Prevalence and determinants of nasal colonization with antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among unselected patients attending general practitioners in Germany

Although the great majority of antibiotics are prescribed outside hospitals, little is known about the prevalence and determinants of antibiotic resistance in the group of outpatients. Nasal swabs were taken from 627 consecutive patients aged 40 years or above attending general practitioners in Southern Germany. Staphylococcus aureus was cultured and minimal inhibitory concentrations to various antibiotics were tested. Nasal swabs of 152 patients were positive for S. aureus. Prevalence of resistance was 68·3, 8·3 and 0·7% for penicillin G, erythromycin, and oxacillin respectively. Antibiotic use within the last month was associated with erythromycin resistance [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 7·4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·0–53]. Besides a high prevalence of resistance to penicillinase-instable antibiotics we found only one (0·7%) methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Recent antibiotic use was associated with increased resistance to erythromycin.

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Increased Antimicrobial Resistance of MRSA Strains Isolated from Pigs in Spain between 2009 and 2018

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci6020038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 38 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rossana Abreu ◽

Cristobalina Rodríguez-Álvarez ◽

María Lecuona ◽

Beatriz Castro ◽

Juan González ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Resistance Increase ◽

Nasal Swabs ◽

Improper Use ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

And Control

The problem of emerging resistant microorganisms such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated to livestock is closely linked to improper use of antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence and characteristics of these strains, as well as their evolution in healthy pigs on the Island of Tenerife, Spain. Between October 2009 and December 2010, 300 pigs from 15 wean-to-finishing farms were screened. Between 1 September 2017 and 31 March 2018, a new sampling was performed collecting 125 nasal swabs from pigs belonging to the same farms and under the same conditions as the previous study. MRSA antibiotic resistant patterns were studied. Results: Prevalence of MRSA isolates was 89.6%. All isolates belonged to Sequence Type 398 (ST398), a livestock related strain. All strains studied were resistant to beta-lactamic non-carbapenemic antibiotics and sensitive to teicoplanin, linezolid, vancomycin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfospristin, and mupirocine. Between 2009/2010–2017/2018 a significant increase in resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole, clindamycin, Fosfomycin, and tigecycline antibiotics was observed in isolated MRSA strains compared to the previous period. We consider a major control and surveillance program of antibiotic use in veterinary care is needed in order to reduce the presence of MRSA strains in livestock and control this significant multi-resistance increase.

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Binding of Staphylococcus aureus to milk fat globules increases resistance to penicillin-G

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029996002026 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 253-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

TERHI ALI-VEHMAS ◽

PETER WESTPHALEN ◽

VESA MYLLYS ◽

MARKUS SANDHOLM

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Binding Capacity ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Capsule Formation ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽

Fat Globules ◽

Milk Fat Globules ◽

Resistance To Penicillin

The susceptibility to penicillin-G of Staphylococcus aureus strains that cause mastitis was tested in milk and in Iso-sensitest broth (ISB). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of β-lactamase-positive strains in milk were 10–100-fold those in ISB, whereas the MIC of β-lactamase-negative strains in milk were some 10-fold those in ISB; β-lactamase production was induced by milk in β-lactamase-positive strains. Much of the increase in resistance to penicillin-G caused by milk can be attributed to milk fat globules; the increase in resistance was related to the binding capacity of the bacteria to milk fat globules as well as to capsule formation by the bacteria. It appears that the binding of the staphylococci to the fat globules and bacterial capsule formation resulted in a biofilm type of growth. In this case, the staphylococci behaved differently from the planktonic type of growth in artificial broth medium in which antibiotic susceptibility testing is usually carried out.

