scholarly journals Early microbial contact, the breast milk microbiome and child health

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rautava
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Amniotic Cavity ◽  
Cesarean Section Delivery ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
The Impact

The significance of contact with microbes in early life for subsequent health has been the subject of intense research during the last 2 decades. Disturbances in the establishment of the indigenous intestinal microbiome caused by cesarean section delivery or antibiotic exposure in early life have been linked to the risk of immune-mediated and inflammatory conditions such as atopic disorders, inflammatory bowel disease and obesity later in life. Distinct microbial populations have recently been discovered at maternal sites including the amniotic cavity and breast milk, as well as meconium, which have previously been thought to be sterile. Our understanding of the impact of fetal microbial contact on health outcomes is still rudimentary. Breast milk is known to modulate immune and metabolic programming. The breast milk microbiome is hypothesized to guide infant gut colonization and is affected by maternal health status and mode of delivery. Immunomodulatory factors in breast milk interact with the maternal and infant gut microbiome and may mediate some of the health benefits associated with breastfeeding. The intimate connection between the mother and the fetus or the infant is a potential target for microbial therapeutic interventions aiming to support healthy microbial contact and protect against disease.

scholarly journals Neonatal Immune System Ontogeny: The Role of Maternal Microbiota and Associated Factors. How Might the Non-Human Primate Model Enlighten the Path?

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 584
Author(s):  
Natalia Nunez ◽  
Louis Réot ◽  
Elisabeth Menu
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Neonatal Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Colonization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Human Primate

Interactions between the immune system and the microbiome play a crucial role on the human health. These interactions start in the prenatal period and are critical for the maturation of the immune system in newborns and infants. Several factors influence the composition of the infant’s microbiota and subsequently the development of the immune system. They include maternal infection, antibiotic treatment, environmental exposure, mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and food introduction. In this review, we focus on the ontogeny of the immune system and its association to microbial colonization from conception to food diversification. In this context, we give an overview of the mother–fetus interactions during pregnancy, the impact of the time of birth and the mode of delivery, the neonate gastrointestinal colonization and the role of breastfeeding, weaning, and food diversification. We further review the impact of the vaccination on the infant’s microbiota and the reciprocal case. Finally, we discuss several potential therapeutic interventions that might help to improve the newborn and infant’s health and their responses to vaccination. Throughout the review, we underline the main scientific questions that are left to be answered and how the non-human primate model could help enlighten the path.

scholarly journals Probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis V9 Regulates the Secretion of Sex Hormones in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients through the Gut-Brain Axis

mSystems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiachao Zhang ◽  
Zhihong Sun ◽  
Shuaiming Jiang ◽  
Xiaoye Bai ◽  
Chenchen Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Bifidobacterium Lactis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Although a few studies have investigated the intestinal microbiota of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the functional and metabolic mechanisms of the microbes associated with PCOS, as well as potential microbial biomarkers, have not yet been identified. To address this gap, we designed a two-phase experiment in which we performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing and monitored the metabolic parameters, gut-brain mediators, and sex hormones of PCOS patients. In the first stage, we identified an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota of the PCOS patients, observing that Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Blautia were significantly more abundant in the control group, whereas Parabacteroides and Clostridium were enriched in the PCOS group. In the second stage, we monitored the impact of the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis V9 on the intestinal microbiome, gut-brain mediators, and sex hormones of 14 PCOS patients. Notably, we observed that the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and LH/follicle-stimulating hormone (LH/FSH) decreased significantly in 9 volunteers, whereas the levels of sex hormones and intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased markedly. In contrast, the changes in the indices mentioned above were indistinct in the remaining 5 volunteers. The results of an analysis of the number of viable Bifidobacterium lactis V9 cells in the two groups were highly consistent with the clinical and SCFA results. Therefore, effective host gut colonization of the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis V9 was crucial for its ability to function as a probiotic. Finally, we propose a potential mechanism describing how probiotics regulate the levels of sex hormones by manipulating the intestinal microbiome in PCOS patients. IMPORTANCE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common metabolic disorder among women of reproductive age worldwide. Through a two-phase clinical experiment, we first revealed an imbalance in the intestinal microbiome of PCOS patients. By binning and annotating shotgun metagenomic sequences into metagenomic species (MGS), 61 MGSs were identified as potential PCOS-related microbial biomarkers. In the second stage, we monitored the impact of the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis V9 on the intestinal microbiota, metabolic parameters, gut-brain mediators, and sex hormones of PCOS patients. Notably, we observed that the PCOS-related clinical indices and the intestinal microbiotas of the participating patients exhibited an inconsistent response to the intake of the B. lactis V9 probiotic. Therefore, effective host gut colonization of the probiotic was crucial for its ability to function as a probiotic. Finally, we propose a potential mechanism by which B. lactis V9 regulates the levels of sex hormones by manipulating the intestinal microbiome in PCOS patients.

