Comparability of skinfold thickness to DXA whole-body total fat in their associations with serum triglycerides in youths

Background and Objectives: This study investigated the various impulse effects of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) on psychophysiological responses and adaptations. Materials and Methods: The participants included fifty-four men between 20 and 27 years of age who practiced isometric exercises for 20 min, three days a week, for 12 weeks while wearing WB-EMS suits, which enabled the simultaneous activation of eight muscle groups with three types of impulse intensities. Participants were allocated to one of four groups: control group (CON), low-impulse-intensity group (LIG), mid-impulse-intensity group (MIG), and high-impulse-intensity group (HIG). Psychophysiological conditions were measured at week 0, week 4, week 8, and week 12. Results: Compared with the CON, (1) three psychological conditions in LIG, MIG, and HIG showed positive tendencies every four weeks, and the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test revealed that body image (p = 0.004), body shape (p = 0.007), and self-esteem (p = 0.001) were significantly different among the groups. (2) Body weight, fat mass, body mass index, and percent fat in the CON showed decreasing tendencies, whereas those in LIG, MIG, and HIG showed a noticeable decrease, which revealed that there were significant differences among the groups. Specifically, a higher impulse intensity resulted in a greater increase in muscle mass. (3) Although there was no interaction effect in the abdominal visceral fat area, there were significant interactions in the abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASF) and total fat (ATF) areas. Both the ASF and ATF in the CON showed decreasing tendencies, whereas those in other groups showed a noticeable decrease. The ANCOVA revealed that the ASF (p = 0.002) and ATF (p = 0.001) were significantly different among the groups. In particular, the higher the impulse intensity, the greater the decrease in abdominal fat. Conclusions: This study confirmed that high-impulse-intensity EMS can improve psychophysiological conditions. In other words, healthy young adults felt that the extent to which their body image, body shape, and self-esteem improved depended on how intense their EMS impulse intensities were. The results also showed that higher levels of impulse intensity led to improved physical conditions.

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Whole-Body Cryotherapy Is an Effective Method of Reducing Abdominal Obesity in Menopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9092797 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 2797

Author(s):

Magdalena Wiecek ◽

Jadwiga Szymura ◽

Justyna Sproull ◽

Zbigniew Szygula

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Abdominal Circumference ◽

Whole Body ◽

Moderate Physical Activity ◽

Hip Circumference ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Android Fat ◽

Total Fat ◽

Whole Body Cryotherapy

Abdominal obesity predominates in menopausal women (MW) and contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). It is associated with increased mortality related to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and fatty liver disease. The effects of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) on body composition and the blood concentration of irisin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive proteins (CRP) in MW with MetS and in healthy women (HW), were assessed. The study included 19 women with MetS (61.53 ± 3.99 y, BMI 30.09 ± 4.98 kg/m2) and 18 HW (60.28 ± 3.63 y, BMI 25.50 ± 2.37 kg/m2) who were subjected to 20 WBC treatments at −130 °C for 3 min daily. In both groups, body mass (BM), BMI, abdominal circumference, triceps skinfold, total fat mass and percentage of leg fat significantly decreased after 20 WBC sessions. Additionally, the percentage of total, trunk and android fat in the MetS group were significantly decreased after 20 WBC applications. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) significantly decreased in both groups, and in the HW group, hip circumference and abdominal skinfold also significantly decreased after 10 WBC and 20 WBC treatments. In both groups, the concentration of plasma irisin significantly increased after 1 WBC and 10 WBC exposures, while the concentration of IL-6 significantly increased only in MetS group after 10 WBC and 20 WBC, and were significantly higher than in HW. CRP concentrations were significantly higher in the MetS group than in HW before 1 WBC, after 1 WBC and 10 WBC sessions, but not after 20. In the MetS group, there were significant negative correlations between the change in irisin level and the changes in WC and BM, and between the level of irisin and the change in percentage of total fat, and significant negative correlations between the change in IL-6 level and changes in WC, waist-to-hip ratio and WHtR. Whole-body cryotherapy, assuming the application of 20 treatments in the series, reduces abdominal obesity in menopausal women indirectly through the secretion of irisin and IL-6, and can be used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Our conclusion is limited to menopausal women with low–moderate physical activity for whom its level as well as diet were not changed during the treatment.

