scholarly journals Do Twins Differ From Single-Born Children on Rates of Behavioral Difficulty in Early Childhood? A Study of Sibling Relationship Risk Factors

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Bekkhus ◽  
Sally Staton ◽  
Anne I. H. Borge ◽  
Karen Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Social Background ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Sibling Relationship ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Behavioral Difficulties ◽  
Statistical Control ◽  
Behavioral Difficulty ◽  
Australian Sample ◽  
Twin Children ◽  
Mean Differences

The hypothesis that twinning raises risk for behavioral difficulties in childhood is persistent, yet there is limited and inconsistent empirical evidence. Simple mean comparison without control for confounders provides data on prevalence rates but cannot provide knowledge about risk or etiology. To assess the effect of twin relationship on behavior, comparison of patterns of association with single-born siblings may be informative. Analyses of data from an Australian sample of twins and single-born children (N = 305, mean age 4 years 9 months, and a follow-up 12 months later) were undertaken. The outcome measure was the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Predictor and control measures were obtained from parent report on the sibling/co-twin relationship behavior, family demographics, and obstetric history. We assessed difference between twins and single-born children in two respects: (a) mean behavioral difficulties, and (b) patterns of association between sibling relationship and behavioral difficulties, controlling for confounders. Results showed no differences in mean levels of behavioral difficulties between twins and single-born siblings identifying the importance of statistical control for family and obstetric adversity. Differences in patterns of association were found; for twin children, conflict in their co-twin relationship predicted externalizing behaviors, while for single-born children conflict predicted internalizing behaviors. The findings of mean differences between twin and single-born children in social background, but not in behavioral difficulties, underscore the necessity of statistical control to identify risk associated with twinning compared with risk associated with family and obstetric background factors.

scholarly journals Sibling Relationships, Personality Traits, Emotional, and Behavioral Difficulties in Autism Spectrum Disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Longobardi ◽  
L. E. Prino ◽  
F. G. M. Gastaldi ◽  
T. Jungert
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Sibling Relationship ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Difficulties ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Emotional Symptoms ◽  
The Impact

This study focused on parents’ perceptions of the quality of sibling relationship and its association with some behavioral and emotional characteristics of the typically developing sibling. The participants were parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing siblings. The sample size was 43. The group comprised 14 fathers (32.6%) and 29 mothers (67.4%) aged 33–53 years (M=43.56; SD = 5.23). The parents completed measures of siblings’ emotional and behavioral difficulties, siblings’ personality, and sibling relationships and their impact on families and siblings. The results showed that behavioral difficulties such as emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and peer relationship problems were significantly associated with negative sibling relationships—characterized by rivalry, aggression, avoidance, and teaching behavior toward the brother or sister with an autism spectrum disorder. The implications are that sibling-focused interventions should focus on improving negative sibling relationships to reduce the impact on the difficulties of the typical development of the sibling of both genders and shape the content and delivery framework accordingly. This can be done by providing skills and approaches for enhancing sibling relationships so both parties benefit.

scholarly journals Dynamic Risk Analysis in Metro Construction Using Statistical Process Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yichen Wang ◽  
Hong Zheng ◽  
Xinyue Lu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Process Control ◽  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Statistical Process Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Statistical Control ◽  
Statistical Process ◽  
And Control

Metro construction is normally carried out in complex engineering geological environment, so it can generate various risk events. In the process of metro construction, a scientific risk dynamic analysis is indispensable to reduce and control risks. In order to analyze the risk in metro construction more scientifically and reasonably, in this study, a new risk dynamic analysis method for metro construction is proposed using statistical process control. The method can analyse the risk level according to the process’s capacity index and identify the characteristics of risk variation according to the statistical control chart. The risk level and the characteristic of risks may vary with dynamical updating of monitoring data, so the conclusion of risk evaluation for a time interval can be drawn and corresponding safety measures can be ascertained. The method ushers statistical process control, so the random factors in risk evolution can be considered fully. Then, the method is applied to the risk analysis of shield construction under the Beijing-Tianjin intercity railway in Beijing Metro Line 8, a typical risk problem in the traffic construction. The variation of the risk level and the characteristic of risks can be evaluated reasonably because the dynamical randomness is considered. Moreover, whether risk control measures should be taken and what the effective measures are can be ascertained explicitly.

