scholarly journals Erratum: The cellular immune system in myelomagenesis: NK cells and T cells in the development of MM and their uses in immunotherapies

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. e321-e321 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Dosani ◽  
M Carlsten ◽  
I Maric ◽  
O Landgren
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Cellular Immune System ◽  
Cellular Immune

scholarly journals The analysis of the long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the cellular immune system in individuals recovering from COVID-19 reveals a profound NKT cell impairment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
jia liu ◽  
Xuecheng Yang ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Ziwei Li ◽  
Hui Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Annexin V ◽  
Double Positive ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Cellular Immune System ◽  
Cellular Immune

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affects millions of people and killed hundred-thousands of individuals. While acute and intermediate interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system have been studied extensively, long-term impacts on the cellular immune system remained to be analyzed. Here, we comprehensively characterized immunological changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 49 COVID-19 convalescent individuals (CI) in comparison to 27 matched SARS-CoV-2 unexposed individuals (UI). Despite recovery from the disease for more than 2 months, CI showed significant decreases in frequencies of invariant NKT and NKT-like cells compared to UI. Concomitant with the decrease in NKT-like cells, an increase in the percentage of Annexin V and 7-AAD double positive NKT-like cells was detected, suggesting that the reduction in NKT-like cells results from cell death months after recovery. Significant increases in regulatory T cell frequencies, TIM-3 expression on CD4 and CD8 T cells, as well as PD-L1 expression on B cells were also observed in CI, while the cytotoxic potential of T cells and NKT-like cells, defined by GzmB expression, was significantly diminished. However, both CD4 and CD8 T cells of CI showed increased Ki67 expression and were fully capable to proliferate and produce effector cytokines upon TCR stimulation. Collectively, we provide the first comprehensive characterization of immune signatures in patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that the cellular immune system of COVID-19 patients is still under a sustained influence even months after the recovery from disease.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Long-Term Impact on Cellular Immunity in COVID-19-Recovered Individuals Reveals a Profound NKT Cell Impairment

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Liu ◽  
Xuecheng Yang ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Ziwei Li ◽  
Hui Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Nkt Cell ◽  
Cellular Immune System ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affected over 120 million people and killed over 2.7 million individuals by March 2021. While acute and intermediate interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system have been studied extensively, long-term impacts on the cellular immune system remain to be analyzed. Here, we comprehensively characterized immunological changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 49 COVID-19-convalescent individuals (CI) in comparison to 27 matched SARS-CoV-2-unexposed individuals (UI). Despite recovery from the disease for more than 2 months, CI showed significant decreases in frequencies of invariant NKT and NKT-like cells compared to UI. Concomitant with the decrease in NKT-like cells, an increase in the percentage of annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) double-positive NKT-like cells was detected, suggesting that the reduction in NKT-like cells results from cell death months after recovery. Significant increases in regulatory T cell frequencies and TIM-3 expression on CD4 and CD8 T cells were also observed in CI, while the cytotoxic potential of T cells and NKT-like cells, defined by granzyme B (GzmB) expression, was significantly diminished. However, both CD4 and CD8 T cells of CI showed increased Ki67 expression and were fully able to proliferate and produce effector cytokines upon T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Collectively, we provide a comprehensive characterization of immune signatures in patients recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that the cellular immune system of COVID-19 patients is still under a sustained influence even months after the recovery from disease. IMPORTANCE Wuhan was the very first city hit by SARS-CoV-2. Accordingly, the patients who experienced the longest phase of convalescence following COVID-19 reside here. This enabled us to investigate the “immunological scar” left by SARS-CoV-2 on cellular immunity after recovery from the disease. In this study, we characterized the long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the immune system and provide a comprehensive picture of cellular immunity of a convalescent COVID-19 patient cohort with the longest recovery time. We revealed that the cellular immune system of COVID-19 patients is still under a sustained influence even months after the recovery from disease; in particular, a profound NKT cell impairment was found in the convalescent phase of COVID-19.

T and B lymphocyte subpopulations

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
Robert C. Seeger ◽  
E. Richard Stiehm
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Cellular Immune System ◽  
Cellular Immune

The two major subpopulations of lymphocytes, T cells (thymus-dependent lymphocytes) and B cells (bursal equivalent or thymus-independent lymphocytes) have multiple roles in the immune system. In general, T cells are the functioning cells in the cellular immune system (delayed hypersensitivity, graft rejection, graft-versus hostreaction); and B cells, the precursors of plasma cells which form specific antibodies, are the functioning cells in the antibody immune system. It is now well recognized, however, that these cell types and immune systems usually do not function independently, but interact with one another in multiple ways and also with other, cells such as macrophages. For example, T cells may increase or suppress the production of antibodies by the B cell system, and macrophages may increase or suppress the response of T and B cells to antigens.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of T-Cell Activation by Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I

1999 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Höllsberg
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Infected Host ◽  
Type I ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Cellular Immune System ◽  
Cellular Immune