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Endurance training increases fatty acid turnover, but not fat oxidation, in young men

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1999.86.6.2097 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 86 (6) ◽

pp. 2097-2105 ◽

Cited By ~ 75

Author(s):

Anne L. Friedlander ◽

Gretchen A. Casazza ◽

Michael A. Horning ◽

Anton Usaj ◽

George A. Brooks

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Endurance Training ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Young Men ◽

Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽

Whole Body ◽

Plasma Ffa ◽

Total Fat

We examined the effects of exercise intensity and a 10-wk cycle ergometer training program [5 days/wk, 1 h, 75% peak oxygen consumption (V˙o 2 peak)] on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) flux, total fat oxidation, and whole body lipolysis in healthy male subjects ( n= 10; age = 25.6 ± 1.0 yr). Two pretraining trials (45 and 65% ofV˙o 2 peak) and two posttraining trials (same absolute workload, 65% of oldV˙o 2 peak; and same relative workload, 65% of newV˙o 2 peak) were performed by using an infusion of [1-13C]palmitate and [1,1,2,3,3-2H]glycerol. An additional nine subjects (age 25.4 ± 0.8 yr) were treated similarly but were infused with [1,1,2,3,3-2H]glycerol and not [1-13C]palmitate. Subjects were studied postabsorptive for 90 min of rest and 1 h of cycling exercise. After training, subjects increasedV˙o 2 peak by 9.4 ± 1.4%. Pretraining, plasma FFA kinetics were inversely related to exercise intensity with rates of appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd) being significantly higher at 45 than at 65%V˙o 2 peak(Ra: 8.14 ± 1.28 vs. 6.64 ± 0.46, Rd: 8.03 ± 1.28 vs. 6.42 ± 0.41 mol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) ( P ≤ 0.05). After training, when measured at the same absolute and relative intensities, FFA Ra increased to 8.84 ± 1.1, 8.44 ± 1.1 and Rd to 8.82 ± 1.1, 8.35 ± 1.1 mol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1, respectively ( P ≤ 0.05). Total fat oxidation determined from respiratory exchange ratio was elevated during exercise compared with rest, but did not differ among the four conditions. Glycerol Ra was elevated during exercise compared with rest but did not demonstrate significant intensity or training effects during exercise. Thus, in young men, plasma FFA flux is increased during exercise after endurance training, but total fat oxidation and whole-body lipolysis are unaffected when measured at the same absolute or relative exercise intensities.

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Maternal predictors of neonatal bone size and geometry: the Southampton Women’s Survey

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ◽

10.1017/s2040174409990055 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 35-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

N. C. Harvey ◽

M. K. Javaid ◽

N. K. Arden ◽

J. R. Poole ◽

S. R. Crozier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral ◽

Walking Speed ◽

Bone Geometry ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Bone Size ◽

Whole Body ◽

Bone Width ◽

Maternal Parity ◽

Triceps Skinfold Thickness

Early growth is associated with later risk of osteoporosis and fractures. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationships between maternal lifestyle and body composition and neonatal bone size, geometry and density in the offspring. Participants were recruited from the Southampton Women’s Survey, a unique prospective cohort of 12,500 initially non-pregnant women aged 20–34 years, resident in Southampton, UK. These women were studied in detail before and during pregnancy, and the offspring underwent anthropometric and bone mineral assessment (using dual energy-X-ray absorptiometry) at birth. A total of 841 mother–baby pairs were studied (443 boys and 398 girls). The independent predictors of greater neonatal whole body bone area (BA) and bone mineral content included greater maternal birthweight, height, parity, triceps skinfold thickness and lower walking speed in late pregnancy. Maternal smoking was independently associated with lower neonatal bone mass. Neonatal BA adjusted for birth length (a measure of bone width) was predicted positively by maternal parity and late pregnancy triceps skinfold thickness and negatively by late pregnancy walking speed. These findings were similar in both genders. We have confirmed, in a large cohort, previous findings that maternal lifestyle and body build predict neonatal bone mineral; additionally, maternal parity and fat stores and walking speed in late pregnancy were associated with neonatal bone geometry. These findings may suggest novel public health strategies to reduce the burden of osteoporotic fracture in future generations.

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Placental Insulin/IGF-1 Signaling, PGC1α, and Inflammatory Pathways are Associated With Metabolic Outcomes at 4-6 years of Age: The ECHO Healthy Start Cohort

10.2337/figshare.13491417 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Madeline Rose Keleher ◽

