scholarly journals Associations of family income with cognition and brain structure in USA children: prevention implications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dardo Tomasi ◽  
Nora D. Volkow
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Low Income Families

AbstractPoverty, as assessed by several socioeconomic (SES) factors, has been linked to worse cognitive performance and reduced cortical brain volumes in children. However, the relative contributions of the various SES factors on brain development and the mediating effects between cognition and brain morphometry have not been investigated. Here we used cross-sectional data from the ABCD Study to evaluate associations among various SES and demographic factors, brain morphometrics, and cognition and their reproducibility in two independent subsamples of 3892 children. Among the SES factors, family income (FI) best explained individual differences in cognitive test scores (stronger for crystallized than for fluid cognition), cortical volume (CV), and thickness (CT). Other SES factors that showed significant associations with cognition and brain morphometrics included parental education and neighborhood deprivation, but when controlling for FI, their effect sizes were negligible and their regional brain patterns were not reproducible. Mediation analyses showed that cognitive scores, which we used as surrogate markers of the children’s level of cognitive stimulation, partially mediated the association of FI and CT, whereas the mediations of brain morphometrics on the association of FI and cognition were not significant. These results suggest that lack of supportive/educational stimulation in children from low-income families might drive the reduced CV and CT. Thus, strategies to enhance parental supportive stimulation and the quality of education for children in low-income families could help counteract the negative effects of poverty on children’s brain development.

scholarly journals DOES BREASTFEEDING DURATION INFLUENCE FAMILY FOOD INSECURITY?

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. e6-e6
Author(s):  
Peter Wong ◽  
Rosemary Moodie ◽  
David Dai ◽  
Jonathon Maguire ◽  
Catherine Birken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Low Income Families

Abstract BACKGROUND Across all demographics, families without consistent access to adequate food place children at health risk. Consequences may persist beyond early life into adulthood. Public policy positions breastfeeding, the ideal nutrition for infants, as an important solution to reducing family food insecurity (FFI). However, few studies have investigated the association between breastfeeding duration and FFI. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between total breastfeeding duration and FFI in Canadian urban children. DESIGN/METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted of children aged 0–2 years, from a practice-based child research network. Total breastfeeding duration was collected from parent-reported questionnaires. FFI was measured using 2-item food insecurity and validated 1-item NutriSTEP screens. Multivariable regression analysis was performed adjusting for pre-specified covariates. RESULTS Among 3838 children, the mean total breastfeeding duration was 10.6 months (SD=6.7). Families with food insecurity (14.7%) had increased odds of younger mothers, more males and older and more children. In adjusted model, breastfeeding duration was not associated with FFI (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98, 1.01). Low-income families were 9 times more likely to be family food insecure than high-income families (p=0.00). CONCLUSION Contrary to public policy, our study found no association between breastfeeding and family food insecurity (FFI). However, other factors may predominate, in particular family income and structure. Given the detrimental impact of FFI, further research is needed to understand the role of infant feeding practices within the larger political, policy and cultural framework.

Social capital and related socio-demographic variation in women of reproductive age: A population-based study

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Baheiraei ◽  
Fatemeh Bakouei ◽  
Eesa Mohammadi ◽  
Reza Majdzadeh ◽  
Seyed Mostafa Hosseni
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
Low Income Families

In this population-based cross-sectional study of women of reproductive age in Tehran, Iran, the social capital integrated questionnaire and socio-demographic questionnaire were used. The highest mean scores were related to social cohesion and inclusion dimension (55.72 ± 11.94) and the lowest mean scores to groups and networks dimension (31.78 ± 19.43). Stepwise multiple linear regressions showed the significant association between dimensions of social capital and certain socio-demographic variables, particularly family income. Policy makers should help low-income families by designing effective interventions for improving the status of social capital in this group, because it is considered one of the social determinants of health.

scholarly journals Family Income and Postsecondary Education In Canada

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-208
Author(s):  
Louis N. Christofides ◽  
Jim Cirello Bell Canada ◽  
Michael Hoy
Keyword(s):  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Education Participation ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Over Time

