scholarly journals Hippocampal Structure, Metabolism, and Inflammatory Response after a 6-Week Intense Aerobic Exercise in Healthy Young Adults: A Controlled Trial

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1570-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerd Wagner ◽  
Marco Herbsleb ◽  
Feliberto de la Cruz ◽  
Andy Schumann ◽  
Franziska Brünner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Hippocampal Structure

Interventional studies suggest that changes in physical fitness affect brain function and structure. We studied the influence of high intensity physical exercise on hippocampal volume and metabolism in 17 young healthy male adults during a 6-week exercise program compared with matched controls. We further aimed to relate these changes to hypothesized changes in exercised-induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). We show profound improvement of physical fitness in most subjects and a positive correlation between the degree of fitness improvement and increased BDNF levels. We unexpectedly observed an average volume decrease of about 2%, which was restricted to right hippocampal subfields CA2/3, subiculum, and dentate gyrus and which correlated with fitness improvement and increased BDNF levels negatively. This result indicates that mainly those subjects who did not benefit from the exercise program show decreased hippocampal volume, reduced BDNF levels, and increased TNF-α concentrations. While spectroscopy results do not indicate any neuronal loss (unchanged N-acetylaspartate levels) decreased glutamate-glutamine levels were observed in the right anterior hippocampus in the exercise group only. Responder characteristics need to be studied in more detail. Our results point to an important role of the inflammatory response after exercise on changes in hippocampal structure.

scholarly journals The Inflammatory Response Induced by Aspartic Proteases of Candida albicans Is Independent of Proteolytic Activity

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 4754-4762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Pietrella ◽  
Anna Rachini ◽  
Neelam Pandey ◽  
Lydia Schild ◽  
Mihai Netea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Pathogenic Yeast ◽  
Aspartic Proteases ◽  
Akt Activation ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Pepstatin A

ABSTRACT The secretion of aspartic proteases (Saps) has long been recognized as a virulence-associated trait of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. In this study, we report that different recombinant Saps, including Sap1, Sap2, Sap3, and Sap6, have differing abilities to induce secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. In particular Sap1, Sap2, and Sap6 significantly induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-6 production. Sap3 was able to stimulate the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α. All Saps tested were able to induce Ca2+ influx in monocytes. Treatment of these Saps with pepstatin A did not have any effect on cytokine secretion, indicating that their stimulatory potential was independent from their proteolytic activity. The capacity of Saps to induce inflammatory cytokine production was also independent from protease-activated receptor (PAR) activation and from the optimal pH for individual Sap activity. The interaction of Saps with monocytes induced Akt activation and phosphorylation of IκBα, which mediates translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus. Overall, these results suggest that individual Sap proteins can induce an inflammatory response and that this phenomenon is independent from the pH of a specific host niche and from Sap enzymatic activity. The inflammatory response is partially dependent on Sap denaturation and is triggered by the Akt/NF-κB activation pathway. Our data suggest a novel, activity-independent aspect of Saps during interactions of C. albicans with the host.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES IN EX-CRACK COCAINE USERS

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-289
Author(s):  
Jéssica Abatti Martins ◽  
Ana Maria Volpato ◽  
Vanise dos Santos Ferreira Viero ◽  
Antonio Jose Grande ◽  
Leonardo Roever ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cocaine Users ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACT Introduction: Worldwide cocaine use in all its various forms is increasing; cocaine users exceeded 17 million in the world. In Brazil, this data is also alarming. A survey conducted in 2010 found that the country has more than 900,000 crack-cocaine users. Objective: To evaluate the effects of exercise on anthropometric variables and components of physical fitness in ex-crack cocaine users. Methods: Randomized controlled trial with 20 men, divided into exercise group (n=10) and control group (n=10), admitted to a detoxification center. We assessed the physical fitness components related to health (cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, muscular strength/endurance, and body composition) before and after the physical training program. Results: The exercise contributed to the maintenance of anthropometric variables, while the control group had an increased in total body fat and visceral fat. Regarding physical fitness, resistance training led to the increase of most variables studied, particularly strength and cardiorespiratory capacity. On the other hand, the VO2max and the strength of the sedentary subjects were reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion: The exercise showed beneficial effects on the components of physical fitness and maintenance of body composition.

scholarly journals Enterococcus faecalisDemonstrates Pathogenicity through Increased Attachment in anEx VivoPolymicrobial Pulpal Infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Nishio Ayre ◽  
Genevieve Melling ◽  
Camille Cuveillier ◽  
Madhan Natarajan ◽  
Jessica L. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Streptococcus Anginosus ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Infection Types