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A bacteriocin-based antimicrobial formulation to effectively disrupt the cell viability of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms

npj Biofilms and Microbiomes ◽

10.1038/s41522-020-00166-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Christian Kranjec ◽

Kirill V. Ovchinnikov ◽

Torstein Grønseth ◽

Kumar Ebineshan ◽

Aparna Srikantam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Cell Damage ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Lactam Antibiotic ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Therapeutic Tools

AbstractAntibiotic-resistant and biofilm-associated infections brought about by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains is a pressing issue both inside as well as outside nosocomial environments worldwide. Here, we show that a combination of two bacteriocins with distinct structural and functional characteristics, garvicin KS, and micrococcin P1, showed a synergetic antibacterial activity against biofilms produced in vitro by S. aureus, including several MRSA strains. In addition, this bacteriocin-based antimicrobial combination showed the ability to restore the sensitivity of the highly resilient MRSA strain ATCC 33591 to the β-lactam antibiotic penicillin G. By using a combination of bacterial cell metabolic assays, confocal and scanning electron microscopy, we show that the combination between garvicin KS, micrococcin P1, and penicillin G potently inhibit cell viability within S. aureus biofilms by causing severe cell damage. Together these data indicate that bacteriocins can be valuable therapeutic tools in the fight against biofilm-associated MRSA infections.

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Antibiotic resistant staphylococci acquired during the first year of life

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400053821 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 125-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. L. Burr ◽

C. H. L. Howells ◽

P. W. J. Rees

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Treatment ◽

First Year ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

South Wales ◽

Maternity Hospitals ◽

Nasal Swabs ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Discharge From Hospital ◽

First Year Of Life

SUMMARYNasal swabs were taken from 492 babies born consecutively to residents of two South Wales towns soon after their discharge from maternity hospitals. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 352 babies (72%) and in 79 (22%) of these it was resistant to at least one antibiotic. By the time these babies were a year old the prevalence of both sensitive and resistant strains had fallen, so that only 12% still carried nasal staphylococci, but 64% of these organisms were then resistant to penicillin. Administration of penicillin to the baby seemed to be a more important factor in selecting resistant organisms than other antibiotics given to the baby, any antibiotic treatment to other members of the household, or discharge from hospital.

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Role of Neutrophil Leukocytes in Cutaneous Infection Caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.68.11.6162-6167.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 68 (11) ◽

pp. 6162-6167 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

Lena Mölne ◽

Margareta Verdrengh ◽

Andrzej Tarkowski

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Great Majority ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Protective Role ◽

Toxic Shock ◽

Cutaneous Infections ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

ABSTRACT Despite the high prevalence of cutaneous infections, little is known about the role of host immune responsiveness duringStaphylococcus aureus dermatitis. We have recently described a murine model of infectious dermatitis induced by superantigen-producing S. aureus. To assess the role of neutrophils in staphylococcal dermatitis, mice were given granulocyte-depleting monoclonal antibody prior to and on several occasions following intracutaneous inoculation with staphylococci. The granulocyte-depleted mice that had been intradermally inoculated withS. aureus developed crusted ulcerations which tended not to heal, whereas animals injected with control monoclonal antibody displayed only minor and transient skin lesions. The finding of severe ulcerations in neutropenic mice correlated with a significantly higher burden of bacteria in the blood and skin during the early phase of the infection. Importantly, while mice with an intact granulocyte population showed only limited skin infection, bacteremia occurred in the great majority of the neutrophil-depleted animals. As a consequence, the latter individuals exhibited significantly increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and specific antibodies to staphylococcal cell wall components and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in the serum. Our data point to a crucial protective role of granulocytes in S. aureus dermatitis.

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LABORATORY EVALUATION OF SEMISYNTHETIC ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM BOVINE UDDER

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m64-023 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 163-168

Author(s):

J. Donaldson ◽

A. J. Moriarity ◽

N. Joshi ◽

D. G. Dale

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Skim Milk ◽

The Other ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Laboratory Evaluation ◽

Cephalosporin C ◽

Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations

A comparison was made of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of penicillin G, methicillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporin C for 16 non-penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus from cows with mastitis and on 22 penicillinase-producing strains (20 from cows with mastitis and 2 from humans), All strains were sensitive to methicillin, oxacillin, and cephalosporin C. The addition of whole or skim milk did not affect the tests. Strains with induced resistance to one of the three latter antibiotics developed resistance to the other two. By increasing the inocula of organisms in the test, the MIC was increased to the greatest extent with penicillin, to some extent with oxacillin, and negligibly with the other two antibiotics.

