scholarly journals The G protein coupled receptor CXCR4 designed by the QTY code becomes more hydrophilic and retains cell signaling activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta Tegler ◽  
Karolina Corin ◽  
Horst Pick ◽  
Jennifer Brookes ◽  
Michael Skuhersky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Membrane Protein ◽  
G Protein ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Medicinal Drugs ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Signaling Activity

AbstractG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are vital for diverse biological functions, including vision, smell, and aging. They are involved in a wide range of diseases, and are among the most important targets of medicinal drugs. Tools that facilitate GPCR studies or GPCR-based technologies or therapies are thus critical to develop. Here we report using our QTY (glutamine, threonine, tyrosine) code to systematically replace 29 membrane-facing leucine, isoleucine, valine, and phenylalanine residues in the transmembrane α-helices of the GPCR CXCR4. This variant, CXCR4QTY29, became more hydrophilic, while retaining the ability to bind its ligand CXCL12. When transfected into HEK293 cells, it inserted into the cell membrane, and initiated cellular signaling. This QTY code has the potential to improve GPCR and membrane protein studies by making it possible to design functional hydrophilic receptors. This tool can be applied to diverse α-helical membrane proteins, and may aid in the development of other applications, including clinical therapies.

scholarly journals Mini-review: antibody therapeutics targeting G protein-coupled receptors and ion channels

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-264
Author(s):  
Catherine J Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channels ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Antibody Therapeutics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Abstract Antibodies are now well established as therapeutics with many additional advantages over small molecules and peptides relative to their selectivity, bioavailability, half-life and effector function. Major classes of membrane-associated protein targets include G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels that are linked to a wide range of disease indications across all therapeutic areas. This mini-review summarizes the antibody target landscape for both GPCRs and ion channels as well as current progress in the respective research and development pipelines with some example case studies highlighted from clinical studies, including those being evaluated for the treatment of symptoms in COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals Assembly of G Protein-Coupled Receptors onto Nanosized Bacterial Magnetic Particles Using Mms16 as an Anchor Molecule

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 2880-2885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoko Yoshino ◽  
Masayoshi Takahashi ◽  
Haruko Takeyama ◽  
Yoshiko Okamura ◽  
Fukuichi Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Magnetic Particles ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Native Conformation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bacterial Magnetic Particles ◽  
Magnetospirillum Magneticum ◽  
G Protein Coupled

ABSTRACT G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a central role in a wide range of biological processes and are prime targets for drug discovery. GPCRs have large hydrophobic domains, and therefore purification of GPCRs from cells is frequently time-consuming and typically results in loss of native conformation. In this work, GPCRs have been successfully assembled into the lipid membrane of nanosized bacterial magnetic particles (BMPs) produced by the magnetic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. A BMP-specific protein, Mms16, was used as an anchor molecule, and localization of heterologous Mms16 on BMPs was confirmed by luciferase fusion studies. Stable luminescence was obtained from BMPs bearing Mms16 fused with luciferase at the C-terminal region. D1 dopamine receptor (D1R), a GPCR, was also efficiently assembled onto BMPs by using Mms16 as an anchor molecule. D1R-BMP complexes were simply extracted by magnetic separation from ruptured AMB-1 transformants. After washing, the complexes were ready to use for analysis. This system conveniently refines the native conformation of GPCRs without the need for detergent solubilization, purification, and reconstitution after cell disruption.

scholarly journals Asymmetric maltose neopentyl glycol amphiphiles for a membrane protein study: effect of detergent asymmetricity on protein stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1107-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyoung Eun Bae ◽  
Yang Du ◽  
Parameswaran Hariharan ◽  
Jonas S. Mortensen ◽  
Kaavya K. Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Protein Stability ◽  
G Protein ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Neopentyl Glycol ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Enhanced Stability

An asymmetric MNG, MNG-8,12, provided enhanced stability to human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) compared to the symmetric MNG, MNG-3.

scholarly journals Methods used to study the oligomeric structure of G-protein-coupled receptors

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Guo ◽  
Su An ◽  
Richard Ward ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Function ◽  
G Protein Coupled

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which constitute the largest family of cell surface receptors, were originally thought to function as monomers, but are now recognized as being able to act in a wide range of oligomeric states and indeed, it is known that the oligomerization state of a GPCR can modulate its pharmacology and function. A number of experimental techniques have been devised to study GPCR oligomerization including those based upon traditional biochemistry such as blue-native PAGE (BN-PAGE), co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and protein-fragment complementation assays (PCAs), those based upon resonance energy transfer, FRET, time-resolved FRET (TR-FRET), FRET spectrometry and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Those based upon microscopy such as FRAP, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), spatial intensity distribution analysis (SpIDA) and various single molecule imaging techniques. Finally with the solution of a growing number of crystal structures, X-ray crystallography must be acknowledged as an important source of discovery in this field. A different, but in many ways complementary approach to the use of more traditional experimental techniques, are those involving computational methods that possess obvious merit in the study of the dynamics of oligomer formation and function. Here, we summarize the latest developments that have been made in the methods used to study GPCR oligomerization and give an overview of their application.

scholarly journals Dissecting the roles of GRK2 and GRK3 in μ-opioid receptor internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment using CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293 cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thor C. Møller ◽  
Mie F. Pedersen ◽  
Jeffrey R. van Senten ◽  
Sofie D. Seiersen ◽  
Jesper M. Mathiesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Receptor ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Receptor Internalization ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Molecule Inhibitor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
Μ Opioid Receptor ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Target Effects