scholarly journals Gut Dysbiosis with a Pathobiont Shifts the Intestinal Microbiota Profile and Accelerates Lupus Nephritis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giancarlo R. Valiente ◽  
Armin Munir ◽  
Marcia L. Hart ◽  
Perry Blough ◽  
Takuma T. Wada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Gut Colonization

ABSTRACTThe gut microbiota (GM) exerts a strong influence over the host immune system and dysbiosis of this microbial community can affect the clinical phenotype in chronic inflammatory conditions. To explore the role of the GM in lupus nephritis, we colonized NZM2410 mice with Segmented Filamentous Bacteria (SFB). Gut colonization with SFB was associated with worsening glomerulonephritis, glomerular and tubular immune complex deposition and interstitial inflammation compared to NZM2410 mice free of SFB. With SFB colonization mice experienced an increase in small intestinal lamina propria Th17 cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). However, although serum IL-17A expression was elevated in these mice, Th17 cells and ILC3s were not detected in the inflammatory infiltrate in the kidney. In contrast, serum and kidney tissue expression of the macrophage chemoattractants MCP-1 and CXCL1 were significantly elevated in SFB colonized mice. Furthermore, kidney infiltrating F4/80+CD206+ M2-like macrophages were significantly increased in these mice. Evidence of increased gut permeability or “leakiness” was detected in SFB colonized mice. Finally, the intestinal microbiome of SFB colonized mice at 15 and 30 weeks of age exhibited dysbiosis when compared to uncolonized mice at the same time points. Both microbial relative abundance as well as biodiversity of colonized mice was found to be altered. Collectively, SFB gut colonization in the NZM2410 mouse exacerbates kidney disease, promotes kidney M2-like macrophage infiltration and overall intestinal microbiota dysbiosis.

scholarly journals A good start in life is important—perinatal factors dictate early microbiota development and longer term maturation

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 763-781
Author(s):  
Shaopu Wang ◽  
Muireann Egan ◽  
C Anthony Ryan ◽  
Patrick Boyaval ◽  
Eugene M Dempsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Perinatal Factors ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Clinical Consequences

ABSTRACT Maternal health status is vital for the development of the offspring of humans, including physiological health and psychological functions. The complex and diverse microbial ecosystem residing within humans contributes critically to these intergenerational impacts. Perinatal factors, including maternal nutrition, antibiotic use and maternal stress, alter the maternal gut microbiota during pregnancy, which can be transmitted to the offspring. In addition, gestational age at birth and mode of delivery are indicated frequently to modulate the acquisition and development of gut microbiota in early life. The early-life gut microbiota engages in a range of host biological processes, particularly immunity, cognitive neurodevelopment and metabolism. The perturbed early-life gut microbiota increases the risk for disease in early and later life, highlighting the importance of understanding relationships of perinatal factors with early-life microbial composition and functions. In this review, we present an overview of the crucial perinatal factors and summarise updated knowledge of early-life microbiota, as well as how the perinatal factors shape gut microbiota in short and long terms. We further discuss the clinical consequences of perturbations of early-life gut microbiota and potential therapeutic interventions with probiotics/live biotherapeutics.

