American Tables of Mortality

1870 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. McCay
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Private Good ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
The People ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Long Life ◽  
The City ◽  
Country People

When our mutual life companies began their business in 1843, they had no American table of mortality to guide them in determining the premiums of insurance that ought to be charged at the different periods of life. There were no American statistics public or private, good, bad, or indifferent, to which they could refer, except the mortuary reports of cities, and these were so imperfect and unreliable as to be utterly useless, except to encourage the opinion that the chances of long life were about the same here as in the countries from which our people had emigrated. It was known that the numbers of the dying, as reported by our city registers, were below the real deaths; that the ages were full of errors; that the boundaries of the mortuary limits were constantly changing; that residents of the city were often buried in the country, and sometimes country people were interred in town; that the population was fluctuating; that the immigration from the rural districts and from foreign countries was large and irregular; that the census of the population, whether taken by the United States, or by the states, or by the cities themselves, was full of errors; that the ages of the living, both among males and females, were wrongly reported, sometimes intentionally, but always carelessly and thoughtlessly; and that these errors in the numbers and ages of the people and of the deaths were so numerous that no confidence could be placed in the ratio of the living and the dying at any particular age, while this ratio at all ages is an indispensable element in determining the proper premiums to be charged in any of the contracts made by our life companies.

scholarly journals The Battle of Stalingrad in the Context of Modern History

2013 ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
M. Y. Myagkov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
The City

Proceeding 200 days and nights the Battle of Stalingrad became a turning point in the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people and in all World War II, it turned back, in the western direction movement of the Soviet-German front when Hitler was compelled to recognize that for Germans "possibility of the end of war in the east by means of approach more doesn't exist". After Stalingrad it became clear to the whole world that war against the USSR for a coalition of fascist aggressors is lost. Defeat near Stalingrad allied Germany of armies cracked the fascist block, having forced Italy, Romania, Hungary and Finland actively to look for contacts with the countries of an anti-Hitleriwste coalition for the purpose of a withdrawal from a war. The developed events put an end to calculations on the introduction in war against the USSR to Turkey and Japan, were decisive incentive of growth of a resistance movement in Europe and Asia. The western allies of the USSR intensified preparation for opening of the second anti-Hitlerite front in Europe. U.S. President F.Ruzvelt called battle near Stalingrad epic. Later it sent the diploma of the following contents: "On behalf of the people of the United States of America I hand over this diploma to the city of Stalingrad to note our admiration of his valorous defenders … Their nice victory stopped a wave of invasion and became a turning point of war of the allied nations against aggression forces".

Afterword

2020 ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
Julia E. Rusk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Report Card ◽  
City Government ◽  
The People ◽  
Wellbeing Index ◽  
Santa Monica ◽  
The City

This afterword presents a vision for well-being policies and actions in the United States, focusing on the experience of the City of Santa Monica, California. The purpose of data is to put it into action. The goal in Santa Monica is to make this a reality, with benefits accruing regularly to every resident, neighborhood, business, and contributor to the community. This was the idea behind Santa Monica’s local Wellbeing Index: harnessing the power of data for the commonwealth that would reveal the story of the people and the community in new ways, and that would help to transform city government. The goal of the Wellbeing Index was to expand the measures of a community far beyond the traditional and economically-focused gross domestic product (GDP). Going forward, the Wellbeing Index will be the tool used to evaluate whether policies, programs, and other City investments are in fact improving community well-being. The chapter also looks at Santa Monica’s programs, such as the Youth Wellbeing Report Card and the Pico Wellbeing Project.