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the host response to a polymicrobial pulpal infection consisting ofStreptococcus anginosusandEnterococcus faecalis, bacteria commonly implicated in dental abscesses and endodontic failure, using a validatedex vivorat tooth model. Tooth slices were inoculated with planktonic cultures ofS. anginosusorE. faecalisalone or in coculture atS. anginosus/E. faecalisratios of 50:50 and 90:10. Attachment was semiquantified by measuring the area covered by fluorescently labeled bacteria. Host response was established by viable histological cell counts, and inflammatory response was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. A significant reduction in cell viability was observed for single and polymicrobial infections, with no significant differences between infection types (∼2,000 cells/mm2for infected pulps compared to ∼4,000 cells/mm2for uninfected pulps).E. faecalisdemonstrated significantly higher levels of attachment (6.5%) thanS. anginosusalone (2.3%) and mixed-species infections (3.4% for 50:50 and 2.3% for 90:10), with a remarkable affinity for the pulpal vasculature. Infections withE. faecalisdemonstrated the greatest increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (47.1-fold forE. faecalis, 14.6-fold forS. anginosus, 60.1-fold for 50:50, and 25.0-fold for 90:10) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) expression (54.8-fold forE. faecalis, 8.8-fold forS. anginosus, 54.5-fold for 50:50, and 39.9-fold for 90:10) compared to uninfected samples. Immunohistochemistry confirmed this, with the majority of inflammation localized to the pulpal vasculature and odontoblast regions. Interestingly,E. faecalissupernatant and heat-killedE. faecalistreatments were unable to induce the same inflammatory response, suggestingE. faecalispathogenicity in pulpitis is linked to its greater ability to attach to the pulpal vasculature.

scholarly journals Inhibition of NF-κB by Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate Prevents the Inflammatory Response in a Ligature-Induced Peri-Implantitis Model: A Canine Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 610-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Yan He ◽  
Li-Peng Jiang ◽  
Cheng-Yue Wang ◽  
Yue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Periodontal Inflammation ◽  
Tnf Α

Background/Aims: The roles of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in peri-implantitis are unclear. Here, we used a canine model of peri-implantitis to explore the effects of inhibiting NF-κB with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) on the inflammatory response in ligature-induced peri-implantitis. Methods: After successfully establishing the peri-implantitis model, beagles were randomly assigned to normal, model or PDTC groups. ELISA tests were used to determine the levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess the expression of NF-κB p65. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to determine the mRNA levels of TLR4 and NF-κB p65, and western blot analysis was used to measure the protein levels of TLR4 in periodontal tissues from each group. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) were cultured and subsequently classified into PDLF normal, PDLF model, PDLF LPS, PDLF PDTC, and PDLF LPS + PDTC groups. An immunofluorescence assay was used to measure the expression level of NF-κB p65. The CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate cell proliferation and apoptosis. Results: The in vitro results indicated that NF-κB p65 and TLR4 were upregulated in canine periodontal tissues, and PDTC could suppress the expression levels of NF-κB p65 and TLR4. Inflammation could increase TLR4 protein expression in canine periodontal tissue, and PDTC could inhibit the inflammation-induced increase in TLR4 protein expression. These results revealed that PDTC could reverse the LPS-induced increases in the levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. In vivo, the results demonstrated that PDTC inhibited the LPS-induced NF-κB p65 upregulation, and PDTC could reverse the inhibitory effect of the PDLF model + LPS on the proliferation of periodontal fibroblasts. The results also showed that in the PDLF model, LPS promoted PDLF apoptosis by inducing implant periodontitis in canines, but PDTC inhibited the PDLF apoptosis and relieved implant periodontitis in canines. Conclusion: Based on our results, we concluded that PDTC can inhibit the expression of NF-κB and alleviate the inflammatory response induced by LPS, thereby preventing periodontal inflammation and reducing the development of peri-implantitis.

Comparing the effect of intestinal bacteria from rabbit, pig, and chicken on inflammatory response in cultured rabbit crypt and villus

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Xiao Cui ◽  
Xiu Rong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Rabbit Ileum ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Rabbit is susceptible to intestinal infection, which often results in severe inflammatory response. To investigate whether the special community structure of rabbit intestinal bacteria contributes to this susceptibility, we compared the inflammatory responses of isolated rabbit crypt and villus to heat-treated total bacteria in pig, chicken, and rabbit ileal contents. The dominant phylum in pig and chicken ileum was Firmicutes, while Bacteroidetes was dominant in rabbit ileum. The intestinal bacteria from rabbit induced higher expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in rabbit crypt and villus (P < 0.05). TLR2 and TLR3 expression was obviously stimulated by chicken and pig intestinal bacteria (P < 0.05) but not by those of rabbit. The ileal bacteria from those three animals all increased the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in crypts and villus (P < 0.05). Chicken and pig ileal bacteria also stimulated the expression of anti-inflammatory factors interferon beta (IFN-β) and IL-10 (P < 0.05), while those of rabbit did not (P > 0.05). In conclusion, a higher abundance of Gram-negative bacteria in rabbit ileum did not lead to more expressive pro-inflammatory cytokines in isolated rabbit crypt and villus, but a higher percentage of Lactobacillus in chicken ileum might result in more expressive anti-inflammatory factors.

