Discrepancies Between the Rorschach Inkblot Method and Self-Report Measures of Personality

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Petot ◽  
Dragana Djurić Jočić
Keyword(s):  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
Established Fact ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Formal Properties ◽  
Rorschach Variables ◽  
Excessive Number

Because the quasi-absence of correlation between Rorschach variables and the dimensions described in academic psychology of personality is now a well-established fact, this paper reviews the main reasons which could account for this puzzling discrepancies. Some of these reasons are methodological or statistical ones, and they are linked to formal properties of variables to be correlated: raw scores, ratios, or percentages, or broader constructs operationalized by specific pattern of scores and ratios. It is emphasized that some difficulties are related to the excessive number of variables addressed in studies lacking theoretical hypotheses, as to the categorical nature of many Rorschach variables, which opposes the dimensional nature of the constructs of academic personality psychology. More fundamentally, it is suggested that, as exemplified by introversion and introversiveness, psychological realities assessed by the Rorschach differ from those conceptualized by personality psychology not only by their content but also by their structure. Finally, the authors discuss the hypothesis suggested by Ganellen and Meyer: the correlation between the Rorschach and self-report measures would be moderated by the patients’ response style or test-taking attitude; the absence of correlation in the studied samples would conceal strong positive correlations among subjects with the same attitude toward both tests, and strong negative correlations among subjects with test-taking attitude different toward each kind of instrument. It is suggested that this hypothesis is promising, but it will be illuminating only when a reliable and specific marker of attitude will be identified. To conclude, it is remembered that while these discrepancies between the two kinds of tests raise some problems at the theoretical level, at a clinical level they convey much valuable information about patient’s self-representation and defence mechanisms.

Are the Relationships Between NEO PI-R and Rorschach Markers of Openness to Experience Dependent on the Patient’s Test-Taking Attitude?

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-50
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Petot
Keyword(s):  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Response Style ◽  
Response Styles ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Present Formulation ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Control Response ◽  
The One ◽  
Rorschach Variables

The low correlations reported between self-report measures and the Rorschach raise questions about the validity of both kinds of instruments. Meyer (1996) suggested that these low correlations are an artefact, due to the failure to control response style. Correlations would be high and positive when subjects have the same response style on both methods, and high and negative when they have divergent response styles. But response style is assessed according to criteria strongly connected with distress, and the enhancement of correlations may be tautologically limited to distress scales. The objective of this research is to verify whether the response style hypothesis applies to Openness to Experience, a dimension unrelated with distress. Correlations were computed between on the one hand Openness and Neuroticism, and on the second one several selected Rorschach variables. Analyses were conducted on the whole sample (n = 96) and on separate subgroups of patients with convergent (n = 29) or divergent (n = 22) test-taking attitude. The findings establish Openness is related to Rorschach low L, high blends, morbid responses, and combinatory special scores. They also establish that response style moderates correlations between Neuroticism and the Rorschach, but not between Openness and the Rorschach. These results seem to confirm the tautological nature of the present formulation of the response style hypothesis, but further refinement in the analysis of test-taking attitude could help reconsider things.

scholarly journals The Utility of Physiological Measures in Assessing the Empathic Skills of Incarcerated Violent Offenders

2021 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2199405
Author(s):  
Julie Palix ◽  
Ahmad Abu-Akel ◽  
Valérie Moulin ◽  
Milena Abbiati ◽  
Jacques Gasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Violent Offenders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
Violent Behaviors ◽  
Psychometric Measures ◽  
Positive Correlations

Since lack of empathy is an important indicator of violent behaviors, researchers need consistent and valid measures. This study evaluated the practical significance of a potential physiological correlate of empathy compared to a traditional self-report questionnaire in 18 male violent offenders and 21 general population controls. Empathy skills were assessed with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) questionnaire. Heart-Rate Variability (HRV) was assessed with an electrocardiogram. The RMSSD (Root Mean Square of the Successive beat-to-beat Differences), an HRV index implicated in social cognition, was calculated. There were no group differences in IRI scores. However, RMSSD was lower in the offender group. Positive correlations between RMSSD and IRI subscales were found for controls only. We conclude that psychometric measures of empathy do not discriminate incarcerated violent offenders, and that the incorporation of psychophysiological measures, such as HRV, could be an avenue for forensic research on empathy to establish translatable evidence-based information.

