scholarly journals Rice farming components for biological weed control in transplanted rice: Perspective on weedy rice management

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Kathiresan Ramanathan ◽  
Vishnudevi Sangeeviraman
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Biological Weed Control ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Poultry Birds

Abstract Farming elements other than the crop, when integrated in the system, are supplementary with multifold uses that include weed and pest management. The elements such as fish and poultry birds are integrated with transplanted wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) for ensuring livelihood and nutritional security and sustainability of the system. The integrated animal components such as poultry birds and fishes also supplement the system with weed control. The role and efficacy of these animal components as tools for managing weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) were explored as weedy rice infestation is increasing. This threat of weedy rice is due to scarcity of water resulting poor water management and improper field leveling. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella val.)caused highest reduction in weedy rice biomass of 28 % within 24h under laboratory conditions. Polyculture of grass carp, mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala Ham.), and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix val.) reduced the biomass of weedy rice by 21 % within 24 h. In laboratory studies, poultry manure at 5 % concentrationreduced the seed germination of weedy rice 100 %at the highest concentration of 5 %, compared to rice seed germination 91 %. This conformedwith microplot experiments, wherein poultry manure at 15.6 g day−1resulted in weed control index of 8 % in both years. However, poultry manure at 15.6 g day−1 in combination with herbicide application resulted the highest control indices of weedy rice with 52 % in 2017 and 2018.Integrating fish and poultry with preemergence application of oxyfluorfen (0.25 kg ha−1)resulted in highest weed control index and grain yield, in field experiments.

Fenclorim effects on rice germination and yield

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Chen ◽  
Xuefeng Shen ◽  
Yue Fang
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Weed Population ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Seedling Germination

Chen, Y., Shen, X. and Fang, Y. 2013. Fenclorim effects on rice germination and yield. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 237–241. Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is a serious problem in rice-producing areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the safener fenclorim on rice seed germination and yield when used in conjunction with the pre-emergent herbicide pretilachlor in the growth chamber and in the field. Rice seed germination was accelerated by soaking seeds in fenclorim (0.67 g L−1), and pretilachlor (0, 450, 900, 1800, 3600 and 7200 g a.i. ha−1) was applied 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after sowing in a growth chamber. Seeds were also soaked in fenclorim, and then pretilachlor was sprayed (0, 450 and 900 g a.i. ha−1) 1 h after sowing in the field. The percentage of seedling germination for cultured rice was significantly increased by soaking in fenclorim prior to application of the pre-emergence herbicide pretilachlor compared with the control in the growth chamber. The application of the safener fenclorim increased rice yield by 56% and 50% in treatments with 450 and 900 g a.i. hm−2 pre-emergence pretilachlor, respectively, and the weed population, height, and dry matter production were significantly reduced by pretilachlor application.

scholarly journals Development of Liquid Enhancer for Germination of Drought-stressed Oryza sativa subsp. indica Seed cv. MR284

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Mahadi ◽  
F. Zawawi ◽  
R. Nulit ◽  
M. H. Ibrahim ◽  
N. I. Ab. Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Selection Of

Aim: This study was conducted to develop liquid enhancer containing KCl, TU, GA, and SA for germination of drought-stressed Oryza sativa subsp. indica cv. MR284 seed. Study Design: All experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. Two steps were involved in the development process which are to select an ideal concentration for each KCl, TU, GA, and SA, and to find an ideal combination of chemicals from the selection of ideal concentrations acquired in step 1 to form liquid enhancer. There were 20 treatments for step 1 and 9 treatments for step 2. All of these treatments with 6 replicates. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, between June 2018 and December 2018. Methodology: The sterilized rice seed cv. MR284 was stressed in the -1.2 Mpa PEG 6000 solution for three days and germinated in the KCl, TU, GA, and SA solution in a series of concentration for 10 days, in a controlled room. Seed germination was observed daily. Results: In the first step, drought-stressed rice seed showed the best germination performance in the 30 mM of KCl, 2.0 mM of TU, 0.24 mM GA, and 0.5 mM SA. Meanwhile, in the second step, the drought-stressed rice seed showed the best germination performance in the combination of 30 mM KCl + 2.0 mM TU + 0.24 mM GA + 0.5 mM SA. The best germination performance was evaluated by the highest germination percentage (%), germination index, seed vigor, leaf length, root length and biomass. Conclusion: Therefore, the combination treatments of 30 mM KCl + 2.0 mM TU + 0.5 mM SA was found to be the most effective and simplest liquid enhancer formula that has an ability to enhance seed germination of drought-stressed rice cv. MR284 seed.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF RED RICE (ORYZA SATIVA) AND BARNYARDGRASS (ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI) GROWN WITH SORGHUM WITH REDUCED RATE OF ATRAZINE AND MECHANICAL METHODS

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRÉ ANDRES ◽  
GERMANI CONCENÇO ◽  
GIOVANI THEISEN ◽  
LEANDRO GALON ◽  
FRANCO TESIO
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Tillage System

