scholarly journals Imaging radar for automated driving functions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hasan Iqbal ◽  
Andreas Löffler ◽  
Mohamed Nour Mejdoub ◽  
Daniel Zimmermann ◽  
Frank Gruson
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Dead Reckoning ◽  
Beam Forming ◽  
Parking Functions ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Radar Sensors ◽  
Large Step ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Near Future

Abstract This work presents the implementation of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) at 77 GHz, for automotive applications. This implementation is unique in the sense that it is a radar-only solution for most use-cases. The set-up consists of two radar sensors, one to calculate the ego trajectory and the second for SAR measurements. Thus the need for expensive GNSS-based dead reckoning systems, which are in any case not accurate enough to fulfill the requirements for SAR, is eliminated. The results presented here have been obtained from a SAR implementation which is able to deliver processed images in a matter of seconds from the point where the targets were measured. This has been accomplished using radar sensors which will be commercially available in the near future. Hence the results are easily reproducible since the deployed radars are not special research prototypes. The successful widespread use of SAR in the automotive industry will be a large step forward toward developing automated parking functions which will be far superior to today's systems based on ultrasound sensors and radar (short range) beam-forming algorithms. The same short-range radar can be used for SAR, and the ultrasound sensors can thus be completely omitted from the vehicle.

scholarly journals A Fail-Operational Control Architecture Approach and Dead-Reckoning Strategy in Case of Positioning Failures

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 442
Author(s):  
Jose Angel Matute-Peaspan ◽  
Joshue Perez ◽  
Asier Zubizarreta
Keyword(s):  
Dead Reckoning ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Control Architecture ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Operational Control ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Risk Condition ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
System Verification ◽  
Set Up

Presently, in the event of a failure in Automated Driving Systems, control architectures rely on hardware redundancies over software solutions to assure reliability or wait for human interaction in takeover requests to achieve a minimal risk condition. As user confidence and final acceptance of this novel technology are strongly related to enabling safe states, automated fall-back strategies must be assured as a response to failures while the system is performing a dynamic driving task. In this work, a fail-operational control architecture approach and dead-reckoning strategy in case of positioning failures are developed and presented. A fail-operational system is capable of detecting failures in the last available positioning source, warning the decision stage to set up a fall-back strategy and planning a new trajectory in real time. The surrounding objects and road borders are considered during the vehicle motion control after failure, to avoid collisions and lane-keeping purposes. A case study based on a realistic urban scenario is simulated for testing and system verification. It shows that the proposed approach always bears in mind both the passenger’s safety and comfort during the fall-back maneuvering execution.

scholarly journals A Doppler Range Compensation for Step-Frequency Continuous-Wave Radar for Detecting Small UAV

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1331
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Pieraccini ◽  
Lapo Miccinesi ◽  
Neda Rojhani
Keyword(s):  
Short Range ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Range Shift ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Wave Radar ◽  
Small Uav ◽  
The Doppler Effect ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Free Falling

Step-frequency continuous-wave (SFCW) modulation can have a role in the detection of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) at short range (less than 1–2 km). In this paper, the theory of SFCW range detection is reviewed, and a specific method for correcting the possible range shift due to the Doppler effect is devised. The proposed method was tested in a controlled experimental set-up, where a free-falling target (i.e., a corner reflector) was correctly detected by an SFCW radar. This method was finally applied in field for short-range detection of a small UAV.

Actual Discharge on Venturimeter - A Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Amit Rakshit ◽  
Sumana Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Air Distribution ◽  
Flow Lines ◽  
Discharge Coefficients ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Set Up

Venturi meter is a device which is used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid flowing through the pipes. The applications of these are found in various fields like Water House Department, Aviation, Automotive, Chemical, Petro-chemical industries, etc. In automotive industry venturimeter is used to measure the fuel and air distribution in carburetor. Similarly, in the water houses, venturimeter device is used to calculate the velocity of flow in the pipelines [1]. In this paper we have to discuss about the working principle and set up the study of experimental calculations on venturimeter. In the present paper, an attempt was made to study a computational device of a venturimeter, which can be used as an efficient and easy means for predicting the discharge coefficients for the flow lines. Keywords: Venturi meter; Discharge; Heads; Co-efficient of Discharge

scholarly journals Observation of underground water level in the area of forest estate "Sremska Mitrovica " during 2000 and 2001

