scholarly journals Spatial regulation of thermomorphogenesis by HY5 and PIF4 in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghwa Lee ◽  
Wenli Wang ◽  
Enamul Huq
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Spatial Regulation ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
The Stability

AbstractPlants respond to high ambient temperature by implementing a suite of morphological changes collectively termed thermomorphogenesis. Here we show that the above and below ground tissue-response to high ambient temperature are mediated by distinct transcription factors. While the central hub transcription factor, PHYTOCHROME INTERCTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) regulates the above ground tissue response, the below ground root elongation is primarily regulated by ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5). Plants respond to high temperature by largely expressing distinct sets of genes in a tissue-specific manner. HY5 promotes root thermomorphogenesis via directly controlling the expression of many genes including the auxin and BR pathway genes. Strikingly, the above and below ground thermomorphogenesis is impaired in spaQ. Because SPA1 directly phosphorylates PIF4 and HY5, SPAs might control the stability of PIF4 and HY5 to regulate thermomorphogenesis in both tissues. These data collectively suggest that plants employ distinct combination of SPA-PIF4-HY5 module to regulate tissue-specific thermomorphogenesis.

Stability and Folding of the Unusually Stable Hemoglobin from Synechocystis is Subtly Optimized and Dependent on the Key Heme Pocket Residues.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheetal Uppal ◽  
Mohd. Asim Khan ◽  
Suman Kundu
Keyword(s):  
Molten Globule ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Model System ◽  
Heme Pocket ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Key Residues ◽  
Synechocystis Sp

Aims: The aim of our study is to understand the biophysical traits that govern the stability and folding of Synechocystis hemoglobin, a unique cyanobacterial globin that displays unusual traits not observed in any of the other globins discovered so far. Background: For the past few decades, classical hemoglobins such as vertebrate hemoglobin and myoglobin have been extensively studied to unravel the stability and folding mechanisms of hemoglobins. However, the expanding wealth of hemoglobins identified in all life forms with novel properties, like heme coordination chemistry and globin fold, have added complexity and challenges to the understanding of hemoglobin stability, which has not been adequately addressed. Here, we explored the unique truncated and hexacoordinate hemoglobin from the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 known as “Synechocystis hemoglobin (SynHb)”. The “three histidines” linkages to heme are novel to this cyanobacterial hemoglobin. Objective: Mutational studies were employed to decipher the residues within the heme pocket that dictate the stability and folding of SynHb. Methods: Site-directed mutants of SynHb were generated and analyzed using a repertoire of spectroscopic and calorimetric tools. Result: The results revealed that the heme was stably associated to the protein under all denaturing conditions with His117 playing the anchoring role. The studies also highlighted the possibility of existence of a “molten globule” like intermediate at acidic pH in this exceptionally thermostable globin. His117 and other key residues in the heme pocket play an indispensable role in imparting significant polypeptide stability. Conclusion: Synechocystis hemoglobin presents an important model system for investigations of protein folding and stability in general. The heme pocket residues influenced the folding and stability of SynHb in a very subtle and specific manner and may have been optimized to make this Hb the most stable known as of date. Other: The knowledge gained hereby about the influence of heme pocket amino acid side chains on stability and expression is currently being utilized to improve the stability of recombinant human Hbs for efficient use as oxygen delivery vehicles.

Hypertension Increases Connexin43 in a Tissue-Specific Manner

Circulation ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 1007-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques-Antoine Haefliger ◽  
Einar Castillo ◽  
Ge´rard Waeber ◽  
Gabriela E. Bergonzelli ◽  
Jean-Franc¸ois Aubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Specific Manner

scholarly journals Tentacle Morphological Variation Coincides with Differential Expression of Toxins in Sea Anemones

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 452
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Ashwood ◽  
Michela L. Mitchell ◽  
Bruno Madio ◽  
David A. Hurwood ◽  
Glenn F. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Branched Structures ◽  
Morphological Variants

Phylum Cnidaria is an ancient venomous group defined by the presence of cnidae, specialised organelles that serve as venom delivery systems. The distribution of cnidae across the body plan is linked to regionalisation of venom production, with tissue-specific venom composition observed in multiple actiniarian species. In this study, we assess whether morphological variants of tentacles are associated with distinct toxin expression profiles and investigate the functional significance of specialised tentacular structures. Using five sea anemone species, we analysed differential expression of toxin-like transcripts and found that expression levels differ significantly across tentacular structures when substantial morphological variation is present. Therefore, the differential expression of toxin genes is associated with morphological variation of tentacular structures in a tissue-specific manner. Furthermore, the unique toxin profile of spherical tentacular structures in families Aliciidae and Thalassianthidae indicate that vesicles and nematospheres may function to protect branched structures that host a large number of photosynthetic symbionts. Thus, hosting zooxanthellae may account for the tentacle-specific toxin expression profiles observed in the current study. Overall, specialised tentacular structures serve unique ecological roles and, in order to fulfil their functions, they possess distinct venom cocktails.

scholarly journals High ambient temperature and child emergency and hospital visits in New York City

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Niu ◽  
Maria Teresa Herrera ◽  
Blean Girma ◽  
Bian Liu ◽  
Leah Schinasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
York City ◽  
High Ambient Temperature ◽  
Hospital Visits

scholarly journals Insufficient Stability of Clavulanic Acid in Widely Used Child-Appropriate Formulations