SUMMARYThe weedy variety ofOryza sativaoccurs in several rice cultivation areas reducing both grain yield and quality. Prevention and crop rotation are considered the basic means to reduce its presence. Weed control in sorghum is generally attained with atrazine. In this study, the efficacy of both chemical and mechanical methods for control, under different soil tillage conditions, of weedy rice and barnyardgrass during sorghum cultivation was evaluated with the aim to reduce the application rate of atrazine. In the case of chemical control, the atrazine rate (1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 ga.i.ha−1) and application timing (pre- and post-emergence) were assessed. With the mechanical control method, the number of interventions (inter-row hoeing with sorghum at 3, 4–5 and 6–8 leaves) to avoid weed competition was determined. The effect of the tillage system on weed population was investigated comparing conventional (ploughing), minimum-tillage (disc harrowing) and sod seeding (no-tillage) in combination with pre- and post-emergence herbicide treatments. The results showed that efficient control of weedy rice and barnyardgrass was achieved in lowlands with sorghum in rotation with rice. Both chemical and mechanical methods of weed control in sorghum gave a level of efficiency higher than 60%. The application of atrazine was more efficient in pre-emergence application, rather than in post-emergence treatments, in all soil tillage systems tested. On both weed species, the most suitable application rate was the pre-emergence treatment with 1500 ga.i.ha−1, and the adoption of higher rates did not significantly increase the herbicidal efficacy. The adoption of two or three mechanical interventions resulted in sorghum yield higher than the chemical post-emergence application, and similar to the application of atrazine in pre-emergence. Higher yield results were in accordance to greater weed control, being obtained in the conventional tillage system.

scholarly journals Germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by varying concentrations of loom-dye effluent

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Arifur Rahman ◽  
Md. Sohanur Rahman ◽  
K.M. Mohiuddin ◽  
Md. Akhter Hossain Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Abul Khair Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Radical Length

Indiscriminate discharge of industrial effluent has become a serious problem for the agro-ecological environment in most of the areas of Bangladesh. The effects of loom-dye effluents on seed germination and early seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated by conducting an experiment in the laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Three types of loom-dye effluents were applied in sterilized petridishes at different loading ratios. Seven treatments (i.e., T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 with 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% effluent, respectively) of each effluent were used following completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three times. Subsequently, Pb, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cr accumulation were also investigated in the harvested rice seedlings. Rice seed showed a significant difference in germination percentage with varying levels of effluent application at different days after setting of germination. The decreased seed germination rate and seedling growth of rice were observed with increased concentration of loom-dye effluents. The highest germination speed (97.8%) was obtained from control whereas the lowest germination speeds were obtained from T5 of black, and T6 of both black and violet effluents. Phytotoxic effects of loom-dye effluents on germination and radical length were extreme at 100% effluent concentration having the order of black > violet > pink. The maximum radical length (6.4 cm) and plumule length (7.5 cm) were observed with T1 of pink dye effluent whereas the minimum length of radical and plumule were obtained from T6 treatment of the effluents. The highest fresh weight (39.8 mg petridish–1), dry weight (5.7 mg petridish–1) and seedling vigor index (746.7%) were also observed from T1 of pink dye effluent. The maximum uptake of Pb, Fe, Mn and Zn was 0.48, 3.81, 0.79 and 0.13 μg g−1, respectively. The uptake of Cr was below the detectable limit. Total heavy metal accumulation in rice was in the following order: Fe>Mn>Pb>Zn>Cr. Results showed that the higher concentration of loom-dye effluent showed the higher toxic effects on different parameters of germination and early seedling growth compared with the lower effluent concentrations. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 17(2): 153–160, June 2019

Mycoherbicide Research at the University of Arkansas–Past, Present, and Future

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 35-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Biological Weed Control ◽  
University Of Arkansas ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Control Research ◽  
The University

Biological weed control research at Arkansas has been with indigenous fungal pathogens applied as inundative inoculum to weed populations (9, 19, 22, 32, 34, 39). We term this concept the mycoherbicide approach to biological weed control (35). Our experience with this concept began in 1969 with the discovery by R. J. Smith, Jr., of a previously undescribed fungal pathogen on northern jointvetch, [Aeschynomene virginica(L.) B.S.P. # AESVI] (20, 22, 29). It was ultimately commercialized as COLLEGO™in 1982 by the Upjohn Co. for use by Arkansas rice (Oryza sativaL.) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] farmers. Nothing has been found nor can be foreseen from the experience during discovery, development, and deployment of COLLEGO™that would preclude extension of the mycoherbicide concept to controlling other weeds in annual crops or noncrop areas (29). Nevertheless, the concept does have limitations. An overview of the COLLEGO™effort plus a statement of some research interests engendered by it will be useful for assessment of the practical potential of this new approach to biological weed control.

scholarly journals Endozoochorous dispersal of seeds of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.) by cattle

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Luis Carricio Viero ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Schaedler ◽  
Eduardo Bohrer de Azevedo ◽  
João Vitor Ail dos Santos ◽  
Ricardo de Mello Scalcon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Rice Seeds ◽  
Two Phases

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate endozoochory dispersal, recuperation, and germination of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.) seeds passed through the digestive system of cattle. The experiment was divided into two phases: first, the daily seed recuperation rate was determined after passing through the digestive system of six steers. Each animal was dosed individually with 1000 weedy rice seeds and 13,818 barnyardgrass seeds, and these seeds were subsequently collected from feces. In the second phase, seed germination and emergence rate after passing or not passing through the digestive system of cattle were determined in two types of substrates (fecal plaque and soil) in a 2×2 factorial design. Seed recuperation in feces showed sigmoid behavior with maximum recovery on the second day after dosage. The recuperation of the species in the feces was 50.9% and 23.4% for weedy rice and barnyardgrass, respectively, which shows that both have potential endozoochory dispersal. However, seed germination of these species reduced after they passed through the digestive system, and they presented inferior emergence in the fecal plaque compared to the soil. The quarantine period for animals that ingest weedy rice and barnyardgrass seeds should be at least 6 and 7 days, respectively.

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