SUMMARY The interactions between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and the cellular immune system can be divided into viral interference with functions of the infected host T cell and the subsequent interactions between the infected T cell and the cellular immune system. HTLV-I-mediated activation of the infected host T cell is induced primarily by the viral protein Tax, which influences transcriptional activation, signal transduction pathways, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. These properties of Tax may well explain the ability of HTLV-I to immortalize T cells. It is not clear, though, how HTLV-I induces T-cell transformation (interleukin-2 [IL-2] independence). Recent evidence suggests that Tax may promote the G1- to S-phase transition, although this may involve additional proteins. A role for other viral proteins that may constitutively activate the IL-2 receptor pathway has also been suggested. By virtue of their activated state, HTLV-I-infected T cells can nonspecifically activate resting, uninfected T cells via virus-mediated upregulation of adhesion molecules. This may favor viral dissemination. Moreover, the induction of a remarkably high frequency of antiviral CD8+ T cells does not appear to eliminate the infection. Indeed, individuals with a high frequency of virus-specific CD8+ T cells have a high viral load, indicating a state of chronic immune system stimulation. Thus, while an activated immune system is needed to eradicate the infection, the spread of the HTLV-I is also accelerated under these conditions. A detailed knowledge of the molecular interactions between virus-specific CD8+ T cells and immunodominant viral epitopes holds promise for the development of specific antiviral therapy.

Opiate binding sites in the cellular immune system: expression and regulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J Madden ◽  
William L Whaley ◽  
David Ketelsen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Cellular Immune System ◽  
Opiate Binding ◽  
Cellular Immune

scholarly journals The relationship between neopterin and hepatitis B surface antigen positivity

Pteridines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Songül Ü Ünüvar ◽  
Hamza Aslanhan ◽  
Zübeyde Tanrıverdi ◽  
Fuat Karakuş
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Normal Liver ◽  
Predictive Biomarker ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Cellular Immune System ◽  
Cellular Immune

Abstract Hepatitis B is a life-threatening viral liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. Neopterin is regarded as an immunologic biomarker of several diseases related to activation of the cellular immune system. Hepatitis B infection is associated with increased production of cellular immune system markers. We aimed to investigate whether there is a relationship between hepatitis B surface antigen-positivity (HBsAg +) and neopterin to determine the role of neopterin in the early diagnosis of hepatitis B infections. Seventy-two HBsAg (+) patients with normal liver function tests and forty-three controls were included in the study. Neopterin levels were 17.6 ± 0.13 nmol/L in HBsAg (+) patients; and 9.12 ± 0.09 nmol/L in infection-free controls, respectively. Compared to the control group, a statistically significant increase (p < 0.001) in the serum neopterin levels of the patients was observed. No significant relationship was determined between neopterin levels and age/sex (both, p > 0.05). With overstimulation of interferon-gamma, the production of neopterin increases by monocytes/macrophages. Likewise with other diseases associated with an activated cellular immune system, this study shows that neopterin can be a predictive biomarker for persistent carriers of hepatitis B infection.

scholarly journals Changes in the cellular immune system and circulating inflammatory markers of stroke patients

Oncotarget ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 3553-3567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Jiang ◽  
Weixia Kong ◽  
Yuejuan Wang ◽  
Wendy Ziai ◽  
Qingwu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Cellular Immune System ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Circulating Inflammatory Markers

scholarly journals 0031 Photoperiodic Effects on Diurnal Rhythms in the Immune System, Rest-Activity Behavior, and Cortisol Revealed in a Diurnally Active Large Animal Model - The Domestic Pig

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A12-A13
Author(s):  
L C Engert ◽  
U Weiler ◽  
B Pfaffinger ◽  
V Stefanski ◽  
S S Schmucker
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Domestic Pig ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Peripheral Leukocyte ◽  
Activity Behavior ◽  
Rest Activity

Abstract Introduction Diurnal variations in immune cell number and function are regarded important for immune competence and are thought to be mediated by rest-activity rhythms and hormones. Moreover, the photoperiod is also known to modulate the immune system and considered to affect seasonal disease susceptibility. Whereas few studies investigated seasonal effects, the present study is the first investigating the specific effect of the photoperiod on diurnal rhythms in cell numbers of peripheral leukocyte types in any species. Methods Domestic pigs were held either under long day (LD, 16L:8D, lights-on 07:00-23:00, n=9) or short day conditions (SD, 8L:16D, lights-on 07:00-15:00, n=11) and fed concentrate at 07:30 + 14:00 (ad libitum hay/water). Blood samples were taken every 2 h over periods of 50 h via indwelling vein catheters. Rest-activity behavior of the pigs was analyzed using continuous camera recordings. Results Cosinor analyses (p&lt;.05) revealed photoperiodic differences in diurnal rhythms of cell numbers of various peripheral leukocyte subtypes, rest-activity behavior, and cortisol concentration. Cell numbers of total leukocytes, NK cells, T cells, and eosinophils in blood, rest-activity behavior, and cortisol concentration peaked earlier relative to lights-on under SD (p&lt;.05). Relative amplitudes in rest-activity behavior and cell counts of total leukocytes, NK cells, T cells, and monocytes were higher under SD (p&lt;.05). However, there was no photoperiodic effect on diurnal rhythms in neutrophil counts and mesor in any leukocyte type. Generalized linear mixed models revealed associations of leukocyte counts with rest-activity behavior and cortisol concentration in most cell types (p&lt;.05). Moreover, the found photoperiodic effects on diurnal rhythms in rest-activity behavior and cortisol concentration are in agreement with research in humans and primates. Conclusion The present study revealed photoperiodic effects on diurnal rhythms in the immune system, rest-activity behavior, and cortisol concentration in pigs and strengthens the importance of the domestic pig as suitable model for chronoimmunology. Support German Research Foundation DFG (grant provided to SS, grant number SCHM3162/1-1), Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (grant number 01PL16003), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim (scholarship provided to LE).

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