Kathryn Erickson ◽

Harry A. Smith ◽

Katerina J. Kechris ◽

Ivana V. Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Healthy Start ◽

Protein Glycosylation ◽

Receptor Protein ◽

Growth Factor Signaling ◽

Serum Triglycerides ◽

Placental Function ◽

Adult Disease ◽

Cortisol Metabolism ◽

Metabolic Outcomes

An adverse intrauterine environment is associated with the future risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Changes in placental function may underpin the intrauterine origins of adult disease, but longitudinal studies linking placental function with childhood outcomes are rare. Here, we determined the abundance and phosphorylation of protein intermediates involved in insulin signaling, inflammation, cortisol metabolism, protein glycosylation, and mitochondrial biogenesis in placental villus samples from healthy mothers from the Healthy Start cohort. Using MANOVA, we tested the association between placental proteins and offspring adiposity (percent fat mass) at birth (n=109) and infancy (4-6mo, n=104), and adiposity, skinfold thickness, triglycerides, and insulin in children (4-6y, n=66). Placental IGF-1 receptor protein was positively associated with serum triglycerides in children. GSK3β phosphorylation at serine 9, a readout of insulin and growth factor signaling, and the ratio of phosphorylated to total JNK2 were both positively associated with midthigh skinfold thickness in children. Moreover, PGC-1α abundance was positively associated with insulin in children. In conclusion, placental insulin/IGF-1 signaling, PGC-1α, and inflammation pathways were positively associated with metabolic outcomes in 4-6-year-old children, identifying a novel link between placental function and long-term metabolic outcomes.

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Acute effects of exercise timing and breakfast meal glycemic index on exercise-induced fat oxidation

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/h06-027 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 502-511 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Patrick Bennard ◽

Éric Doucet

Keyword(s):

Glycemic Index ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

Whole Body ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Exercise Timing ◽

Balance Exercise ◽

Total Fat ◽

Exercise Induced

Fat balance is an important determinant of energy balance. Exercise after an overnight fast can significantly increase fat oxidation; however, little information pertaining to the effects of exercise and meal glycemic index on fat oxidation under these conditions is available. The objective of this investigation was to study the acute effects of exercise timing and meal glycemic index (GI) on whole-body fat oxidation. Eight apparently healthy young men completed 4 randomly ordered trials during which measurements were made at rest, during exercise, and for 2 h post-exercise and (or) post-prandial. After an overnight fast, subjects were required to perform 400 kcal (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) of treadmill exercise (at FATmax) either before consuming a 400 kcal low-GI (Ex-LG) or high-GI (Ex-HG) oatmeal breakfast, or after consuming the low-GI (LG-Ex) or high-GI (HG-Ex) meal. The amount of fat oxidized during exercise was significantly greater during Ex-LG and Ex-HG (17.2 ± 4.0 and 17.5 ± 4.7 g, respectively) than during LG-Ex and HG-Ex (10.9 ± 3.7 and 11.7 ± 3.5 g, respectively) (p < 0.001), as was the amount of fat oxidized during the entire trial (Ex-LG: 23.4 ± 4.7 g; Ex-HG: 23.4 ± 6.5 g; LG-Ex: 18.4 ± 4.7 g; HG-Ex: 19.6 ± 4.9 g) (p < 0.05), even though energy expenditure was not different across experimental conditions. No significant effect of meal GI on the amount of fat oxidized was noted. Total fat oxidized during exercise, and for 2 h after exercise, was greatest when morning exercise was performed in the fasted state, independently of meal GI.

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Validation of predictive equations against DXA for estimation of body fat composition in Vietnamese children

MedPharmRes ◽

10.32895/ump.mpr.4.2.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 11-15

Author(s):

Thanh V. Kim ◽

Tam M. Do ◽

Thanh T.K. Tran ◽

Xuan M. Ngo ◽

Hong K. Tang

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Whole Body ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Urban District ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: Childhood overweight and obesity are becoming more pronounced in Vietnam, so an assessment tool of high efficiency in the community is warranted. This study sought to validate skinfold thickness (SFT) equations for estimation of body fatness by Goran and Slaughter against DXA to aid in assessing obesity. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 144 healthy children (ages 6-17) who were conveniently sampled from schools within an urban district. Their anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and SFT) and DXA whole-body results were taken to record body fat percentage (BF%). Bland-Altman analysis and correlation between bias and body fat were employed to understand the agreement between results from each equation and DXA whole body. Result: BF% was 32.2 ± 7.6% (mean ± SD). 52.8% of the children were overweight or obese. Bland-Altman plots showed that all four SFT equations had wide limits of agreement (LOAs) and largely underestimated the reference BF% by up to 8.90%. Goran equation predicted better when BF% decreased, whereas Slaughter equations produced less bias when there was more body fat. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity has become alarming. Besides, Goran and Slaughter equations cannot be used as alternatives for DXA scanning to measure body fat due to their underestimation.

