scholarly journals A Cortico- Basal Ganglia Model for choosing an optimal rehabilitation strategy in Hemiparetic Stroke

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rukhmani Narayanamurthy ◽  
Samyukta Jayakumar ◽  
Sundari Elango ◽  
Vignesh Muralidharan ◽  
V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Constraint Induced Movement Therapy ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Optimal Rehabilitation ◽  
Hemiparetic Stroke ◽  
Rehabilitation Strategy ◽  
Bimanual Reaching ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract To facilitate the selection of an optimal therapy for a stroke patient with upper extremity hemiparesis, we propose a cortico-basal ganglia model capable of performing reaching tasks under normal and stroke conditions. The model contains two hemispherical systems, each organized into an outer sensory-motor cortical loop and an inner basal ganglia (BG) loop, controlling their respective hands. The model is trained to simulate two therapeutic approaches: the constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT) in which the intact is arrested, and Bimanual Reaching in which the movements of the intact arm are found to aid the affected arm. Which of these apparently mutually conflicting approaches is right for a given patient? Based on our study on the effect of lesion size on arm performance, we hypothesize that the choice of the therapy depends on the lesion size. Whereas bimanual reaching is more suitable for smaller lesion size, CIMT is preferred in case of larger lesion sizes. By virtue of the model’s ability to capture the experimental results effectively, we believe that it can serve as a benchmark for the development and testing of various rehabilitation strategies for stroke.

scholarly journals A Cortico-Basal Ganglia Model for choosing an optimal rehabilitation strategy in Hemiparetic Stroke

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rukhmani Narayanamurthy ◽  
Samyukta Jayakumar ◽  
Sundari Elango ◽  
Vignesh Muralidharan ◽  
V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Constraint Induced Movement Therapy ◽  
Reaching Tasks ◽  
Optimal Rehabilitation ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Hemiparetic Stroke ◽  
Rehabilitation Strategy ◽  
Bimanual Reaching ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractTo facilitate the selection of an optimal therapy for a stroke patient with upper extremity hemiparesis, we propose a cortico-basal ganglia model capable of performing reaching tasks under normal and stroke conditions. The model contains two hemispherical systems, each organized into an outer sensory-motor cortical loop and an inner basal ganglia (BG) loop, controlling their respective hands. In addition to constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT), the model performs both unimanual and bimanual reaching tasks and the simulation results are in congruence with the experiment conducted by Rose et al (2004). Based on our study on the effect of lesion size on arm performance, we hypothesize that the effectiveness of a therapy could greatly depend on this factor. By virtue of the model’s ability to capture the experimental results effectively, we believe that it can serve as a benchmark for the development and testing of various rehabilitation strategies for stroke.

scholarly journals The Lamprey Forebrain – Evolutionary Implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Shreyas M. Suryanarayana ◽  
Juan Pérez-Fernández ◽  
Brita Robertson ◽  
Sten Grillner
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Sensory Integration ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Dopamine System ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Living Group ◽  
Selection Of

The forebrain plays a critical role in a broad range of neural processes encompassing sensory integration and initiation/selection of behaviour. The forebrain functions through an interaction between different cortical areas, the thalamus, the basal ganglia with the dopamine system, and the habenulae. The ambition here is to compare the mammalian forebrain with that of the lamprey representing the oldest now living group of vertebrates, by a review of earlier studies. We show that the lamprey dorsal pallium has a motor, a somatosensory, and a visual area with retinotopic representation. The lamprey pallium was previously thought to be largely olfactory. There is also a detailed similarity between the lamprey and mammals with regard to other forebrain structures like the basal ganglia in which the general organisation, connectivity, transmitters and their receptors, neuropeptides, and expression of ion channels are virtually identical. These initially unexpected results allow for the possibility that many aspects of the basic design of the vertebrate forebrain had evolved before the lamprey diverged from the evolutionary line leading to mammals. Based on a detailed comparison between the mammalian forebrain and that of the lamprey and with due consideration of data from other vertebrate groups, we propose a compelling account of a pan-vertebrate schema for basic forebrain structures, suggesting a common ancestry of over half a billion years of vertebrate evolution.

scholarly journals Contrasting effects of intervention with ETA and ETB receptor antagonists in hypertension induced by angiotensin II and high-salt dietThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the two-part special issue entitled 20 Years of Endothelin Research.