scholarly journals Why the Son-bias in Caregiving? Testing Sex-differences in the Associations Between Paternal Caregiving and Child Outcomes in England

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2094190
Author(s):  
Emily H. Emmott ◽  
Ruth Mace
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Behavioral Difficulties ◽  
Ecological Framework ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Behavioral Difficulty ◽  
More Care ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Avon Longitudinal Study

Studies show that fathers across Western populations tend to provide more care to sons than daughters. Following a human behavioral ecological framework, we hypothesize that son-biases in fathering may (at least in part) be due to differences in fitness returns to paternal direct investments by child’s sex. In this study, we investigate sex-differences in the associations between paternal caregiving and children’s outcomes in stable, two-parent families. Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we test whether paternal caregiving in early childhood is associated with different effects on children’s school test scores and behavioral difficulties by children’s sex. Overall, we find that paternal caregiving is associated with higher school test scores and lower behavioral difficulty scores, but the association between paternal caregiving and school test scores was stronger for boys. Our findings highlight possible sex-differences in returns to paternal caregiving for certain domains of child outcomes in England.

scholarly journals Conflict, Closeness and Comfort: The Inter-Twin Relationship as a Risk Factor for Behavioral Difficulties

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 444-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Bekkhus ◽  
Sally Staton ◽  
Anne Inger H. Borge ◽  
Karen Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Difficulties ◽  
First Year ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
School Time ◽  
Australian Sample ◽  
Unique Source ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Background: There is currently little evidence concerning the impact of the inter-twin relationship on behavioral outcomes and yet the twin relationship is frequently hypothesized to be a unique source of psychopathology in twins. The current study asked whether the inter-twin relationship is a predictor of behavioral difficulties and whether there are zygosity differences in this relationship.Method: An Australian sample of same sex twins (N = 356, 164 MZ and 192 DZ) was studied in the year prior to school (Time 1) and again in first year of school (Time 2). Associations between twin-relationship and behavior problems were examined via path-analysis, and Satorra-Bentler chi-square difference tests were used to compare twins across zygosity.Results: Results show that both conflict and lower levels of warmth at Time 1 were predictive of hyperactivity and conduct disorder at Time 2, but they were not associated with emotional difficulties or peer problems. While DZ twins shared less warmth than MZ twins, there were no differences in behavior problems.Conclusion: Conflict and lower levels of warmth in the inter-twin relationship are associated with hyperactivity and conduct disorder and may serve as important considerations when making decisions regarding class separation at entry to school.

Empathy and Birth Order

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirja Kalliopuska
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Social Background ◽  
School Students ◽  
Emotional Empathy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Background Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Differences

Previous conflicting results have been found in studying the relation between empathy and birth order. 194 school students aged 9 to 12 yr. completed an adapted version of the Mehrabian and Epstein scale of emotional empathy. The social background data including birth order were gathered during home interviews. The mean differences in empathy for ordinal positions were not statistically significant, although the difference between third- and fourth-borns approached significance. It appears that middle-born children seem more prone to empathize than firstborns.

Cognitive Processes Associated with Gambling Behaviour

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Kweitel ◽  
Felicity C. L. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
South Oaks Gambling Screen ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Additional Question ◽  
Australian Sample ◽  
Internal Scale

Gambling behaviours can be pathological if positive response is extreme, but very little is known about the psychological precursors of pathological gambling in Australia. This study examined the relationships between self-reported gambling behaviours and scores on locus of control measures. The sample of 80 male and 75 female undergraduate students completed the South Oaks Gambling Screen and Levenson's multidimensional Locus of Control Scale. No significant association was found for the self-reported gambling behaviours with scores on the Internal scale but a positive one obtained between scores on the Powerful Others subscale. Self-reported gambling behaviours differed significantly for men reported that they gambled more than women. For these Australian undergraduates an additional question on borrowing money increased the apparent frequency of pathological gambling. Thus an avenue for further research is the development of a valid and reliable measure of gambling behaviours in an Australian sample.

