Neuropathische Schmerzen: Pharmakotherapie

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 274-280
Author(s):  
Florian Reisig ◽  
Michael Harnik

Zusammenfassung. Die Identifizierung und Behandlung von neuropathischen Schmerzen (NP) stellt auch heute noch eine grosse Herausforderung für ein interdisziplinäres Behandlungsteam dar. Die spezifische Pharmakotherapie ist eine wichtige Säule einer multimodalen Therapiestrategie, die langfristig einem biopsychosozialen Modell folgen sollte. Die klassischen WHO-Stufe-I-Analgetika versagen jedoch bei der Behandlung des reinen NP. Dauertherapien mit Opioiden der Stufe II und III bergen nach heutigen Kenntnissen langfristig Risiken für die Patienten, die den mittelfristigen Behandlungserfolg kaum mehr rechtfertigen. Deshalb sind Kenntnisse zur Dosierung, Anwendung und Nebenwirkungen der First-Line-Medikamente wie Trizyklische Antidepressiva (TCA), Serotonin-Noradrenalin-Wiederaufnahme-Hammer (SNRI) und Gabapentinoide essenziell. Man sollte stets dem Konzept «start low, go slow» folgen, eine gute Patientenedukation ist hierbei entscheidend. Auch topische Therapieformen wie Lidocain und Ambroxol können eine sinnvolle Ergänzung des Therapieregimes sein, das vom Patienten aktiv mitgetragen wird. Die Hochdosistherapie mit Capsaicin-Pflastern (8 %) bleibt jedoch in den Händen der Schmerzspezialisten. In der perioperativen Prävention neuropathischer Schmerzen konnte für systemische Medikamentengaben bisher kein nachhaltiger Nachweis erbracht werden. Für die perineurale Medikamentenapplikation von Lokalanästhetika durch Nervenblockaden ergeben sich jedoch für Thorax- und Mammachirurgische Eingriffe sowie für die Sectio caesarea Hinweise für eine Prävention von chronischen, postoperativen Schmerzen (CPOP). Bei Systemerkrankungen wie Diabetes mellitus, aktiver Herpes zoster, Multiple Sklerose, Mangelernährung u. v. m., die eine Polyneuropathie verursachen können, hat die kausale medikamentöse Therapieoptimierung ebenfalls präventiven Charakter.

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (06) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Norra ◽  
S. Herpertz ◽  
T. C. Baghai ◽  
M. Lieb ◽  
M. Schäfer ◽  
...  

ZusammenfassungDie hohe Koinzidenz von somatischen Erkrankungen und Depressionen macht deutlich, wie wichtig ein generelles Screening bezüglich depressiver Störungen in den somatischen Fachdisziplinen ist. Aktuelle Erkenntnisse zur Depressionshäufigkeit, Pathophysiologie, prognostischen Bedeutung und der Therapie von depressiven Syndromen bei ausgewählten somatischen Erkrankungen werden vorgestellt: Diabetes mellitus, kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen, Leber- und Darmerkrankungen, Morbus Parkinson sowie Multiple Sklerose. Für das gehäufte Auftreten somatischer Erkrankungen scheint bei Patienten mit depressiven Störungen übergreifend eine ungünstige Lebensführung (z. B. Bewegungsmangel, Adipositas, Rauchen, erhöhter Alkoholkonsum) eine entscheidende Rolle zu spielen. Dies gilt auch für die Umsetzung der therapeutischen Strategien. Ebenso werden biologische Veränderungen (Stresshormon- und Immunaktivierung) als mögliche Ursachen für eine erhöhte Morbidität und Mortalität diskutiert. Generell werden epidemiologische Daten, interdisziplinäre klinisch-therapeutische Studien sowie grundlagenwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen zur Pathophysiologie komorbider Depressionen bei körperlichen Erkrankungen benötigt.


2010 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronique Sulmont ◽  
Pierre-François Souchon ◽  
Cécile Gouillard-Darnaud ◽  
Anna Fartura ◽  
Anne-Sophie Salmon-Musial ◽  
...  

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (8) ◽  
pp. 384-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Graue ◽  
S Grabbe ◽  
J Dissemond

Author(s):  
Chun-Ta Huang ◽  
Chi-Yu Lee ◽  
Heng-You Sung ◽  
Shu-Jung Liu ◽  
Po-Chih Liang ◽  
...  