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 802-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika I. Boesen ◽  
Jennifer S. Pollock ◽  
David M. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Creatinine Clearance ◽  
Nitrate Concentration ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Etb Receptor ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate ◽  
Plasma Nitrite ◽  
Selection Of

Endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists are antihypertensive and renoprotective in angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertension if administered when AngII infusion commences, but their effects on established hypertension are poorly understood. We therefore tested the effects of intervening with an ETA (ABT-627) or ETB (A-192621) receptor antagonist after establishing hypertension with AngII (65 ng/min s.c.) plus 8% NaCl diet (AngII–HS) in rats. Prior to administration of ABT-627, AngII–HS and AngII–HS plus ABT-627 groups displayed robust hypertension (mean arterial pressure (MAP), 170 ± 5 and 165 ± 5 mm Hg versus 110 ± 3 mm Hg in normal salt control rats at day 7, P < 0.05). Administering ABT-627 from day 8 of AngII–HS treatment prevented further rises in MAP (168 ± 5 and 191 ± 3 mm Hg at day 13 in AngII–HS plus ABT-627 and AngII–HS, P < 0.001), without blunting the significant increases in urinary protein (19-fold), albumin (25-fold), or MCP-1 excretion (6- to 8-fold) or the reduction in creatinine clearance. Administering A-192621 from day 8 mildly exacerbated AngII–HS induced hypertension (P < 0.05 for AngII–HS versus AngII–HS plus A-192621 on days 11 and 12 only) and reduced plasma nitrite/nitrate concentration (P < 0.05), without affecting proteinuria, albuminuria, or creatinine clearance. These results confirm the importance of ETA receptor signaling in maintaining AngII–HS hypertension and suggest that including ETB receptor blockade in therapeutic approaches to treating hypertension would be ineffective or even counterproductive.

scholarly journals 16th Meeting of the Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM) - Assisi (Italy), October 17-20, 2019: Foreword, Program and Abstracts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Gabellini ◽  
Antonio Musarò
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Development ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Poster Sessions ◽  
Muscle Research ◽  
Muscle Biology ◽  
October 17 ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cross Fertilization ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Scientific Collaborations

The 16th Meeting of the Interuniversity Institute of Myology (IIM), October 17-20, 2019, Assisi, Italy brought together scientists, pharma and patient organization representatives discussing new results on muscle research. Internationally renowned Keynote speakers presented advances on muscle development, homeostasis, metabolism, and disease. Speakers selected among submitted abstracts presented their new, unpublished data in seven scientific sessions. The remaining abstracts were showcased in two poster sessions. Young trainees where directly involved in the selection of keynote speakers, the organizing scientific sessions and roundtables discussions tailored to the interests of their peers. A broad Italian, European and North-American audience participated to the different initiatives. The meeting allowed muscle biology researchers to discuss ideas and scientific collaborations aimed at better understanding the mechanisms underlaying muscle diseases in order to develop better therapeutic strategies. The active participation of young trainees was facilitated by the friendly and inclusive atmosphere, which fostered lively discussions identifying emerging areas of myology research and stimulated scientific cross-fertilization. The meeting was a success and the IIM community will continue to bring forward significant contributions to the understanding of muscle development and function, the pathogenesis of muscular diseases and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we report abstracts of the meeting illustrating novel results of basic, translational, and clinical research, which confirms that the Myology field is strong and healthy.

Contralesional plasticity following constraint-induced movement therapy benefits outcome: contributions of the intact hemisphere to functional recovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail L. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Movement Therapy ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Constraint Induced Movement Therapy ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Paretic Limb

Abstract Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. A common, chronic deficit after stroke is upper limb impairment, which can be exacerbated by compensatory use of the nonparetic limb. Resulting in learned nonuse of the paretic limb, compensatory reliance on the nonparetic limb can be discouraged with constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). CIMT is a rehabilitative strategy that may promote functional recovery of the paretic limb in both acute and chronic stroke patients through intensive practice of the paretic limb combined with binding, or otherwise preventing activation of, the nonparetic limb during daily living exercises. The neural mechanisms that support CIMT have been described in the lesioned hemisphere, but there is a less thorough understanding of the contralesional changes that support improved functional outcome following CIMT. Using both human and non-human animal studies, the current review explores the role of the contralesional hemisphere in functional recovery of stroke as it relates to CIMT. Current findings point to a need for a better understanding of the functional significance of contralesional changes, which may be determined by lesion size, location, and severity as well stroke chronicity.

scholarly journals Transcribing the heart: faithfully interpreting cardiac transcriptional insights

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 805-810
Author(s):  
Oscar Echeagaray ◽  
Mark A Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Improve Efficiency ◽  
Accurate Interpretation ◽  
Bioinformatic Approaches ◽  
Selection Of

Transcriptional profiling continues to produce phenotypical data essential for understanding of basic cardiac biology and required to improve efficiency of cardiac regenerative and therapeutic approaches after injury. Accurate interpretation of cardiac transcriptional data comes with the unique challenges of heart biology including cardiomyocyte morphology, cryopreservation of limited samples and adequate selection of transcriptional platform at a single-cell resolution. Consequently, development and implementation of novel transcriptional platforms and creative bioinformatic analysis are essential to resolve standing questions in the field of cardiac regenerative medicine. Targeted bioinformatic approaches, advancing technological access, increase technical availability and fostering communication between interdisciplinary groups is critical to improve therapeutic approaches and to overcome challenges inherent to transcriptomic cardiac research.

