical outcomes; thus, lymphopenia may provide the prognostic granularity required for clinical use in the management of patients with COVID-19.

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