scholarly journals The impact of nitrogen oxides on electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung Hee Ko ◽  
Bjorn Hasa ◽  
Haeun Shin ◽  
Emily Jeng ◽  
Sean Overa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Reduction ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Faradaic Efficiency ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Industrial Carbon ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction

AbstractThe electroreduction of carbon dioxide offers a promising avenue to produce valuable fuels and chemicals using greenhouse gas carbon dioxide as the carbon feedstock. Because industrial carbon dioxide point sources often contain numerous contaminants, such as nitrogen oxides, understanding the potential impact of contaminants on carbon dioxide electrolysis is crucial for practical applications. Herein, we investigate the impact of various nitrogen oxides, including nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrous oxide, on carbon dioxide electroreduction on three model electrocatalysts (i.e., copper, silver, and tin). We demonstrate that the presence of nitrogen oxides (up to 0.83%) in the carbon dioxide feed leads to a considerable Faradaic efficiency loss in carbon dioxide electroreduction, which is caused by the preferential electroreduction of nitrogen oxides over carbon dioxide. The primary products of nitrogen oxides electroreduction include nitrous oxide, nitrogen, hydroxylamine, and ammonia. Despite the loss in Faradaic efficiency, the electrocatalysts exhibit similar carbon dioxide reduction performances once a pure carbon dioxide feed is restored, indicating a negligible long-term impact of nitrogen oxides on the catalytic properties of the model catalysts.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of Strategies to Reduce NH3 Emissions from Slurries in European Agriculture and Consequences for Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1633
Author(s):  
Christoph Emmerling ◽  
Andreas Krein ◽  
Jürgen Junk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
The Impact

The intensification of livestock production, to accommodate rising human population, has led to a higher emission of ammonia into the environment. For the reduction of ammonia emissions, different management steps have been reported in most EU countries. Some authors, however, have criticized such individual measures, because attempts to abate the emission of ammonia may lead to significant increases in either methane, nitrous oxide, or carbon dioxide. In this study, we carried out a meta-analysis of experimental European data published in peer-reviewed journals to evaluate the impact of major agricultural management practices on ammonia emissions, including the pollution swapping effect. The result of our meta-analysis showed that for the treatment, storage, and application stages, only slurry acidification was effective for the reduction of ammonia emissions (−69%), and had no pollution swapping effect with other greenhouse gases, like nitrous oxide (−21%), methane (−86%), and carbon dioxide (−15%). All other management strategies, like biological treatment, separation strategies, different storage types, the concealing of the liquid slurry with different materials, and variable field applications were effective to varying degrees for the abatement of ammonia emission, but also resulted in the increased emission of at least one other greenhouse gas. The strategies focusing on the decrease of ammonia emissions neglected the consequences of the emissions of other greenhouse gases. We recommend a combination of treatment technologies, like acidification and soil incorporation, and/or embracing emerging technologies, such as microbial inhibitors and slow release fertilizers.

The effectiveness of nitrification inhibitor application on grain yield and quality, fertiliser nitrogen recovery and soil nitrous oxide emissions in a legume–wheat rotation under elevated carbon dioxide (FACE)

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Humaira Sultana ◽  
Helen C. Suter ◽  
Roger Armstrong ◽  
Marc E. Nicolas ◽  
Deli Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Elevated Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
The Impact

Managing nitrogen (N) supply to better match crop demand and reduce losses will be an important goal under future predicted elevated carbon dioxide (e[CO2]) conditions. This study comprised two Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments conducted in southern Australia in 2011. The first experiment (Exp-1) was a field experiment that investigated the impact of a nitrification inhibitor (NI), 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), and supplementary irrigation on utilisation of legume (field pea) residual N by a wheat crop and soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The second experiment (Exp-2) used 15N techniques in soil cores to investigate the impact of DMPP on recovery of fertiliser N. In Exp-1, grain N concentration increased (by 12%, P < 0.001) with NI application compared with no NI application, irrespective of CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and supplementary irrigation. With NI application the grain N harvest index increased under e[CO2] (82%) compared with a[CO2] (79%). Applying the NI compensated for decreased grain copper concentration observed under e[CO2] conditions. NI had minimal effect on soil N2O emissions in the wheat crop regardless of [CO2]. In Exp-2, 65% (±1 standard error, n = 15) of the applied N fertiliser was recovered in the aboveground plant, irrespective of NI use. The use of a NI in a cereal–legume rotation may help to increase grain N concentration, increase the mobilisation of N towards the grain under e[CO2], and may also help to compensate for decreases in grain copper concentration under e[CO2]. However, use of a NI may not provide additional benefit for productivity or efficiency of N utilisation.