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Ines Mack ◽  
Mike Sharland ◽  
Janneke M. Brussee ◽  
Sophia Rehm ◽  
Katharina Rentsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
Dispersible Tablets ◽  
The Stability

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) belongs to the WHO Essential Medicines List for children, but for optimal antimicrobial effectiveness, reconstituted dry powder suspensions need to be stored in a refrigerated environment. Many patients in low- and middle-income countries who are sold AMC suspensions would be expected not to keep to the specified storage conditions. We aimed to assess the stability of both ingredients in liquid formulations and dispersible tablets, combined with nationally representative data on access to appropriate storage. Degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic-acid (CLA) was measured in suspensions and dispersible tablets commercially available in Switzerland at different ambient temperatures (8 °C vs. 28 °C over 7 days, and 23 °C vs. 28 °C over 24 h, respectively). Data on access to refrigeration and electricity were assessed from the USAID-funded Demographic and Health Survey program. In suspensions, CLA degraded to a maximum of 12.9% (95% CI −55.7%, +29.9%) at 8°C and 72.3% (95% CI −82.8%, −61.8%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature during an observation period of 7 days. Dispersible tablets were observed during 24 h and CLA degraded to 15.4% (95% CI −51.9%, +21.2%) at 23 °C and 21.7% (−28.2%, −15.1%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature. There is relevant degradation of CLA in suspensions during a 7-day course. To overcome the stability challenges for all active components, durable child-appropriate formulations are needed. Until then, prescribers of AMC suspensions or pharmacists who sell the drug need to create awareness for the importance of proper storage conditions regarding effectiveness of both antibiotics and this recommendation should be reflected in the WHO Essential Medicines List for children.

scholarly journals Syntaxin 1A Gene Is Negatively Regulated in a Cell/Tissue Specific Manner by YY1 Transcription Factor, Which Binds to the −183 to −137 Promoter Region Together with Gene Silencing Factors Including Histone Deacetylase

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Takahiro Nakayama ◽  
Toshiyuki Fukutomi ◽  
Yasuo Terao ◽  
Kimio Akagawa
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Syntaxin 1A ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
A Cell

The HPC-1/syntaxin 1A (Stx1a) gene, which is involved in synaptic transmission and neurodevelopmental disorders, is a TATA-less gene with several transcription start sites. It is activated by the binding of Sp1 and acetylated histone H3 to the −204 to +2 core promoter region (CPR) in neuronal cell/tissue. Furthermore, it is depressed by the association of class 1 histone deacetylases (HDACs) to Stx1a–CPR in non-neuronal cell/tissue. To further clarify the factors characterizing Stx1a gene silencing in non-neuronal cell/tissue not expressing Stx1a, we attempted to identify the promoter region forming DNA–protein complex only in non-neuronal cells. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that the −183 to −137 OL2 promoter region forms DNA–protein complex only in non-neuronal fetal rat skin keratinocyte (FRSK) cells which do not express Stx1a. Furthermore, the Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) transcription factor binds to the −183 to −137 promoter region of Stx1a in FRSK cells, as shown by competitive EMSA and supershift assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that YY1 in vivo associates to Stx1a–CPR in cell/tissue not expressing Stx1a and that trichostatin A treatment in FRSK cells decreases the high-level association of YY1 to Stx1a-CPR in default. Reporter assay indicated that YY1 negatively regulates Stx1a transcription. Finally, mass spectrometry analysis showed that gene silencing factors, including HDAC1, associate onto the −183 to −137 promoter region together with YY1. The current study is the first to report that Stx1a transcription is negatively regulated in a cell/tissue-specific manner by YY1 transcription factor, which binds to the −183 to −137 promoter region together with gene silencing factors, including HDAC.

scholarly journals Retinoid nutritional status differently affects the expression of Japanese quail retinoic acid receptor-beta isoform transcripts in a tissue-specific manner

2001 ◽  
Vol 169 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZW Fu ◽  
T Kubo ◽  
K Sugahara ◽  
T Noguchi ◽  
H Kato
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Retinoic Acid Receptor ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Lower Magnitude ◽  
Lung And Kidney ◽  
Receptor Beta

We investigated the effects of vitamin A (VA) nutritional status on the levels of expression of retinoic acid (RA) receptor-beta (RARbeta) gene in the various tissues of Japanese quail. VA deficiency caused a significant decrease in the mRNA levels of brain, liver, heart, lung and kidney RARbeta2/beta4, whereas no change was observed in the level of testis RARbeta2 transcript. In contrast, reduction in the RARbeta1 transcript caused by VA depletion was observed only in the lung, remaining unchanged in the other tissues. The administration of RA to the VA-deficient quail rapidly induced the expression of RARbeta2/beta4 mRNAs in all the tissues examined, but RA increased the expression of RARbeta1 transcript in the liver, heart, lung and kidney at a lower magnitude. RA could not change the expression of the brain RARbeta1 transcript, while it induced the expression of the testis RARbeta1 mRNA in a temporal way. These results clearly indicate that VA nutritional status differently regulates the expression of RARbeta1 and RARbeta2/beta4 transcripts in a tissue-specific manner.

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