City

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Erikson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Inner City ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culture Of Poverty ◽  
Inner Cities ◽  
The People ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The City ◽  
Ways Of Life

This chapter examines the ways of life in the city. The world is now moving into an age when the vast majority of people will live in (or around) cities. This is already the case in Europe and the United States, and it is becoming a reality in Latin America. The chapter first describes the early cities before discussing the sociology of cities in the United States, focusing on immigration and migration. It then considers the emergence of suburbs and how they are related to the American inner cities. It also discusses the people of the inner city that are referred to as an “underclass,” living in what Oscar Lewis called a “culture of poverty.” Finally, it looks at new developments that are shaping what may well be the urban landscape of the future, including the new downtowns and sunbelt cities.

PUBLIC INFLUENCE IMPLEMENTATION AS A FACTOR OF CONVICTS` CORRECTION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-148
Author(s):  
Анна Геннадьевна Стрельникова ◽  
Никита Алексеевич Кубасов
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Juvenile Delinquents ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Penal System ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The People ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

В статье рассматриваются особенности реализации общественного воздействия на осужденных как фактор их исправления в зарубежных странах. В связи с соблюдением администрацией европейских тюрем международных стандартов исполнения наказаний влияние гражданских институтов общества на осужденных довольно эффективно. Так, рассмотрены особенности функционирования пенитенциарной системы Великобритании в сфере взаимодействия с общественными организациями на примере Совета визитеров тюрем. Авторами анализируется взаимодействие пенитенциарных учреждений европейских государств и США с различными религиозными конфессиями, результатом которого является изменение мировоззрения осужденных. В Соединенных Штатах активно развивается модель социальной реабилитации несовершеннолетних правонарушителей, в качестве активных методов которой применяются «общинные» методы воздействия. Особенное внимание авторы статьи уделяют опыту осуществления общественного воздействия на осужденных в Японии. В этом государстве подход к исправлению напрямую зависит от ментальности народа и культуры страны, поскольку там существует так называемый «фактор стыда». Также в Японии существуют отдельные образования граждан по борьбе с преступностью с целью публичного осуждения, воздействие которых является фактором формирования у осужденных законопослушного поведения. Рассмотрение различных аспектов функционирования пенитенциарных систем зарубежных государств представляет особый интерес и значимость для возможного заимствования представителями отечественной уголовно-исполнительной системы. The article deals with the peculiarities of the implementation of public influence on convicts as a factor of their correction in foreign countries. In connection with the compliance of the administration of European prisons with international standards of execution of sentences, the influence of civil society institutions on convicts is quite effective. Thus, the features of the functioning of the UK penitentiary system in the sphere of interaction with public organizations are considered on the example of the Council of Prison Visitors. The authors analyze the interaction of penitentiary institutions of European states and the United States with various religious denominations, the result of which is a change in the worldview of convicts. In the United States, a model of social rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents is actively developing, with «community-based» methods of influence used as active methods. The authors of the article pay special attention to the experience of public influence on convicts in Japan. In this state, the approach to correction directly depends on the mentality of the people and the culture of the country, since there is a so-called «shame factor». Also in Japan, there are separate public education programs for citizens to fight crime for the purpose of public condemnation, the impact of which is a factor in the formation of law-abiding behavior in convicts. The consideration of various aspects of the functioning of the penitentiary systems of foreign countries is of particular interest and significance for possible borrowing by representatives of the domestic penal system.

Bringing the Real World of Science to Children: A Partnership of the American Museum of Natural History and the City University of New York

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony G Picciano ◽  
Robert V. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Development Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Museum ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

Every child has a right to an education. In the United States, the issue is not necessarily about access to a school but access to a quality education. With strict compulsory education laws, more than 50 million students enrolled in primary and secondary schools, and billions of dollars spent annually on public and private education, American children surely have access to buildings and classrooms. However, because of a complex and competitive system of shared policymaking among national, state, and local governments, not all schools are created equal nor are equal education opportunities available for the poor, minorities, and underprivileged. One manifestation of this inequity is the lack of qualified teachers in many urban and rural schools to teach certain subjects such as science, mathematics, and technology. The purpose of this article is to describe a partnership model between two major institutions (The American Museum of Natural History and The City University of New York) and the program designed to improve the way teachers are trained and children are taught and introduced to the world of science. These two institutions have partnered on various projects over the years to expand educational opportunity especially in the teaching of science. One of the more successful projects is Seminars on Science (SoS), an online teacher education and professional development program, that connects teachers across the United States and around the world to cutting-edge research and provides them with powerful classroom resources. This article provides the institutional perspectives, the challenges and the strategies that fostered this partnership.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОДГОТОВКИ КАДРОВ ДЛЯ ПЕНИТЕНЦИАРНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ В США