The Impact of Air Transportation on Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Pakistan: Evidence from ARDL Modelling Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 7-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syeda Anam Hassan ◽  
Misbah Nosheen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bound Test

No one can deny the progression and innovation in the aviation transportation collected at national and international level. But the accountancy of the impact of air transportation on environmental degradation is naive and emerging trend of the current era. The air transportation versus environment is the key contribution to the literature that is solely conducted for Pakistan first time in this context. The objective of this research is to compute the impact of air transportation on carbon dioxide emissions, nitrous emissions and methane emissions separately in the three models by applying ARDL bound test approach during 1990 to 2017. The result depicts significant and positive relation of air transportation (carriage) to carbon dioxide emissions (0.77), nitrous emissions (0.20) and methane emissions (0.38) in long-run. The short-run results infer that the air transportation (passenger) has significantly positive relation to carbon dioxide emissions (0.278), nitrous emissions (0.207), and methane emissions (0.080). The econometric outcomes show the significant and direct relation to transportation (both passenger and cargo) to carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions in short and long-run. Moreover, per capita GDP, population density, and energy demand also significantly affect the environment showing significant and positive coefficients to all three categories (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) of emission. In case of Pakistan, FDI and trade for this duration didn’t significantly contribute to the CO2, NO2, and methane emissions. Since the last decade the economic issues of Pakistan like terrorism, political instability, energy crises, and poor management along with the worst performance by tertiary sectors have severely hit the economy, and as a result, the FDI and trade sector has tormented in a substantial proportion. Finally, pairwise Granger causation also supports the short and long-run consequences. The outcomes suggested that the fuel-efficient energy use and technological diversification in the transportation sector are essential to mitigate the degrading environmental emissions.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TERNARY FUEL BLENDS ON AN ASTM-CFR-CETANE ENGINE

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 09
Author(s):  
H. L. Rocha ◽  
N. R. Pinto ◽  
M. J. Colaço ◽  
A. J. K. Leiroz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Anhydrous Ethanol ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Hydrous Ethanol ◽  
The Impact

This work analyses how ternary blends of biodiesel, anhydrous and hydrous ethanol, and diesel, in different proportions, behave regarding fuel emissions and combustion parameters. The determination of their cetane number, using an ASTM-CFR cetane research engine is also investigated. The base fuels used were 99,9% pure anhydrous ethanol, commercial diesel, which contains 5% of biodiesel in volume, biodiesel from soybean oil, and hydrous ethanol with 7% of water, in volume. The fuel blends werespecified after a careful bibliography research. Five volume fractions of biodiesel (5, 10, 20, 60 and 100%, in volume) and four of ethanol (0, 5, 8 and 15%, also in volume) were used in this study. All blends have endured a mixture stability test prior to being burned, the ones with clear visual phase separation being eventually rejected. The results for the cetane number presented a clear decrease in its value as ethanol was added. Some blends with high ethanol content failed to provide the minimum cetane number for use in compression ignition engines according to the present Brazilian regulations. Concerning the emissions tests, carbon dioxide emissions showed a decreasing trend as the quantity of added ethanol raised. Carbon monoxide emissions, however, showed the opposite trend. The nitrogen oxides emissions presented an increase as more biodiesel was added to the blend. The conclusions as to the impact of changing ethanol’s volume in the blends were discussed taking in consideration important operational remarks. A final analysis was proposed in order to compare anhydrous and hydrous ethanol. A clear reduction in nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emissions was observed, with an almost identical value for the carbon monoxide emissions. Cetane number for the hydrous ethanol blend, however, suffered a decrease compared to the same blend with anhydrous ethanol.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide, ammonia and methane from Australian meat chicken houses measured under commercial operating conditions and with mitigation strategies applied

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Wiedemann ◽  
F. A. Phillips ◽  
T. A. Naylor ◽  
E. J. McGahan ◽  
O. B. Keane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Litter Depth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalents ◽  
The Impact

Greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia emissions are important environmental impacts from meat chicken houses. This study measured ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in two trials from paired, commercial meat chicken houses using standard (control) and mitigation strategies. In Trial 1, emissions from houses with standard litter depth of 47 mm (LD47) or increased litter depth of 67 mm (LD67) were compared. When standardised to a 42-day-old bird, emissions were 11.9 g NH3/bird, 0.30 g N2O/bird and 0.16 g CH4/bird from the LD47 and 11.7 g NH3/bird, 0.69 g N2O/bird and 0.12 g CH4/bird from the LD67. Emissions per kilogram of manure N were 0.14 and 0.11 for NH3-N, 0.003 and 0.005 N2O-N and CH4 conversion factors were 0.08% and 0.05%. Total direct and indirect GHG emissions reported in carbon dioxide equivalents were found to be higher in LD67 in response to the elevated direct N2O emissions. Trial 2 compared the impact of reduced crude protein (CP19.8) and a standard diet (CP21.3) developed using least-cost ration formulation, on emissions. Emissions per bird for the CP19.8 diet were 7.7 g NH3/bird, 0.39 g N2O/bird and 0.14 g CH4/bird, while emissions from birds fed the CP21.3 diet were 10.6 g NH3/bird, 0.42 g N2O/bird and 0.19 g CH4/bird. Significant differences were observed only in the NH3 results, where emissions were reduced by 27% for the low-CP diet. Because of the low emission levels, total mitigation potential from indirect GHG emissions was relatively small in Trial 2, corresponding to 11 t carbon dioxide equivalents/year per million birds.