Brain Imaging and Treatment Response in Spasmodic Torticollis

1988 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. O. Besson ◽  
K. P. Ebmeier ◽  
H. G. Gemmell ◽  
P. F. Sharp ◽  
M. McFadyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Corpus Striatum ◽  
Spasmodic Torticollis ◽  
Flow Imaging ◽  
Blood Flow Imaging ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of

A patient with spasms of the neck, occurring when he turned his head to the left, responded to treatment with benzhexol. Cerebral blood flow imaging demonstrated reduced uptake in the right corpus striatum compared with the left. The study demonstrates the presence of an abnormality in the basal ganglia; it also illustrates response to drug treatment. Cerebral blood flow imaging may be useful in the detection of basal ganglia abnormalities in spasmodic torticollis and assist in the selection of cases which should be targeted for treatment with drugs.

scholarly journals TGF-β/Smad3 Signalling Modulates GABA Neurotransmission: Implications in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mª Muñoz ◽  
Nerea de la Fuente ◽  
Amelia Sánchez-Capelo
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Brain Nuclei ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration ◽  
Cognitive Alterations ◽  
Gaba Neurotransmission

γ-Aminobutiryc acid (GABA) is found extensively in different brain nuclei, including parts involved in Parkinson’s disease (PD), such as the basal ganglia and hippocampus. In PD and in different models of the disorder, an increase in GABA neurotransmission is observed and may promote bradykinesia or L-Dopa-induced side-effects. In addition, proteins involved in GABAA receptor (GABAAR) trafficking, such as GABARAP, Trak1 or PAELR, may participate in the aetiology of the disease. TGF-β/Smad3 signalling has been associated with several pathological features of PD, such as dopaminergic neurodegeneration; reduction of dopaminergic axons and dendrites; and α-synuclein aggregation. Moreover, TGF-β/Smad3 intracellular signalling was recently shown to modulate GABA neurotransmission in the context of parkinsonism and cognitive alterations. This review provides a summary of GABA neurotransmission and TGF-β signalling; their implications in PD; and the regulation of GABA neurotransmission by TGF-β/Smad3. There appear to be new possibilities to develop therapeutic approaches for the treatment of PD using GABA modulators.

Comutation and exclusion analysis in human tumors: A tool for cancer biology studies and for rational selection of multitargeted therapeutic approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-425
Author(s):  
Soledad Ochoa ◽  
Elizabeth Martínez‐Pérez ◽  
Diego Javier Zea ◽  
Miguel Angel Molina‐Vila ◽  
Cristina Marino‐Buslje
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Human Tumors ◽  
Rational Selection ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Selection Of

Surgical and Endovascular Management of Patients with Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia: A Single Center Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 1453-1457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Paliogiannis ◽  
Giorgio C. Ginesu ◽  
Alessandro Fancellu ◽  
Aldo Pischedda ◽  
Mario Maiore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mesenteric Ischemia ◽  
Celiac Trunk ◽  
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Single Center Experience ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
Prognostic Data ◽  
Selection Of

Chronic mesenteric ischemia is a rare intestinal disorder, with a potential evolution toward intestinal infraction. The choice of the appropriate treatment is currently the most crucial issue in the management of patients with chronic mesenteric ischemia. We describe our experience with 16 cases, and we discuss the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. A retrospective review of the clinical records was performed, and demographic, clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic data were collected. Six patients were females (37%), and the mean age was 62 years. Postprandial pain was present in all the cases, whereas sitophobia and weight loss were detected in 87 per cent of them. Eight patients were treated with open surgery; no perioperative deaths or relevant complications occurred. One patient had a restenosis of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery 10 months after surgery. No deaths or relevant complications occurred in the remaining patients, who underwent an endovascular procedure. One patient presented a restenosis distal to the vascular stent, whereas two patients died due to comorbidities. The low rates of postoperative morbidity, mortality, and restenosis obtained suggest that surgical or endovascular correction of chronic mesenteric ischemia is satisfactory when performed by experienced surgeons, with an adequate selection of the patients.

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