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Unterov ◽  
Elizaveta Eremeeva
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Training System ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Prison Systems ◽  
Correction System

Статья посвящена изучению зарубежного опыта подготовки кадров для пенитенциарных систем. Его анализ и рассмотрение возможности внедрения отдельных элементов направлены на совершенствование системы подготовки сотрудников для уголовно-исполнительной системы России, повышение их профессионального уровня, что в конечном счете будет способствовать достижению главной цели УИС - исправлению осужденных. Авторы особое внимание уделяют изучению специально-профессиональных и личностных качеств, необходимых сотрудникам пенитенциарных учреждений. В статье рассматриваются особенности подготовки сотрудников пенитенциарной системы в Соединенных Штатах Америки. Важнейшей задачей образовательных учреждений и центров по подготовке кадров для пенитенциарной системы США является обеспечение будущих сотрудников знаниями, необходимыми для выполнения профессиональных обязанностей в рамках предстоящей деятельности. Также авторы подчеркивают важность развития при подготовке будущих сотрудников не только профессиональных, но и личностных качеств.The article is devoted to the study of foreign experience in order to improve the training system for the Russian penal correction system. In particular, the training of prison officials in the United States of America is considered as one of the most developed States in the modern world. The improvement of the training process for the Russian penal correction system implies the development of international cooperation with the prison systems of foreign countries. The study of foreign experience of penitentiary education contributes to the improvement of the professional level of the staff of the Penal Correction Service and, ultimately, to the achievement of the main goal - correction of convicts. The authors pay particular attention to the study of specific professional and personal qualities required by potential prison staff. Since there have been significant positive changes in the formation of professional qualities of the future employee of the Russian penal correction system over the past decade, the main focus of the work is on the formation of personal (universal) qualities of the employee of the Federal Penal Correction Service of the Russian Federation, for which the positive experience of the United States is analyzed.

Populism and Liberal Democracy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takis S. Pappas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comprehensive Theory ◽  
The People ◽  
Original Definition ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Definition Of

Based on an original definition of modern populism as “democratic illiberalism” and many years of meticulous research, Takis Pappas marshals extraordinary empirical evidence from Argentina, Greece, Peru, Italy, Venezuela, Ecuador, Hungary, the United States, Spain, and Brazil to develop a comprehensive theory about populism. He addresses all key issues in the debate about populism and answers significant questions of great relevance for today’s liberal democracy, including: • What is modern populism and how can it be differentiated from comparable phenomena like nativism and autocracy? • Where in Latin America has populism become most successful? Where in Europe did it emerge first? Why did its rise to power in the United States come so late? • Is Trump a populist and, if so, could he be compared best with Venezuela’s Chávez, France’s Le Pens, or Turkey’s Erdoğan? • Why has populism thrived in post-authoritarian Greece but not in Spain? And why in Argentina and not in Brazil? • Can populism ever succeed without a charismatic leader? If not, what does leadership tell us about how to challenge populism? • Who are “the people” who vote for populist parties, how are these “made” into a group, and what is in their minds? • Is there a “populist blueprint” that all populists use when in power? And what are the long-term consequences of populist rule? • What does the expansion, and possibly solidification, of populism mean for the very nature and future of contemporary democracy? Populism and Liberal Democracy will change the ways the reader understands populism and imagines the prospects of liberal democracy.

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