scholarly journals Can Active Aerobic Exercise Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Prehypertensive Elderly Women by Improving HDL Cholesterol and Inflammatory Markers?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5910
Author(s):  
Nayoung Ahn ◽  
Kijin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Tnf Α

This study aims to verify the efficacy of exercise programs designed to prevent and treat hypertension-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD) by analyzing the effects of a 6-month active aerobic exercise program, administered to prehypertensive elderly women, on reducing the risk of developing CVD by enhancing their physical fitness level and improving the detailed markers of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and inflammatory markers. We assigned the elderly women (≥65 years) recruited into normal blood pressure (120–129/80–84; NBP, n = 18) and high-normal blood pressure (130–139/85–89; HNBP, n = 12) groups according to the European guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. The exercise program was made up of combined workouts of elastic band resistance exercise and aerobics with dance music. The program took place three times a week for six months, with each session lasting 60 min. We measured pre- and post-intervention body composition, blood pressure, physical fitness level, blood lipids profile, HDL-C, SAA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, IL-15, CRP, and HSP70 and calculated the Framingham risk scores for comparison. A significant post-intervention reduction in the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was observed in the HNBP group (p < 0.001), with significant increase in HDL-C (p < 0.01) and significant decrease in serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration (p < 0.01). A significant improvement in physical fitness factors such as physical efficiency index (PEI) was also observed in the HNBP group (p < 0.05). The post-intervention TNF-α, IL-6, and SAA concentrations were more significantly lower in the HNBP than in the NBP group (p < 0.05). Compared to the baseline values, a significant decrease in SAA concentration (p < 0.01) and significant increase in HSP70 concentration (p < 0.001) were observed in the HNBP group. The HNBP group’s 10-year CVD risk was also significantly reduced (p < 0.05). The pre–post differences in SBP and DBP were significantly correlated with those in the anti-inflammatory markers IL-4 and IL-15 (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the 6-month active aerobic exercise program of moderate intensity administered to prehypertensive elderly women (≥65 years) had the effect of reducing the 10-year CVD risk through a substantial reduction in SBP, overall physical fitness improvement, increase in HDL-C, decrease in SAA concentration, and substantial decrease in inflammatory biomarkers. It was also confirmed that an increase in anti-inflammatory markers, which showed a small range of increase with respect to the decrease in blood pressure, may have a major effect.

scholarly journals Body Composition Changes Following a Concurrent Exercise Intervention in Perimenopausal Women: The FLAMENCO Project Randomized Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1678
Author(s):  
Irene Coll-Risco ◽  
Pedro Acosta-Manzano ◽  
Milkana Borges-Cosic ◽  
Daniel Camiletti-Moiron ◽  
Pilar Aranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Bone Mineral Content ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Perimenopausal Women

We assessed the effects of a 16-week primary-care-based exercise program on body composition in perimenopausal women. The women (n = 150) were randomized into control (n = 75) or exercise (n = 75) groups. Exercise was provided in a 16-week (60 min/session, 3 days/week) concurrent program. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. These are secondary analyses of the FLAMENCO Project (Clinical Trials Reference NCT02358109). In the intention-to-treat analyses, the control group showed no changes in body mass index (BMI) between post- and pre-test, whereas the exercise group showed a 0.75 kg/m2 decrease in BMI (95% CI: −1.29 to −0.22; p = 0.006). Gynoid and android fat mass in control group decreased by 98.3 g and 46.1 g after the 16 weeks, whereas they decreased by 213 g and 139 g in the exercise group, respectively (95% CI: −209 to −3.86; p = 0.042 and 95% CI: −164 to −26.9; p = 0.007, respectively). The control group decreased their pelvis bone mineral content by 2.85 g in the post-test compared with the pre-test, whereas the exercise group increased it by 1.13 g (95% CI: 0.93 to 7.81; p = 0.013). Per-protocol analyses showed similar results. These analyses suggest that the exercise intervention decreased fat depositions and BMI. Exercise might improve bone mineral content in specific areas such as the pelvis.

