scholarly journals Urban life promotes delayed dispersal and family living in a non-social bird species

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Álvaro Luna ◽  
Nicolás A. Lois ◽  
Sol Rodríguez-Martinez ◽  
Antonio Palma ◽  
Ana Sanz-Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Year ◽  
Athene Cunicularia ◽  
Burrowing Owl ◽  
Delayed Dispersal ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Monogamous Species ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Family Living

AbstractIn some vertebrate species, family units are typically formed when sexually mature individuals delay dispersal and independent breeding to remain as subordinates in a breeding group. This behaviour has been intensively studied in gregarious species but has also been described in non-social species where ecological and evolutionary drivers are less known. Here, we explore factors that favour delayed dispersal and family living and potential benefits associated with this strategy in a non-social, monogamous species (the burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia) occupying urban and rural habitats. Our results show that family units arise when first-year individuals, mainly males, delay their dispersal to stay in their natal nests with their parents. This delayed dispersal, while still uncommon, was more prevalent in urban (7%) than in rural (3%) habitats, and in areas with high conspecific density and productivity. Birds delaying dispersal contributed to the genetic pool of the offspring in 25% of the families analysed, but did not increase the productivity of the nests where they remained. However, their presence was related to an improvement in the body condition of chicks, which was ultimately linked to a slightly positive effect in offspring future survival probabilities. Finally, delayed dispersers were recruited as breeders in high-quality urban territories and closer to their natal nests than individuals dispersing during their first year of life. Thus, our results suggest that delaying dispersal may be mainly related to opportunities to inheriting a good quality territory, especially for males. Our study contributes to understanding the role played by habitat quality in promoting delayed dispersal and family living, not only in social but also non-social species, highlighting its impact in the ecology and evolution of animal populations.

scholarly journals New record of Pelecitus sp. (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) as a parasite of Athene cunicularia (Strigiformes, Strigidae) in southeastern Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarcísio Macedo Silva ◽  
Adriano Sakai Okamoto ◽  
Lidiane Aparecida Firmino da Silva ◽  
Bruna Domeneghetti Smaniotto ◽  
Reinaldo José da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Record ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Infection Site ◽  
Athene Cunicularia ◽  
New Host ◽  
Burrowing Owl ◽  
First Time

The aim of this study was to report the burrowing owl Athene cunicularia as a new host for the filarid nematode Pelecitus sp. in southeastern Brazil for the first time, as well as reporting the occurrence of this nematode species in the body cavity, near the cervical air sac and lung region. This study contributes towards knowledge of parasitism in Brazilian wild birds and an anatomical region of the host as an infection site for Pelecitus sp.

scholarly journals Survival and Movements of Juvenile Burrowing Owls During the Postfledging Period

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Morgan Davies ◽  
Marco Restani
Keyword(s):  
Brood Size ◽  
Cynomys Ludovicianus ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
First Year ◽  
Juvenile Survival ◽  
Athene Cunicularia ◽  
Prairie Dog ◽  
Burrowing Owls ◽  
Burrowing Owl ◽  
First Year Of Life

AbstractBurrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) populations have declined extensively throughout much of North America, and modeling demography may assist conservation. However, few studies have estimated adult survival, and fewer still have determined juvenile survival. In 2003 and 2004 we monitored survival of 40 radio-tagged juveniles during the postfledging period in the Little Missouri National Grassland, North Dakota, where owls nested in black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies. Survival averaged 0.57 (95% CI: 0.41–0.73) prior to autumn migration. Mortality was highest during the first two weeks after nest departure when juveniles were flightless, and two to three weeks later when juveniles became independent. Predation or starvation was implicated in most deaths. Distribution and abundance of escape cover (number of prairie dog burrows within 30 m of nests and size of the natal prairie dog colony) did not affect survival. Body condition and brood size at the time of radio-tagging also did not influence survival. Juvenile owls exhibited nest-centered dispersal, and averaged 108 ± 21 (SE) m and 82 ± 17 m from nests at initiation of migration in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Mean dates of departure from the study area were 2 September (± 3 days) 2003 and 24 August (± 2 days) 2004. Mortality during the postfledging period accounted for approximately two-thirds of mortality in the first year of life.