We use data from the Surveys of Consumer Finance (1975-1993) to examine how postsecondary education participation rates have evolved over time and how certain variables may affect them. A number of socio- economic influences are shown to affect participation rates. Beyond these, particularly pronounced trend increases in postsecondary education attendance for children from low-income households have led to a convergence in the participation rates of children from different income groups and a consequent reduction in the regressivity associated with subsidies for postsecondary education. We consider possible reasons for this convergence. Conditioning on a number of other variables, we are particularly interested in the possibility that increases in family real income may have affected the demand for postsecondary education by children from low-income families more than the demand by children from high-income households. We find that, although income does have a statistically significant non-linear influence which can explain much of the cross-sectional difference in attendance at postsecondary institutions, its quantitative effects are not sufficiently strong to account for the convergence over time in participation by children from different family income groups.

scholarly journals Geography of intergenerational mobility and child development

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (35) ◽  
pp. 9320-9325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Donnelly ◽  
Irwin Garfinkel ◽  
Jeanne Brooks-Gunn ◽  
Brandon G. Wagner ◽  
Sarah James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Social Emotional Development ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Low Income Families

Recent research by Chetty and colleagues finds that children’s chances of upward mobility are affected by the communities in which they grow up [Chetty R, Hendren N (2016) Working paper 23002]. However, the developmental pathways through which communities of origin translate into future economic gain are not well understood. In this paper we examine the association between Chetty and Hendren’s county-level measure of intergenerational mobility and children’s cognitive and behavioral development. Focusing on children from low-income families, we find that growing up in a county with high upward mobility is associated with fewer externalizing behavioral problems by age 3 years and with substantial gains in cognitive test scores between ages 3 and 9 years. Growing up in a county with 1 SD better intergenerational mobility accounts for ∼20% of the gap in developmental outcomes between children from low- and high-income families. Collectively, our findings suggest that the developmental processes through which residential contexts promote upward mobility begin early in childhood and involve the enrichment of both cognitive and social-emotional development.

scholarly journals Usage of telecommunication technology in perpetration of sexual assault- A study conducted on reported victims in a Tertiary Medical College Hospital OCC

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Iffath Farooqui ◽  
Md Shamsul Islam ◽  
Rahat Amin Chowdhury ◽  
ATM Hasibul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technology ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Low Income Families

The sexual assaults and its consequences are increasing along with socioeconomic development of the country. Rise of modern communication technology add fuel to the flame. This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the role of communication technology in sexual assaults in Bangladesh. There were 87 victims included in this study. All were female of 6 years to 40 years of age, mean age was 15.67 (± 6.69) year. Most of the victims were below 20 years of age and came from low income families. About 76% mobile used were smart phone. Among them 46% were owned by the victims herself, 26% gifted by the assailants to the victims. Talking through mobile (37%) was the main communication route between the assailants and the victims; followed by direct verbal (31%), mixed verbal and mobile talking (26%) and others (6%). Regarding methods of communication, they only talk in 42% cases and 36% cases used mixed method (talking, SMS and video chatting). The assailant paid all the costs in 62% cases. Mobile phone came as a blessing in communication, but inchoate use makes it a curse to our society. Parents should be cautious about their children's mobile usage (especially smart phone) daily. Government also should make some policy on using mobile technology by the younger citizens. CBMJ 2020 July: Vol. 09 No. 02 P: 03-07

Association between Low Cognition and Low–income in Rural Pakistani Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 3507-3510
Author(s):  
Irum Gilani ◽  
Ziyad Afzal Kayani ◽  
Sarmud Lateef Awan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Intelligence Quotient ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Childhood Poverty ◽  
Low Income Children

Objective: Numerous studies have concluded relationship of the childhood poverty to the impaired academic performance ultimately contributing to low wages and income in the adult life. Objective of this study was to assess the association between household income and the cognitive potential of children. Methodology: In this cross–sectional study, cognitive potential of 6 to 7 years old children (n=300) from a rural district of Pakistan was assessed through an indicator of the cognitive development called Intelligence Quotient (IQ) or Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) which was calculated by utilizing fourth edition of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI–IV). Data on the sociodemographic profile was collected through mother’s questionnaire. Results: Low cognitive potential or IQ of the rural Pakistani children was found to be associated with the low–income of the household. Conclusion: Early childhood development programmes in Pakistan ought to incorporate cognitive–stimulation strategies designed for the low–income children belonging to the rural place of residence in order to disrupt the transmission of poverty to the next generation. Keywords: poverty, rural, IQ, children, productivity, Pakistan, cognition, low–income, socioeconomic

Precarious Childhoods: Childhood Family Income Volatility and Mental Health in Early Adulthood