The impact of early life gut colonization on metabolic and obesogenic outcomes: what have animal models shown us?

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Wallace ◽  
W. Gohir ◽  
D. M. Sloboda
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

The rise in the occurrence of obesity to epidemic proportions has made it a global concern. Great difficulty has been experienced in efforts to control this growing problem with lifestyle interventions. Thus, attention has been directed to understanding the events of one of the most critical periods of development, perinatal life. Early life adversity driven by maternal obesity has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic disease and obesity in the offspring later in life. Although a mechanistic link explaining the relationship between maternal and offspring obesity is still under investigation, the gut microbiota has come forth as a new factor that may play a role modulating metabolic function of both the mother and the offspring. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a much larger role in mediating the risk of developing non-communicable disease, including obesity and metabolic dysfunction in adulthood. With the observation that the early life colonization of the neonatal and postnatal gut is mediated by the perinatal environment, the number of studies investigating early life gut microbial establishment continues to grow. This paper will review early life gut colonization in experimental animal models, concentrating on the role of the early life environment in offspring gut colonization and the ability of the gut microbiota to dictate risk of disease later in life.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) and Infant Microbiota: A Scoping Review

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1429
Author(s):  
Cristina Sánchez ◽  
Cristina Fente ◽  
Patricia Regal ◽  
Alexandre Lamas ◽  
María Paz Lorenzo
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
The Impact

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component of breast milk. However, the newborn cannot assimilate them as nutrients. They are recognized prebiotic agents (the first in the newborn diet) that stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms, mainly the genus Bifidobacterium, dominant in the gut of breastfed infants. The structures of the oligosaccharides vary mainly according to maternal genetics, but also other maternal factors such as parity and mode of delivery, age, diet, and nutritional status or even geographic location and seasonality cause different breast milk oligosaccharides profiles. Differences in the profiles of HMO have been linked to breast milk microbiota and gut microbial colonization of babies. Here, we provide a review of the scope of reports on associations between HMOs and the infant gut microbiota to assess the impact of HMO composition.

scholarly journals A Pro-social Pill? The Potential of Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Social Outcomes After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridgette D. Semple ◽  
Ramesh Raghupathi
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Literature ◽  
The Impact

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of injury-induced disability in young children worldwide, and social behavior impairments in this population are a significant challenge for affected patients and their families. The protracted trajectory of secondary injury processes triggered by a TBI during early life—alongside ongoing developmental maturation—offers an extended time window when therapeutic interventions may yield functional benefits. This mini-review explores the scarce but promising pre-clinical literature to date demonstrating that social behavior impairments after early life brain injuries can be modified by drug therapies. Compounds that provide broad neuroprotection, such as those targeting neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, axonal injury and/or myelination, may prevent social behavior impairments by reducing secondary neuropathology. Alternatively, targeted treatments that promote affiliative behaviors, exemplified by the neuropeptide oxytocin, may reduce the impact of social dysfunction after pediatric TBI. Complementary literature from other early life neurodevelopmental conditions such as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy also provides avenues for future research in neurotrauma. Knowledge gaps in this emerging field are highlighted throughout, toward the goal of accelerating translational research to support optimal social functioning after a TBI during early childhood.

scholarly journals Gut dysbiosis is associated with acceleration of lupus nephritis

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giancarlo R. Valiente ◽  
Armin Munir ◽  
Marcia L. Hart ◽  
Perry Blough ◽  
Takuma T. Wada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
Complex Deposition