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Effects of fasting on hepatic and peripheral glucose metabolism in conscious rats with near-total fat depletion

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj3100819 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 310 (3) ◽

pp. 819-826 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

N Barzilai ◽

D Massillon ◽

L Rossetti

Keyword(s):

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Experimental Diabetes ◽

Hepatic Glucose Production ◽

Glycogen Synthesis ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Whole Body ◽

Conscious Rats ◽

Hepatic Glucose ◽

Total Fat

Experimental diabetes and fasting are both associated with hypoinsulinaemia and share several other metabolic features. We investigated hepatic and peripheral glucose metabolism in young rats after near-total depletion of their fat mass. Conscious rats were fasted for 72 h (n = 13), while 6 h-fasted animals (n = 14) served as controls. Rats were studied either during saline infusion or insulin (18 m-units/kg per min)-clamp studies. In fasting, despite a 2-fold increase in hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (Glc-6-Pase) Vmax. (from 16 +/- 2 mumol/g of liver per min in control; P < 0.001), the basal hepatic glucose production (HGP) decreased by 47% [from 88 +/- 3 mumol/kg lean body mass (LBM) per min in control; P < 0.01]. The decreased HGP in fasting was associated with a 70% decrease in the hepatic levels of glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) (from 366 +/- 53 nmol/g wet wt. in control; P < 0.01). Thus Glc-6-Pase activity assayed in the presence of the Glc-6-P levels found in vivo was decreased by 44%. During hyperinsulinaemia, peripheral glucose uptake was decreased by 15% with 3 days of fasting (from 272 +/- 17 mumol/kg LBM per min in control; P < 0.01). This was completely accounted for by a 42% decrease in whole-body glycolysis (P < 0.01), while the rate of glycogen synthesis was unchanged. Thus fasting (after near-total fat depletion) differs from experimental diabetes because: (1) despite markedly increased Glc-6-Pase, HGP is decreased in fasting, due to a marked decrease in the substrate level (Glc-6-P) in vivo; and (2) the impairment in peripheral insulin sensitivity in fasting is due to a decrease in the glycolytic, and not the glycogen-synthetic, pathway.

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Improved Sprint Performance With Inhaled Long-Acting β2-Agonists Combined With Resistance Exercise

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2018-0921 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 1344-1349 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michele Merlini ◽

Greg Whyte ◽

Sam Marcora ◽

Mike Loosemore ◽

Neil Chester ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Training Program ◽

Vertical Jump ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Sprint Performance ◽

Whole Body ◽

Power Training ◽

Body Strength ◽

Long Acting ◽

The Impact

Purpose: To investigate the impact of twice-daily inhalation of 100 µg of salmeterol (SAL) or 12 µg of formoterol (FOR) in addition to a strength- and power-training program over a 5-wk period on a 30-m sprint, strength, power, mood, stress, and skinfold thickness. Methods: In a randomized, single-blind study, 23 male and 15 female nonasthmatic, recreationally active individuals were recruited (mean [SD] age 26.3 [5.4] y, weight 76.2 [11.5] kg, height 176.9 [8.5] cm). Participants completed 3 standardized whole-body strength- and power-training sessions per week for 5 wk during which they were assigned to an SAL, FOR, or placebo group. Participants used their inhaler twice per day as instructed and completed assessments of sprint, strength, and power at baseline and 1 wk after cessation of the training program. The assessments included a 30-m sprint, vertical jump, 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) bench press, 1RM leg press, peak torque flexion and extension, anthropometric evaluation, and Rest-Q questionnaires. Results: After 5 wk of strength and power training, 30-m sprint time reduced in the FOR (0.29 [0.11] s, P = .049) and SAL (0.35 [0.05] s, P = .040) groups compared with placebo (+0.01 [0.11] s). No significant change was found in other assessments of strength, mood, or skinfold thickness. Conclusions: When strength and power training are combined with the inhalation of FOR or SAL over a 5-wk period, moderately trained individuals experience an improvement in 30-m sprint performance.

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Body fat in lean and overweight women estimated by six methods

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19910072 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 95-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

G. McNeill ◽

P. A. Fowler ◽

R. J. Maughan ◽

B. A. McGaw ◽

M. F. Fuller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Reference Method ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Whole Body ◽

Adult Women ◽

Overweight Women ◽

Body Counting ◽

The Difference ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽

Whole Body Counting

Body fat content of seven lean women (body mass index (BMI) 20.6 (sd1.8) kg/m2) and seven overweight women (BMI 31.1 (sd 3.3) kg/m2) was estimated by six different methods: underwater weighing (UWW), body-water dilution (BWD), whole-body counting (40K), skinfold thickness (SFT), bio-electrical impedance (BEI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Using UWW as the reference method, the differences between percentage fat by each other method and the percentage fat by UWW were calculated for each subject. The mean difference was lowest for SFT and highest for BWD. MRI showed the lowest variability in individual results, and 40K the highest. 40K and BWD methods used in combination gave better agreement with UWW results than either 40K or BWD methods alone. There was a weak negative correlation between the difference from the UWW results and percentage fat in the SFT measurements, but not in the BWD, 40K, BEI or MRI measurements, suggesting that for these methods the assumptions involved produced no greater inaccuracy in the overweight women than in the lean women. In all subjects the BEI offered little improvement over the traditional SFT measurements. The agreement between MRI and UWW estimates in both lean and overweight women suggests that MRI may be a satisfactory substitute for the more established methods of body fat estimation in adult women.

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