scholarly journals Shiga Toxin 1-Induced Inflammatory Response in Lipopolysaccharide-Sensitized Astrocytes Is Mediated by Endogenous Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1193-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica I. Landoni ◽  
Marcelo de Campos-Nebel ◽  
Pablo Schierloh ◽  
Cecilia Calatayud ◽  
Gabriela C. Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Necrosis Factor

ABSTRACT Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is generally caused by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli. Endothelial dysfunction mediated by Stx is a central aspect in HUS development. However, inflammatory mediators such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) contribute to HUS pathophysiology by potentiating Stx effects. Acute renal failure is the main feature of HUS, but in severe cases, patients can develop neurological complications, which are usually associated with death. Although the mechanisms of neurological damage remain uncertain, alterations of the blood-brain barrier associated with brain endothelial injury is clear. Astrocytes (ASTs) are the most abundant inflammatory cells of the brain that modulate the normal function of brain endothelium and neurons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Stx type 1 (Stx1) alone or in combination with LPS in ASTs. Although Stx1 induced a weak inflammatory response, pretreatment with LPS sensitized ASTs to Stx1-mediated effects. Moreover, LPS increased the level of expression of the Stx receptor and its internalization. An early inflammatory response, characterized by the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide and PMN-chemoattractant activity, was induced by Stx1 in LPS-sensitized ASTs, whereas activation, evidenced by higher levels of glial fibrillary acid protein and cell death, was induced later. Furthermore, increased adhesion and PMN-mediated cytotoxicity were observed after Stx1 treatment in LPS-sensitized ASTs. These effects were dependent on NF-κB activation or AST-derived TNF-α. Our results suggest that TNF-α is a pivotal effector molecule that amplifies Stx1 effects on LPS-sensitized ASTs, contributing to brain inflammation and leading to endothelial and neuronal injury.

scholarly journals Molecular Inflammatory Responses Measured in Blood of Patients with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Fernández-Serrano ◽  
Jordi Dorca ◽  
Mercè Coromines ◽  
Jordi Carratalà ◽  
Francesc Gudiol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Intensive Care Unit Admittance ◽  
Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia

ABSTRACT In order to analyze the characteristics of the inflammatory response occurring in blood during pneumonia, we studied 38 patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Venous and arterial blood samples were collected at study entry and on days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 after inclusion. The concentrations of proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, and IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were determined in order to detect differences related to the origin of the sample, the causative organism, the clinical variables, and the final outcome of the episode. Legionella pneumonia infections showed higher concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. After 24 h, plasma IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 concentrations in pneumococcal episodes increased, whereas in the same time interval, cytokine concentrations in Legionella episodes markedly decreased. The characteristics of the inflammatory response in bacteremic pneumococcal episodes were different from those in nonbacteremic episodes, as indicated by the higher plasma cytokine concentrations in the former group. Finally, our analysis of cytokine concentrations with regard to the outcome—in terms of the need for intensive care unit admittance and/or mechanical ventilation as well as mortality—suggests that there is a direct relationship between the intensity of the inflammatory response measured in blood and the severity of the episode.

scholarly journals Patients’ Perceptions of an Exercise Program Delivered Following Discharge From Hospital After Critical Illness (the Revive Trial)

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 978-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Ferguson ◽  
Judy M. Bradley ◽  
Daniel F. McAuley ◽  
Bronagh Blackwood ◽  
Brenda O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Critical Illness ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Discharge From Hospital ◽  
Insight Into

Background: The REVIVE randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigated the effectiveness of an individually tailored (personalized) exercise program for patients discharged from hospital after critical illness. By including qualitative methods, we aimed to explore patients’ perceptions of engaging in the exercise program. Methods: Patients were recruited from general intensive care units in 6 hospitals in Northern Ireland. Patients allocated to the exercise intervention group were invited to participate in this qualitative study. Independent semistructured interviews were conducted at 6 months after randomization. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and content analysis used to explore themes arising from the data. Results: Of 30 patients allocated to the exercise group, 21 completed the interviews. Patients provided insight into the physical and mental sequelae they experienced following critical illness. There was a strong sense of patients’ need for the exercise program and its importance for their recovery following discharge home. Key facilitators of the intervention included supervision, tailoring of the exercises to personal needs, and the exercise manual. Barriers included poor mental health, existing physical limitations, and lack of motivation. Patients’ views of outcome measures in the REVIVE RCT varied. Many patients were unsure about what would be the best way of measuring how the program affected their health. Conclusions: This qualitative study adds an important perspective on patients’ attitude to an exercise intervention following recovery from critical illness, and provides insight into the potential facilitators and barriers to delivery of the program and how programs should be evolved for future trials.

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