AbstractThe gut microbiota (GM) exerts a strong influence over the host immune system and dysbiosis of this microbial community can affect the clinical phenotype in chronic inflammatory conditions. To explore the role of the GM in lupus nephritis, we colonized NZM2410 mice with Segmented Filamentous Bacteria (SFB). Gut colonization with SFB was associated with worsening glomerulonephritis, glomerular and tubular immune complex deposition and interstitial inflammation compared to NZM2410 mice free of SFB. With SFB colonization mice experienced an increase in small intestinal lamina propria Th17 cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). However, although serum IL-17A expression was elevated in these mice, Th17 cells and ILC3s were not detected in the inflammatory infiltrate in the kidney. In contrast, serum and kidney tissue expression of the macrophage chemoattractants MCP-1 and CXCL1 were significantly elevated in SFB colonized mice. Furthermore, kidney infiltrating F4/80+CD206+M2-like macrophages were significantly increased in these mice. Evidence of increased gut permeability or “leakiness” was also detected in SFB colonized mice. Finally, the intestinal microbiome of SFB colonized mice at 15 and 30 weeks of age exhibited dysbiosis when compared to uncolonized mice at the same time points. Both microbial relative abundance as well as biodiversity of colonized mice was found to be altered. Collectively, SFB gut colonization in the NZM2410 mouse exacerbates kidney disease, promotes kidney M2-like macrophage infiltration and overall intestinal microbiota dysbiosis.

Impact of mode of delivery on the milk microbiota composition of healthy women

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cabrera-Rubio ◽  
L. Mira-Pascual ◽  
A. Mira ◽  
M. C. Collado
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Principal Coordinates Analysis ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Principal Coordinates ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
The Impact

Breast milk constitutes one of the most important sources of postnatal microbes. However, the influence of perinatal factors on the milk microbiome is still poorly understood. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of mode of delivery on the microbiome composition and diversity present in breast milk of healthy mothers. Mature milk samples (n=10) were taken from mothers after 1 month of exclusively breastfeeding. Microbiomes from milk samples were analyzed with 16S ribosomal RNA gene pyrosequencing and targeted quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Despite inter-individual variability in bacterial composition, The Principal Coordinates Analysis clearly separated milk microbiome from mothers with vaginal delivery (n=6) from those who undergo C-section (n=4). In addition, higher bacterial diversity and richness was found in milk samples from vaginal deliveries. Quantitative PCR data showed that higher levels of Bifidobacterium spp. were related significantly to lower levels of Staphylococcus spp. Despite the low sample size, our data suggest that mode of delivery has an important impact on milk microbiome composition. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these results and to understand the biological effects of C-section associated microbes on infant’s health.

scholarly journals 2843. Maternal Fecal Transplantation to Infants Born by Cesarean Section: Safety and Feasibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S68-S68
Author(s):  
Otto Helve ◽  
Katri Korpela ◽  
Kaija-Leena Kolho ◽  
Terhi Saisto ◽  
Kirsi Skogberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Fecal Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Cesarean Section Delivery ◽  
First Feeding

Abstract Background A complication of cesarean section delivery is its interference with the normal intestinal colonization of the infant, affecting the development of immune system in early life—a process that has been associated with long-term morbidity, such as allergy and diabetes. We evaluated, in CS-delivered infants, whether the normal intestinal microbiome and its early life development could be restored by immediate postnatal transfer of maternal fecal microbiota to the newborn. Methods Seventeen healthy mothers with planned elective CS were recruited and screened thoroughly for infections, after which 7 mothers were included in the study. A fecal sample was processed according to a transplantation protocol and an aliquot (3–7 mg) was orally administered in breast-milk to the newborn during the first feeding. The infants were followed and fecal samples were gathered during the first 12 weeks of age and subsequently at the age of 8–18 months. Results The bacterial communities in the fecal samples of the mothers and their offspring were analyzed by sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons from isolated fecal DNA and compared with that of 11 nontreated CS-delivered infants and 34 vaginally delivered infants. The fecal microbiota at 3 and 12 weeks was similar between treated CS and vaginally delivered infants, in contrast to that of the untreated CS-delivered infants both in overall composition (P = 0.001, Figure) and development of early-life signature bacteria, i.e., bacteroides and bifidobacteria and clostridia (P < 0.0001). Conclusion The seeding of maternal fecal microbes to the newborn intestine can be safely and successfully mimicked in elective CS by transferring a small amount of maternal fecal microbiome orally to the newborn infant. In these infants, this process results in a microbial development that is highly similar to that of the vaginally born infants, and provides support for the hypothesis that microbial colonization in early life results from a maternal fecal transfer. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.

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