Personality in Action: Assessing Personality to Identify an ‘Ideal’ Conscientious Response Type with Two Different Behavioural Tasks

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 808-825
Author(s):  
Gabriela Gniewosz ◽  
Tuulia M. Ortner ◽  
Thomas Scherndl
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Subjective Response ◽  
Response Type ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Typological Approach ◽  
Related Response

Performance on achievement tests is characterized by an interplay of different individual attributes such as personality traits, motivation or cognitive styles. However, the prediction of individuals’ performance from classical self–report personality measures obtained during large and comprehensive aptitude assessments is biased by, for example, subjective response tendencies. This study goes beyond by using behavioural data based on two different types of tasks, requiring different conscientious–related response behaviours. Moreover, a typological approach is proposed, which includes different behavioural indicators to obtain information on complex personality characteristics. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISTANCE LEARNING PROCESSES AND UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ ANXIETY IN TIMES OF COVID19

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Loucia Demetriou ◽  
Lydia Keramioti ◽  
Demetris Hadjicharalambous
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
University Students ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Academic Challenges ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Positive Correlations

Governments worldwide have implemented strict physical and social distancing measures to prevent contamination from the COVID-19 pandemic and flatten the epidemic curve. Recent findings show that university students have experienced increased anxiety and moderate-to-severe stress because of confinement measures (quarantine) (Husky et al., 2020; Islam et al., 2020). In Cyprus, universities switched to distance learning in mid-March 2020. The present research examined the social and academic challenges that university students are experiencing during the lockdown measures to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus. We focused on assessing the students' stress levels while they were trying to adjust to distance learning and while, at the same time, balancing their jobs with their studies. We considered whether they lived with or separated from their family and friends during that time. Our study is a quantitative study with a sample of 80 students from Cyprus and Greece who attended a private university in Cyprus until November 2020. We collected our data using Beck's Anxiety Inventory and a self-report e-questionnaire, which we created especially for the purposes of our study. The instrument was generated using the Google Form, and shared through social media platforms. We analysed data with the chi-square test application to detect correlations between working and non-working students and students who lived with or away from their family network during the lockdown regarding their stress levels and their adaptability to distance-learning. Results indicated statistically significant positive correlations between employment, distance learning, students' anxiety and stress levels. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0790/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

scholarly journals Hidden Invalidity Among 15 Commonly Used Measures in Social and Personality Psychology

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Hussey ◽  
Sean Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Structural Validity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Reliability Factor ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

It has recently been demonstrated that metrics of structural validity are severely underreported in social and personality psychology. We comprehensively assessed structural validity in a uniquely large and varied data set ( N = 144,496 experimental sessions) to investigate the psychometric properties of some of the most widely used self-report measures ( k = 15 questionnaires, 26 scales) in social and personality psychology. When the scales were assessed using the modal practice of considering only internal consistency, 88% of them appeared to possess good validity. Yet when validity was assessed comprehensively (via internal consistency, immediate and delayed test-retest reliability, factor structure, and measurement invariance for age and gender groups), only 4% demonstrated good validity. Furthermore, the less commonly a test was reported in the literature, the more likely the scales were to fail that test (e.g., scales failed measurement invariance much more often than internal consistency). This suggests that the pattern of underreporting in the field may represent widespread hidden invalidity of the measures used and may therefore pose a threat to many research findings. We highlight the degrees of freedom afforded to researchers in the assessment and reporting of structural validity and introduce the concept of validity hacking ( v-hacking), similar to the better-known concept of p-hacking. We argue that the practice of v-hacking should be acknowledged and addressed.

scholarly journals Concept, Possibilities and Pilot-Testing of a New Smartphone Application for the Social and Life Sciences to Study Human Behavior Including Validation Data from Personality Psychology

J ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Montag ◽  
Harald Baumeister ◽  
Christopher Kannen ◽  
Rayna Sariyska ◽  
Eva-Maria Meßner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Self Report ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Internet Of Things