AbstractMost G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestins and internalize upon agonist stimulation. For the μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR), this process has been linked to development of opioid tolerance. GPCR kinases (GRKs), particularly GRK2 and GRK3, have been shown to be important for μ-OR recruitment of β-arrestin and internalization. However, the contribution of GRK2 and GRK3 to β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, remain to be determined in their complete absence. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing we established HEK293 cells with knockout of GRK2, GRK3 or both to dissect their individual contributions in β-arrestin2 recruitment and μ-OR internalization upon stimulation with four different agonists. We showed that GRK2/3 removal reduced agonist-induced μ-OR internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment substantially and we found GRK2 to be more important for these processes than GRK3. Furthermore, we observed a sustained and GRK2/3 independent component of β-arrestin2 recruitment to the plasma membrane upon μ-OR activation. Rescue expression experiments restored GRK2/3 functions. Inhibition of GRK2/3 using the small molecule inhibitor CMPD101 showed a high similarity between the genetic and pharmacological approaches, cross-validating the specificity of both. However, off-target effects were observed at high CMPD101 concentrations. These GRK2/3 KO cell lines should prove useful for a wide range of studies on GPCR function.

scholarly journals Targeting islet G-protein-coupled receptors for type 2 diabetes therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanta J. Persaud ◽  
Oladapo E. Olaniru ◽  
Patricio Atanes
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
G Protein ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Diabetes Therapy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mass Expansion ◽  
G Protein Coupled

The majority of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes (T2D), where hyperglycaemia occurs because the islet β-cells are unable to secrete enough insulin, usually in the context of insulin resistance that arises because of fat mass expansion. There are a range of pharmacotherapies in current use to treat T2D and pharmaceutical companies are actively engaged in the development of novel therapies for better glucose control. Ligands that target G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are obvious candidates because they are used successfully for a wide range of disorders and GLP-1 receptor agonists, which are a relatively recent class of diabetes therapy, have proved to be very effective in treating T2D. We provide here an overview of current successes, some drawbacks and future possibilities for GPCR-based T2D therapies.

scholarly journals G-protein-coupled receptors regulate autophagy by ZBTB16-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Atg14L

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Kangyun Dong ◽  
Wei Liang ◽  
Daichao Xu ◽  
Hongguang Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
E3 Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Misfolded Proteins ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligase Complex ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Autophagy is an important intracellular catabolic mechanism involved in the removal of misfolded proteins. Atg14L, the mammalian ortholog of Atg14 in yeast and a critical regulator of autophagy, mediates the production PtdIns3P to initiate the formation of autophagosomes. However, it is not clear how Atg14L is regulated. In this study, we demonstrate that ubiquitination and degradation of Atg14L is controlled by ZBTB16-Cullin3-Roc1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Furthermore, we show that a wide range of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands and agonists regulate the levels of Atg14L through ZBTB16. In addition, we show that the activation of autophagy by pharmacological inhibition of GPCR reduces the accumulation of misfolded proteins and protects against behavior dysfunction in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Our study demonstrates a common molecular mechanism by which the activation of GPCRs leads to the suppression of autophagy and a pharmacological strategy to activate autophagy in the CNS for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Dissecting the roles of GRK2 and GRK3 in μ-opioid receptor internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment using CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293 cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thor C. Møller ◽  
Mie F. Pedersen ◽  
Jeffrey R. van Senten ◽  
Sofie D. Seiersen ◽  
Jesper M. Mathiesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Receptor ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Receptor Internalization ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Molecule Inhibitor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
Μ Opioid Receptor ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Target Effects

Abstract Most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestins and internalize upon agonist stimulation. For the μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR), this process has been linked to development of opioid tolerance. GPCR kinases (GRKs), particularly GRK2 and GRK3, have been shown to be important for μ-OR recruitment of β-arrestin and internalization. However, the contribution of GRK2 and GRK3 to β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, remain to be determined in their complete absence. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing we established HEK293 cells with knockout of GRK2, GRK3 or both to dissect their individual contributions in β-arrestin2 recruitment and μ-OR internalization upon stimulation with four different agonists. We showed that GRK2/3 removal reduced agonist-induced μ-OR internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment substantially and we found GRK2 to be more important for these processes than GRK3. Furthermore, we observed a sustained and GRK2/3 independent component of β-arrestin2 recruitment to the plasma membrane upon μ-OR activation. Rescue expression experiments restored GRK2/3 functions. Inhibition of GRK2/3 using the small molecule inhibitor CMPD101 showed a high similarity between the genetic and pharmacological approaches, cross-validating the specificity of both. However, off-target effects were observed at high CMPD101 concentrations. These GRK2/3 KO cell lines should prove useful for a wide range of studies on GPCR function.

scholarly journals Lipid nanoparticle technologies for the study of G protein-coupled receptors in lipid environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1287-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Lavington ◽  
Anthony Watts
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Large Family ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Integral Membrane Proteins ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biophysical Studies ◽  
G Protein Coupled

AbstractG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of integral membrane proteins which conduct a wide range of biological roles and represent significant drug targets. Most biophysical and structural studies of GPCRs have been conducted on detergent-solubilised receptors, and it is clear that detergents can have detrimental effects on GPCR function. Simultaneously, there is increasing appreciation of roles for specific lipids in modulation of GPCR function. Lipid nanoparticles such as nanodiscs and styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) offer opportunities to study integral membrane proteins in lipid environments, in a form that is soluble and amenable to structural and biophysical experiments. Here, we review the application of lipid nanoparticle technologies to the study of GPCRs, assessing the relative merits and limitations of each system. We highlight how these technologies can provide superior platforms to detergents for structural and biophysical studies of GPCRs and inform on roles for protein-lipid interactions in GPCR function.

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