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Staphylococcus aureus Specific Electrospun Wound Dressings: Influence of Immobilization Technique on Antibacterial Efficiency of Novel Enzybiotic

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13050711 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 711

Author(s):

Olga Urbanek ◽

Alicja Wysocka ◽

Paweł Nakielski ◽

Filippo Pierini ◽

Elżbieta Jagielska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Physical Adsorption ◽

Wound Dressings ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Significant Development ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

New Generation ◽

Very High

The spread of antimicrobial resistance requires the development of novel strategies to combat superbugs. Bacteriolytic enzymes (enzybiotics) that selectively eliminate pathogenic bacteria, including resistant strains and biofilms, are attractive alternatives to antibiotics, also as a component of a new generation of antimicrobial wound dressings. AuresinePlus is a novel, engineered enzybiotic effective against Staphylococcus aureus—one of the most common pathogenic bacteria, found in infected wounds with a very high prevalence of antibiotic resistance. We took advantage of its potent lytic activity, selectivity, and safety to prepare a set of biodegradable PLGA/chitosan fibers generated by electrospinning. Our aim was to produce antimicrobial nonwovens to deliver enzybiotics directly to the infected wound and better control its release and activity. Three different methods of enzyme immobilization were tested: physical adsorption on the previously hydrolyzed surface, and covalent bonding formation using N-hydroxysuccinimide/N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (NHS/EDC) or glutaraldehyde (GA). The supramolecular structure and functional properties analysis revealed that the selected methods resulted in significant development of nanofibers surface topography resulting in an efficient enzybiotic attachment. Both physically adsorbed and covalently bound enzymes (by NHS/EDC method) exhibited prominent antibacterial activity. Here, we present the extensive comparison between methods for the effective attachment of the enzybiotic to the electrospun nonwovens to generate biomaterials effective against antibiotic-resistant strains. Our intention was to present a comprehensive proof-of-concept study for future antimicrobial wound dressing development.

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Investigation of the environmental presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria at small animal hospitals in Hungary

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica ◽

10.1556/004.2020.00055 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ádám Kerek ◽

Ágnes Sterczer ◽

Zoltán Somogyi ◽

Dóra Kovács ◽

Ákos Jerzsele

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Small Animal ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Hygiene Measures ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

AbstractMultidrug-resistant bacteria can cause severe nosocomial infections in both human and veterinary clinics. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and antibiotic susceptibility of Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas strains at four small animal clinics of Hungary in 2018, as these bacteria can reliably represent the level of antimicrobial resistance in the investigated environment. A total of 177 Staphylococcus colonies were found, including 22 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and 13 Staphylococcus aureus. As regards enterococci, 9 Enterococcus faecium, 2 E. faecalis and further 286 Enterococcus strains were isolated. The number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (n = 34) was considered too low for relevant susceptibility testing. Among staphylococci, the highest resistance was found to sulphamethoxazole (82.9%), penicillin (65.7%) and erythromycin (54.3%), while in the case of enterococci, resistance to norfloxacin and rifampicin was the most common, with 25.5% of the strains being resistant to both antibiotics. Ten methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and six vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) strains could be identified. Only 5.7% of the Staphylococcus isolates were susceptible to all tested agents, while this ratio was 36.2% among enterococci. The results of this study have revealed a high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Hungarian small animal clinics, which highlights the importance of regular disinfection processes and stringent hygiene measures in veterinary clinics.