Abstract Context Individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) are susceptible to various infections. Objective We estimated the risk of herpes zoster (HZ) among individuals with DM compared to individuals in the general population. Data Sources We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trails, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and PerioPath databases from their inception to January 30, 2021 for studies on the risk of HZ in individuals with DM. Study Selection Two authors independently screened all articles identified. Data Extraction The same two authors independently extracted the data. Four case-control studies and 12 cohort studies were included. Data Synthesis Meta-analyses were performed using fixed and mixed-effects models. In the pooled analysis, individuals with DM had a higher risk of developing HZ (pooled relative risk: 1.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.21–1.57) than individuals in the general population. The results were consistent in subgroup analyses stratified by type of diabetes, age, and study design. In individuals with DM, cardiovascular disease had an additive effect on increasing the risk of HZ (pooled relative risk: 1.19, 95% confidence interval: 1.11–1.28). There was a linear dose-response association between age and the risk of HZ in individuals with DM. Conclusion Individuals with DM have an increased risk of HZ compared to the general population. Varicella vaccination should be provided to individuals with DM regardless of their age, prioritizing older adults and those with cardiovascular disease. Varicella vaccination policies for individuals with DM should be updated based on the evidence.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 207-210
Author(s):  
Ika Putri Damayanti

Luka Post Sectio Caesarea merupakan luka yang terjadi akibat proses persalinan yang dilakukan dengan bedah caesar. Penyembuhan pasca operasi bedah caesar dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor baik intrinsik maupun ekstrinsik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penyembuhan luka post sectio caesarea di RSUD Arifin Achmad Provinsi Riau Tahun 2013. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Lokasi penelitian adalah RSUD Arifin Achmad Provinsi Riau, penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Oktober-Mei 2014. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 910 responden dengan besar sampel sebanyak 154. Teknik pengambilan sampel adalah Systematic Random Sampling. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder. Analisis data untuk bivariat dengan uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penyembuhan luka post sectio caesarea adalah variabel usia (p = 0,002; POR=2,91; 95% CI: 1,50-5,65), variabel ibu yang mengalami infeksi (p= 0,001; POR=6,59; 95% CI: 3,24-13,41), dan variabel ibu yang mengalami Diabetes Mellitus (p= 0,001; POR=3,06; 95% CI: 1,575,94). Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan umur, infeksi dan diabetes Mellitus dengan penyembuhan luka post sectio caesarea. Diharapkan tenaga kesehatan lebih meningkatkan penyuluhan dan informasi tentang pentingnya menjaga kesehatan dan kebersihan diri sebelum atau pun setelah dilakukan operasi Caesar agar tidak terjadi infeksi pada luka operasi sehingga dapat mempercepat proses penyembuhan luka dan mengurangi lama hari rawat. 


Praxis ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 93 (31) ◽  
pp. 1253-1255
Author(s):  
Hausmann Hartsleben

Die Hauptziele der Behandlung eines Herpes zoster sind die Bekämpfung der schweren akuten Schmerzen und die Vorbeugung einer Postzosterneuralgie, die bei über 50-jährigen Patienten häufig ist. Die antivirale Therapie kann beides und ist bei immunkompetenten Patienten über 50 Jahren deshalb empfehlswert. Für eine weitergehende analgetische Therapie werden trizyklische Antidepressiva, Gabapentin, Opioide und Lidocain-Pflaster eingesetzt. Bei Zoster ophthalmicus ist die ophthalmologische Diagnostik und die antivirale Therapie unabdingbar, um Augenkomplikationen zu vermeiden.


Medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (18) ◽  
pp. e15463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Wei Lai ◽  
Cheng-Li Lin ◽  
Kuan-Fu Liao

Dermatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 236 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-374
Author(s):  
Thierry M. Nordmann ◽  
Joo-Ri Kim ◽  
Reinhard Dummer ◽  
Florian Anzengruber