2002 ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroljub Djorovic ◽  
Ljubomir Letic
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Turkey Oak ◽  
Regeneration Capability ◽  
City Water ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Underground Water Level

Observation of underground water level in the area of "Jasensko-Belilo", which belongs to the Forest Estate "Sremska Mitrovica", started in 1999. The measurements were performed by means of 2 piezometers set up approximately perpendicularly to the river Sava, forming profile number 1 (Fig.1). The results of these measurements (Fig. 2, 3) show a significant lowering of groundwater level in 2000. The reason is most likely the unfavorable rainfall amount and distribution during that year (Table 2). A much better situation was during 2001 when the minimal groundwater level was up to 2 meters and it was considered to be the result of a favorable amount of rainfall and its distribution during the year (Tables 2, 3). It was noticed that Carpinus betulus appears instead of flowering ash (Fraxinus ornus), which is a good sign that generally the level of underground water is lowering. Also, the phenomenon that pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) gradually loses its natural regeneration capability also confirms the trend of lowering underground water level. If this trend continues, oak will be in a very near future naturally substituted by less valuable species, probably Turkey oak (Quercus cerris). If groundwater wells along the river Sava reach the vicinity of this area, which is a plan for the Belgrade city water supply, the trend of groundwater table lowering will be even more expressed and it will certainly endanger the existence of all valuable forest species in this area.

scholarly journals Pristup obrazovnom dizajnu za 2026.

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-138
Author(s):  
Željko Burcar
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Education System ◽  
Project Approach ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Project Model ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Model Algorithm

We live in a society of knowledge? Labor market needs every day set new demands for competences. The project approach to designing education appears to be inevitable. Competences are a key factor and one of the prerequisites for an individual's success in the labor market, which will be even more flexible in the near future. The labor market for 8 years will require many new competencies. The education system must prepare current students for future competencies based on ZVSSOUP model. In this paper, theoretical elements of designing and redesigning educational content have been set up according to project principles. Efficient project model algorithm assumes design from the final goal to the beginning. The proposed algorithm can meet the needs for quick redefinition of the required competencies for the future labor market and will also be tested by future empirical research.

scholarly journals Development of Software Defined Radio Algorithm using Mimo OFDM for Short Range Communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3994-4003
Keyword(s):  
Channel Estimation ◽  
Amplitude Modulation ◽  
Software Defined Radio ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Carrier Frequency Offset ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Spectrum Efficiency ◽  
Beam Forming ◽  
Maximum Throughput ◽  
Mimo Ofdm

In the recent past, the software defined radio (SDR) using Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is implemented to improve the data rate and channel estimation with high spectrum and maximum throughput for short range communication. The short range of communication is established to communicate the data between different nodes placed in the appropriate position using localization technique using SDR MIMO OFDM. The 256-M Array Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (256 M-Ary Quartrature Amplitude Modulation) is applied to SDR MIMO OFDM to reduce Modulation Error Rate (MER) for efficient transmission of data through SDR. The high data rate is achieved by applying the beam-forming equalization technique by applying beam-forming between transmitter and receiver of SDR. The Zero-forcing-beam-forming (ZFBF) equalizer is used in frequency domain to correlate transmitter and receiver to improve the spectrum efficiency better. The synchronization error is reduced in the transceiver of SDR by reducing Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) mismatch and Sampling Time Offset (STO). The simulation results have proved that the proposed algorithm have better performance in data rate improvement with elimination of CFO mismatch problem to improve the spectrum efficiency and higher range of channel estimation.

scholarly journals 5G Beyond 3GPP Release 15 for Connected Automated Mobility in Cross-Border Contexts

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 6622
Author(s):  
Gorka Velez ◽  
Ángel Martín ◽  
Giancarlo Pastor ◽  
Edward Mutafungwa
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Business Perspective ◽  
Communication Challenges ◽  
Open Issues ◽  
5G Mobile Networks

Fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks aim to be qualified as the core connectivity infrastructures to address connected automated mobility (CAM), both from a technological and from a business perspective, for the higher automation levels defined by the automotive industry. Specifically, in some territories such as the European Union the cross-border corridors have relevance, as they are the cohesive paths for terrestrial transport. Therefore, 5G for CAM applications is planned to be deployed there first. However, cross-border contexts imply paramount communication challenges, such as seamless roaming, not addressed by current technology. This paper identifies relevant future 5G enhancements, specifically those specified by Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) releases beyond Release 15, and outlines how they will support the ambitions of highly automated driving in cross-border corridors. In order to conduct this study, a set of representative use cases and the related communication requirements were identified. Then, for each use case, the most relevant 5G features were proposed. Some open issues are described at the end.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in ASIC Development for Enhanced Performance M-Sequence UWB Systems

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavol Galajda ◽  
Martin Pecovsky ◽  
Miroslav Sokol ◽  
Martin Kmec ◽  
Dusan Kocur
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Radar Sensors ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Radio Detection ◽  
M Sequence ◽  
Application Specific Integrated Circuit ◽  
On Chip

Short-range ultra-wideband (UWB) radar sensors belong to very promising sensing techniques that have received vast attention recently. The M-sequence UWB sensing techniques for radio detection and ranging feature several advantages over the other short-range radars, inter alia superior integration capabilities. The prerequisite to investigate their capabilities in real scenarios is the existence of physically available hardware, i.e., particular functional system blocks. In this paper, we present three novel blocks of M-sequence UWB radars exploiting application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technology. These are the integrated 15th-order M-sequence radar transceiver on one chip, experimental active Electronic Communication Committee (ECC) bandpass filter, and miniature transmitting UWB antenna with an integrated amplifier. All these are custom designs intended for the enhancement of capabilities of an M-sequence-based system family for new UWB short-range sensing applications. The design approaches and verification of the manufactured prototypes by measurements of the realized circuits are presented in this paper. The fine balance on technology capabilities (Fc of roughly 120 GHz) and thoughtful design process of the proposed blocks is the first step toward remarkably minimized devices, e.g., as System on Chip designs, which apparently allow broadening the range of new applications.

scholarly journals The L3Pilot Data Management Toolchain for a Level 3 Vehicle Automation Pilot

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Hiller ◽  
Sami Koskinen ◽  
Riccardo Berta ◽  
Nisrine Osman ◽  
Ben Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Management ◽  
Reference Architecture ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Iterative Processing ◽  
Vehicle Owner ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
Comprehensive Test ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Set Up

As industrial research in automated driving is rapidly advancing, it is of paramount importance to analyze field data from extensive road tests. This paper investigates the design and development of a toolchain to process and manage experimental data to answer a set of research questions about the evaluation of automated driving functions at various levels, from technical system functioning to overall impact assessment. We have faced this challenge in L3Pilot, the first comprehensive test of automated driving functions (ADFs) on public roads in Europe. L3Pilot is testing ADFs in vehicles made by 13 companies. The tested functions are mainly of Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) automation level 3, some of them of level 4. In this context, the presented toolchain supports various confidentiality levels, and allows cross-vehicle owner seamless data management, with the efficient storage of data and their iterative processing with a variety of analysis and evaluation tools. Most of the toolchain modules have been developed to a prototype version in a desktop/cloud environment, exploiting state-of-the-art technology. This has allowed us to efficiently set up what could become a comprehensive edge-to-cloud reference architecture for managing data in automated vehicle tests. The project has been released as open source, the data format into which all vehicular signals, recorded in proprietary formats, were converted, in order to support efficient processing through multiple tools, scalability and data quality checking. We expect that this format should enhance research on automated driving testing, as it provides a shared framework for dealing with data from collection to analysis. We are confident that this format, and the information provided in this article, can represent a reference for the design of future architectures to implement in vehicles.

scholarly journals Dynamic energy budget theory restores coherence in biology

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1557) ◽  
pp. 3413-3428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tânia Sousa ◽  
Tiago Domingos ◽  
J.-C. Poggiale ◽  
S. A. L. M. Kooijman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budget ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Dynamic Energy Budget ◽  
Dynamic Energy Budget Theory ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Budget Theory ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Consistent Application

We present the state of the art of the development of dynamic energy budget theory, and its expected developments in the near future within the molecular, physiological and ecological domains. The degree of formalization in the set-up of the theory, with its roots in chemistry, physics, thermodynamics, evolution and the consistent application of Occam's razor, is discussed. We place the various contributions in the theme issue within this theoretical setting, and sketch the scope of actual and potential applications.

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