scholarly journals The Effects of Biodiesel on NOx Emissions for Automotive Transport

2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. B59-B66
Author(s):  
Ruslana Kolodnytska ◽  
Oleksandr Kravchenko ◽  
Juraj Gerlici ◽  
Kateryna Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Automotive Engine ◽  
The Impact

Automobiles with internal combustion engine using diesel fuel have large harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides and soot, which affect the health of the population and especially children and carbon dioxide, which is dangerous for the planet as a whole. Biodiesel is used in Europe as an additive to diesel fuel to reduce soot emissions (including carcinogens), as well as to improve the balance of carbon dioxide on the planet. Using the biodiesel in internal combustion engines tends to show higher nitrogen oxides emissions compared to diesel. In this paper, the impact of flame temperature, ignition delay and density on NOx formation of biodiesel and its component for both stationary engine and automotive engine were analysed. Emissions of nitrogen oxides increase with increasing load. In no-load modes, biodiesel shows lower emissions of nitrogen oxides than diesel.

The emerging applications of metal phosphides in carbon dioxide reduction reaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihao Wang ◽  
Gaofu Li ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
Zhuoyan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Catalytic Mechanism ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Reduction ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Metal Phosphides

The development of low-cost and high-efficiency catalysts is very important to promote carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Metal phosphides (MPs) are promising catalysts for CO2 reduction because of their excellent electrical conductivity, good stability, high activity and selectivity. In this review, we summarize the latest progress of MPs in CO2RR from chemocatalysis, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, and discuss in detail their advantages and catalytic mechanism. In the end, we provide some potential challenges and inspiring outlooks to serve as guidance for future research and practical applications of MPs in catalytic CO2 reduction.

scholarly journals A study of hydrogen fuel impact on compression ignition engine performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 234 ◽  
pp. 03001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeni Dimitrov ◽  
Boyko Gigov ◽  
Spas Pantchev ◽  
Philip Michaylov ◽  
Mihail Peychev
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, a dual-fuel compression ignition engine test bench is presented. In hydrogen-diesel fuel co-combustion conditions, the engine parameters are determined – performance: effective torque, effective power and mean effective pressure; fuel economy: fuel consumption and specific fuel consumption; toxicity: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and smoke emissions (opacity). The impact of hydrogen-diesel fuel mass ratio on the performance, toxicity and economy of the engine is studied by obtaining a series of hydrogen-diesel fuel ratio variation characteristics at constant engine speed and load. Improvement of the economical parameters of the engine and reduction of carbon dioxide concentration in exhaust gases is detected under operation with hydrogen gas fuel. Significant reduction of the exhaust gases opacity is observed. It is not clear what the impact of the quantity of hydrogen, injected in the engine, on the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases is.

scholarly journals Research of the Effectiveness of Selected Methods of Reducing Toxic Exhaust Emissions of Marine Diesel Engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Witkowski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Marine Diesel ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

The article’s applications are very important, as it is only a dozen or so years since the current issues of protection of the atmosphere against emissions of toxic compounds from ships. The issue was discussed against the background of binding legal norms, including rules introduced by the IMO (International Maritime Organization) in the context of the MARPOL Convention (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships), Annex VI, with the main goal to significantly strengthen the emission limits in light of technological improvements. Taking these standards into account, effective methods should be implemented to reduce toxic compounds’ emissions to the atmosphere, including nitrogen oxides NOx and carbon dioxide CO2. The purpose of the article was, based on the results of our own research, to indicate the impact of the effectiveness of selected methods on reducing the level of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emitted by the marine engine. The laboratory tests were carried out with the use of the one-cylinder two stroke, crosshead supercharged diesel engine. Methods of reducing their emissions in the study were adopted, including supplying the engine with fuel mixtures of marine diesel oil (MDO) and rapeseed oil ester (RME)-(MDO/RME mixtures) and changing the fuel injection parameters and the advance angles of fuel injection. The supply of the engine during the tests and the mixtures of marine diesel oil (MDO) and rape oil esters (RMEs) caused a clear drop in emissions of nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide, particularly for a higher engine load, as has been shown. The decrease of the injection advance angle unambiguously makes the NOx content in exhaust gas lower.

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