Background: Granuloma annulare is a chronic noninfectious granulomatous skin condition with variable clinical presentations. Generalized granuloma annulare, defined as widespread disease with >10 skin lesions, accounts for 15% of all cases. Numerous associated diseases have been controversially discussed, most importantly diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, thyroid disease, malignancy and systemic infections. Objectives: The objective of our study is to describe disease characteristics, treatment outcome and associated diseases in patients treated at the Department of Dermatology of the University Hospital Zurich during the last 20 years. Methods: The hospital database was searched for patients with generalized granuloma annulare in the last 20 years (January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2017). Overall, 61 patients, 14 males and 47 females, were included in our study. The mean age was 58 years at first consultation. The diagnosis was verified clinically and histologically. Results: Generalized granuloma annulare occurred at a mean age of 55 years, more commonly in females. Pruritus was absent in 51% of all patients. Metabolic diseases including diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterinemia and hypertriglyceridemia were present in 10.5, 8.2 and 4.9%, respectively. Thyroid disease was present in 9.8% and malignant disease in 23%, including colorectal cancer, lymphoproliferative disease, squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, basal cell carcinoma and gynecological malignancy. Therapy was initiated in 92%, while second- and third-line therapy was performed in 70 and 39%, respectively. Benefit during therapy (e.g., full and partial remission) was achieved in 39.3% during first-line, in 39.4% during second-line and in 33.8% during third-line treatment. Topical corticosteroids were the most commonly prescribed treatment, mostly leading to stable disease (46.6%). Combined full and partial remission occurred in a large proportion of patients receiving UVA1 (45%), PUVA (63.6%) and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (100%). Conclusions: Generalized granuloma annulare is a mostly asymptomatic and benign disease with a strong tendency for treatment resistance. We suggest to screen all patients for dyslipidemia, thyroid disease and malignant disease. While randomized trials are needed, we suggest topical corticosteroids as the first-line treatment, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide for persistent solitary lesions and, if further treatment is needed, UVA1 or PUVA.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Ranabir Salam ◽  
Sarita Bajaj ◽  
Nitin Kapoor ◽  
Banshi Saboo ◽  
Arundhati Dasgupta

AbstractIn India, the prevalence of HIV infection among adults (15–49 years) is estimated at 0.26%. The total number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in India was estimated at 21.17 lakhs in 2015. There has been a declining trend in the mortality rate of HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). With HIV becoming a chronic manageable disease, metabolic complications like diabetes mellitus (DM) and dyslipidemia are coming to the forefront. Generally, protease inhibitors (PI) are implicated in metabolic derangement; however, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) like stavudine can also cause diabetes. Among HIV-infected patients, the prevalence of diabetes is reported to range from 2 to 19%, so there is strong case for screening of diabetes among HIV-infected cases. The South Asian Consensus Guidelines recommend that both fasting and postprandial glucose values should be checked at screening and during monitoring of therapy. National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) recommends fasting plasma glucose with value ≥ 126 mg% diagnostic of diabetes mellitus. HbA1c may underestimate the degree of hyperglycemia in HIV-infected individuals and may not be a good diagnostic tool. Lifestyle modification is recommended as part of treatment. Metformin should be used with caution in HIV patients. Concomitant use of metformin with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) can cause lactic acidosis. Thiazolidinediones should be the drug of choice in HIV, particularly in patients with lipodystrophy. Insulin secretagogues (meglitinides and sulfonylureas) are safe but may not be effective in the presence of severe insulin resistance. There are concerns regarding the use of gliptins in HIV-infected patients as they have molecular targets on immune cells. Insulin should be the drug of choice for HIV-infected patients with marked hyperglycemia (HbA1c > 9%), ketonuria, severe liver disease, or severe kidney disease. SGLT2 inhibitor may increase the risk of urinary tract infection and genital mycotic infections in HIV-infected diabetics. Regarding the use of ART among HIV patients with diabetes, NACO guidelines recommend that Tenofovir, lamivudine, and efavirenz should be used as first-line ART for all new patients, except known cases of severe diabetes, severe hypertension, or renal disease. Tenofovir, lamivudine, and lopinavir/ritonavir should be used as first line in women ever exposed to single dose Nevirapine in the past and also for all confirmed HIV-2 or HIV-1 & 2 coinfected patients. HIV infected with diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria or proteinuria need Abacavir-based regimen (Abacavir + Lamivudine + Efavirenz). There is some suggestion that PI-based regimes should be avoided in patients at high risk of developing diabetes, for example, those with a history of gestational diabetes, positive family history of diabetes, or impaired glucose tolerance on screening.


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