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 672-699
Author(s):  
Siwei Cheng ◽  
Kyriaki Kosidou ◽  
Bo Burström ◽  
Charlotte Björkenstam ◽  
Anne R Pebley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Income Volatility ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The rise of income volatility in western countries has been extensively documented in the literature, but empirical research has just started to examine how childhood exposure to family income volatility affects subsequent wellbeing. This study takes advantage of several nation-wide, population registers from Sweden with linkages within and across generations to examine the intergenerational impact of childhood family income volatility on psychiatric disorders in early adulthood. In addition to the population-average effects, we also examine the heterogeneity in the impact of family income volatility for families at the top, bottom, and middle of the family income distribution. Our results suggest that after controlling for a set of family- and child-level characteristics, childhood family income volatility has a negative effect on mental wellbeing, and this finding is consistent across a range of psychiatric outcomes. Furthermore, we show that while children from low-income families exhibit the greatest likelihood of psychiatric disorder, children from families in the middle of the income distribution experience the greatest negative impact of income volatility.

scholarly journals Obesity and underweight among Brazilian elderly: the Bambuí Health and Aging Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandhi M. Barreto ◽  
Valéria M. A. Passos ◽  
Maria Fernanda F. Lima-Costa
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Cruzi Infection

The coexistence of obesity (body mass index, BMI > or = 30kg/m²) and underweight (BMI <= 20kg/m²) and related factors were investigated among all residents aged 60+ years in Bambuí, Minas Gerais State, using multinomial logistic regression. 1,451 (85.5%) of the town's elderly participated. Mean BMI was 25.0 (SD = 4.9kg/m²) and was higher for women and decreased with age. Prevalence of obesity was 12.5% and was positively associated with female gender, family income, hypertension, and diabetes and inversely related to physical activity. Underweight affected 14.8% of participants, increased with age, and was higher among men and low-income families. It was negatively associated with hypertension and diabetes and directly associated with Trypanosoma cruzi infection and > or = 2 hospitalizations in the previous 12 months. Both obesity and underweight were associated with increased morbidity. The association of underweight with T. cruzi infection, increased hospitalization, and low family income may reflect illness-related weight loss and social deprivation of elderly in this community. Aging in poverty may lead to an increase in nutritional deficiencies and health-related problems among the elderly.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Predictors of Maternal Anemia during Pregnancy in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: An Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study

Anemia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Melku ◽  
Zelalem Addis ◽  
Meseret Alem ◽  
Bamlaku Enawgaw
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maternal Anemia ◽  
Large Family Size ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Background. Anaemia is a global public health problem which has an eminence impact on pregnant mother. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and predictors of maternal anemia.Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to April 30, 2012, on 302 pregnant women who attended antenatal care at Gondar University Hospital. Interview-based questionnaire, clinical history, and laboratory tests were used to obtain data. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors.Result. The prevalence of anemia was 16.6%. Majority were mild type (64%) and morphologically normocytic normochromic (76%) anemia. Anemia was high at third trimester (18.9%). Low family income (AOR [95% CI] = 3.1 [1.19, 8.33]), large family size (AOR [95% CI] = 4.14 [4.13, 10.52]),hookworminfection (AOR [95% CI] = 2.72 [1.04, 7.25]), andHIVinfection (AOR [95% CI] = 5.75 [2.40, 13.69]) were independent predictors of anemia.Conclusion. The prevalence of anemia was high; mild type and normocytic normochromic anemia was dominant. Low income, large family size,hookworminfection, and HIV infection were associated with anemia. Hence, efforts should be made for early diagnosis and management ofHIVandhookworminfection with special emphasis on those having low income and large family size.

scholarly journals Public Policies, Women's Employment after Childbearing, and Child Well-Being

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Washbrook ◽  
Christopher J Ruhm ◽  
Jane Waldfogel ◽  
Wen-Jui Han
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Participation ◽  
Child Care Subsidies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Work Requirements ◽  
Maternal Work ◽  
Low Income Families

Abstract In this paper, we consider three U.S. public policies that potentially influence the work decisions of mothers of infants—parental leave laws, exemptions from welfare work requirements, and child care subsidies for low-income families. We estimate the effects of these policies on the timing of work participation after birth, and on a range of outcomes in the subsequent four years, using a group difference-in-difference technique suitable for analysis of cross-sectional data. We find that the three policies affect early maternal work participation, but obtain no evidence of significant consequences for child well-being.

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