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Epidemiological study of sausage in Algeria: Prevalence, quality assessment, and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates and the risk factors associated with consumer habits affecting foodborne poisoning

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2019.1240-1250 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1240-1250

Author(s):

Amina Hachemi ◽

Safia Zenia ◽

Mohamed Fatih Denia ◽

Meryem Guessoum ◽

Mohamed Mehdi Hachemi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Quality Assessment ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Chi Square

Aim: The first aim was to assess the quality and determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus contamination of raw sausage sold in ten municipalities in the Northeast of Algeria. Second, a consumer sausage purchasing survey was designed to investigate potential risk factors that have a significant association with the occurrence of foodborne poisoning among sausage consumers' behavior and its relationship with independent variables. Materials and Methods: A total of 230 butcheries from ten departments (Daira) of Algiers with more than 40 municipalities were included randomly in these studies to collect raw sausage samples and to distribute 700 structured questionnaires to meat consumers. Our two studies were conducted at the same time, between June 2016 and April 2018. Sausage samples were taken once per butchery to estimate the prevalence of S. aureus contamination and therefore deduct the quality assessment of raw sausage (Merguez) sold in Algiers, Algeria. All isolated strains were tested for their antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, questionnaires were distributed and used to collect information on various aspects of sausage consumption and foodborne disease. The data collected were analyzed with different statistical approaches, such as the Chi-square test and the odds ratio (OR) univariable logistic model. All the risk factors were analyzed by studying their association with the occurrence of consumers who claimed to have food poisoning after consuming sausage. Results: The overall prevalence of S. aureus contamination from sausages was 25.22% (n=58/230). Over 83.33% of strains showed resistance to at least one of the antibiotics tested. The most important was for tetracycline (58%) followed by fosfomycin (33%), penicillin G (25%), and oxacillin (36%). Moreover, the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index include 20 profiles with MAR >0.2. Out of the 440 meat consumers, 22.16% revealed having food poisoning after sausage consumption. The risk factors recorded were: Consumption outside of home (24.30%, OR=1.769, p=0.040), during the summer season (24.30%, OR=1.159) and during lunch (26.50%, OR=1.421). Conclusion: Our study highlights a high prevalence of S. aureus contamination in Merguez, especially in some departments of Algiers, and the high multidrug resistance of S. aureus isolates against tetracycline and oxacillin; thus, S. aureus contamination in sausage is considered a potential risk to public health. Therefore, to reduce and prevent the spread of resistant strains, robust management and monitoring of antibiotic use should be established. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the sanitation conditions and education regarding personal hygiene and change certain consumption habits of Algerian consumers to ensure food safety. Finally, it can be concluded that the application of the HACCP system is essential either in butcheries producing sausage and/or slaughterhouses. From this perspective, studies might be performed to characterize Staphylococcus spp. and S. aureus to investigate their virulence factors. Keywords: consumers, quality assessment, risk factors, sausages, Staphylococcus aureus.

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Prevalence and Susceptibility Patterns Associated with Staphylococcus Aureus Presence in Marketed Milk and Milk Products.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-40698/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

JOHN MACHARIA MACHARIA ◽

Zsolt Kaposztas ◽

Cheruiyot Richard ◽

Nyerere K. Andrew ◽

Mathenge J. Muriithi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Milk Products ◽

Resistance To Penicillin ◽

Different Sources ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen that poses a serious threat to public health. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics increases evolution of antibiotic resistant strains. This study aimed to determine the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in milk and milk products and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Methods: A total of 334 samples were collected for analysis in the laboratories. To determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, selected antibiotics from different classes were used: Penicillin G, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Gentamycin, Methicillin, and Ciprofloxacin. Results: The presence of S. aureus in milk and milk products was found occurring in 21.56% of all the samples. In raw milk analyzed, 64.81% of samples were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus, 20.54% in pasteurized milk, 10.71% in yogurt, and 3.57% in ice cream. All isolates were found to be 100 % sensitive to Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Methicillin. Infrequent sensitivity was found in Gentamicin and Vancomycin. Resistance to Penicillin G was occasionally observed across the different sources of milk and milk products. Resistance to Gentamicin (42 %) and Vancomycin (11 %) was seldom observed in isolates, hence occurring in yogurt samples only. Conclusion and Recommendation: The research hypothesis was rejected based on the presence of pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus across the different samples analyzed. It is recommended that Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Methicillin, and Erythromycin antibiotics should be used for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections based on the susceptibility test outcome.

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