scholarly journals Iskolák közötti egyenlőtlenségek alakulása 2010 után

Educatio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-448
Author(s):  
Balázs Bazsalya ◽  
Balázs Hörich
Keyword(s):  
School District ◽  
School System ◽  
National Level ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Disadvantaged Students ◽  
Behavioral Difficulties ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Student Composition

Összefoglaló. A tanulmány az iskolai egyenlőtlenségek alakulását vizsgálja a kétezres évek második évtizedében. A tanulói összetétel bizonyos szociális háttérváltozói szerint nőttek az egyenlőtlenségek az elmúlt évtizedben, az SNI, illetve a BTMN tanulók iskolarendszerben való eloszlása viszont egyenletesebb lett az alsófokú iskolarendszerben. Országos szinten a többiskolás települések közötti egyenlőtlenségek jobban nőttek, mint az egyiskolás települések között. Az is bizonyítást nyert, hogy inkább a hátrányos helyzetű tanulók elkülönülése jellemzőbb, mint a jobb helyzetben lévő tanulóké. A relatíve jobb helyzetben lévő településeken nőttek jobban az egyenlőtlenségek. Az egyenlőtlenségek alakulása mögött elsősorban az egyházi iskolák térnyerése, illetve az iskolakörzeten kívülről történő beiskolázási gyakorlat játszik főszerepet, míg a demográfiai folyamatok gyakorlatilag nincsenek hatással az egyenlőtlenségek alakulására. Summary. The study examines the development of school inequalities in the second half of the 2000s. According to certain social background variables of the student composition, inequalities have increased in the last decade, while the distribution of SEN (special educational needs) and ALBD (adaptation, learning and behavioral difficulties) students in the school system has become more even in the primary school system. At the national level, inequalities between multi-school settlements increased more than between single-school settlements. It has also been shown that segregation of disadvantaged students is more common than that of better students. Inequalities increased more in relatively better settlements. The main factors behind the development of inequalities are the rise of church schools and the practice of enrollment outside the school district, while demographic processes have practically no effect on the development of inequalities.

scholarly journals Associations Between Socio-Economic Status and Child Health: Findings of a Large German Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Poulain ◽  
Mandy Vogel ◽  
Carolin Sobek ◽  
Anja Hilbert ◽  
Antje Körner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Behavioral Difficulties ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
And Child Health

The familial social background of a child can significantly impact their behavior and health. We investigated associations between socio-economic status (SES) and health parameters and behaviors in German children and adolescents. Data were collected between 2011 and 2018 in the framework of the LIFE Child study. Participants included 2998 children aged 3–18 years. SES was represented by an index combining information on parental education, occupation, and income. Associations between SES and health outcomes were estimated using linear and logistic regression analyses. In a moderator analysis, all associations were checked for interactions between SES and age or sex. A higher SES composite score was associated with better health (lower body mass index (β = −0.26), fewer behavioral difficulties (β = −0.18), higher quality of life (β = 0.21), fewer critical life events (odds ratio (OR) = 0.93); all p < 0.05) and a healthier lifestyle (healthier nutrition (β = 0.16), less excessive television use (OR = 0.87), less nicotine consumption (OR = 0.93), and more physical activity (OR = 1.18); all p < 0.05). However, SES was not associated with alcohol consumption (OR = 1.02) or sleep problems (β = −0.04). The strengths of the associations between SES and child health did not differ depending on SES indicator (education, occupation, income). The associations between SES and parent-reported behavioral difficulties and physical activity were stronger in older vs. younger children. In contrast, none of the observed associations were moderated by sex. This study highlights the strong association between socio-economic status and child health, even in modern Western societies.

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Edward Ii ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document