With the advent of the World Wide Web, the smartphone and the Internet of Things, not only society but also the sciences are rapidly changing. In particular, the social sciences can profit from these digital developments, because now scientists have the power to study real-life human behavior via smartphones and other devices connected to the Internet of Things on a large-scale level. Although this sounds easy, scientists often face the problem that no practicable solution exists to participate in such a new scientific movement, due to a lack of an interdisciplinary network. If so, the development time of a new product, such as a smartphone application to get insights into human behavior takes an enormous amount of time and resources. Given this problem, the present work presents an easy way to use a smartphone application, which can be applied by social scientists to study a large range of scientific questions. The application provides measurements of variables via tracking smartphone–use patterns, such as call behavior, application use (e.g., social media), GPS and many others. In addition, the presented Android-based smartphone application, called Insights, can also be used to administer self-report questionnaires for conducting experience sampling and to search for co-variations between smartphone usage/smartphone data and self-report data. Of importance, the present work gives a detailed overview on how to conduct a study using an application such as Insights, starting from designing the study, installing the application to analyzing the data. In the present work, server requirements and privacy issues are also discussed. Furthermore, first validation data from personality psychology are presented. Such validation data are important in establishing trust in the applied technology to track behavior. In sum, the aim of the present work is (i) to provide interested scientists a short overview on how to conduct a study with smartphone app tracking technology, (ii) to present the features of the designed smartphone application and (iii) to demonstrate its validity with a proof of concept study, hence correlating smartphone usage with personality measures.

scholarly journals The Personality Panorama: Conceptualizing Personality through Big Behavioural Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan L. Boyd ◽  
Paola Pasca ◽  
Kevin Lanning
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Historical Thinking ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Behavioural Assessment ◽  
The Face

Personality psychology has long been grounded in data typologies, particularly in the delineation of behavioural, life outcome, informant–report, and self–report sources of data from one another. Such data typologies are becoming obsolete in the face of new methods, technologies, and data philosophies. In this article, we discuss personality psychology's historical thinking about data, modern data theory's place in personality psychology, and several qualities of big data that urge a rethinking of personality itself. We call for a move away from self–report questionnaires and a reprioritization of the study of behaviour within personality science. With big data and behavioural assessment, we have the potential to witness the confluence of situated, seamlessly interacting psychological processes, forming an inclusive, dynamic, multiangle view of personality. However, big behavioural data come hand in hand with important ethical considerations, and our emerging ability to create a ‘personality panopticon’ requires careful and thoughtful navigation. For our research to improve and thrive in partnership with new technologies, we must not only wield our new tools thoughtfully, but humanely. Through discourse and collaboration with other disciplines and the general public, we can foster mutual growth and ensure that humanity's burgeoning technological capabilities serve, rather than control, the public interest. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

Why Does Frustration Predict Psychopathology? Multiple Prospective Pathways over Adolescence: A Trails Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertus F. Jeronimus ◽  
Harriëtte Riese ◽  
Albertine J. Oldehinkel ◽  
Johan Ormel
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Stress Sensitivity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Stress Generation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Carry Over

Adolescents’ temperamental frustration is a developmental precursor of adult neuroticism and psychopathology. Because the mechanisms that underlie the prospective association between adolescents’ high frustration and psychopathology (internalizing/externalizing) have not been studied extensively, we quantified three pathways: stress generation [mediation via selection/evocation of stressful life events (SLEs)], cross–sectional frustration–psychopathology overlap (‘carry–over’/common causes), and a direct (non–mediated) vulnerability effect of frustration, including moderation of SLE impact. Frustration and psychopathology were assessed at age 16 with the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire and the Youth Self–Report. No gender differences in frustration were observed. At age 19, psychopathology was reassessed by using the Adult Self–Report, while occurrence of endogenous (self–generated) and exogenous (not self–generated) SLEs during the interval (ages 16–19) were ascertained with the Life Stress Interview, an investigator–based contextual–stressfulness rating procedure (N = 957). Half of the prospective effect of frustration on psychopathology was explained by baseline overlap, including effects of ‘carry–over’ and common causes, about 5% reflected stress generation (a ‘vicious’ cycle with the environment adolescents navigate and shape), and 45% reflected unmediated association: a direct vulnerability effect including stress sensitivity or moderation of SLE impact. After adjustment for their overlap, frustration predicted the development of externalizing but not internalizing symptoms. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

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