scholarly journals Cleaner birds: an overview for the Neotropics

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Sazima ◽  
Cristina Sazima
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Broad Category ◽  
Organic Debris ◽  
Marine Reptiles ◽  
Black Vulture ◽  
Do So

Several bird species feed on a variety of external parasites and epibionts, organic debris, dead and wounded tissue, clots and blood, and secretions from the body of other vertebrates (hosts or clients). We present an overview of so called cleaner birds from the Neotropics based on field records, literature, and photo survey. We found that 33 bird species in 16 families practice cleaning even if some of them do so very occasionally. The birds range from the Galápagos ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa to the widespread black vulture Coragyps atratus. Clients mostly are large herbivores such as capybaras, deer, and livestock, but also include medium-sized herbivores such as iguanas and tortoises, and carnivores such as boobies and seals - a few bird species associate with these latter marine mammals. No carnivorous terrestrial mammal client is recorded to date except for a domestic dog, from whose hair black vultures picked organic debris. Some clients adopt particular inviting postures while being cleaned, whereas others are indifferent or even disturbed by the activity of cleaner birds. Capybaras, giant tortoises, and iguanas are among the inviting clients, whereas boobies try to dislodge the 'vampire' finch Geospiza difficilis. Most of the Neotropical cleaner birds may be lumped in one broad category (omnivores that dwell in open areas and associate with large to medium-sized herbivores). A second, restricted category accommodates some species from Patagonia and the Galápagos Islands (omnivores that dwell in open areas and associate with carnivorous marine mammals, or seabirds and marine reptiles). Two still more restricted categories accommodate the following: 1) forest-dwelling cleaner birds; and 2) marine coastal cleaners. Additional records of Neotropical cleaner birds will mostly fall in the broad category.

Age- and sex-related morphological and physiological differences influence escape capacity in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1021-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. De Neve ◽  
J. D. Ibañez-Alamo ◽  
M. Soler
Keyword(s):  
Escape Response ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Age And Sex

Sexual dimorphism and age-related differences are sources that contribute to morphologic and physiologic variation within animal populations. Measurement of animal performance may indicate whether this variation is functionally relevant. Our study aimed to experimentally test this statement in a captive population of House Sparrows ( Passer domesticus (L., 1758)) by examining age- and sex-related differences in escape response and its relationship to several morphological (tarsus, wing, tail lengths, and body mass) and physiological traits (cell-mediated immunity, natural antibodies, complement activity, hematocrit, and stress response). Escape response from a predator is considered a good variable to measure animal performance, because natural selection clearly favours individuals that avoid predators successfully. Our experimental design also aimed to standardize possible confounding factors affecting escape behaviour under natural conditions. We exposed sparrows to short episodes of high predation risk by simulating the attack of a predator and assumed that the capture order of individuals was related to their escape capacity. The optimal strategy was the immediate escape response for all individuals. We found that first-year males were the best escapers. In support of the hypothesis, juvenile males gathered a better optimum of several morphological and physiological characters that related to capture order.

scholarly journals VI.—The Body-Temperature of Fishes and other Marine Animals.

1908 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 66-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutherland Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shore Crab ◽  
First Year ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Image Position

SUMMARYThe body-temperature of the following fishes, crustaceans, and echinoderms has been examined and compared with the temperature of the water in which they live:—Cod-fish (Gadus morrhua), ling (Molva vulgaris), torsk (Brosmius brosme), coal-fish or saithe (Gadus virens), haddock (Gadus œgelfinus), flounder (Pleuronectes flesus), smelt (Osmerus eperlanus), dog-fish (Scyllium catulus), shore crab (Carcinus mœnas), edible crab (Cancer pagurus), lobster (Homarus vulgaris), sea-urchin (Echinus esculentus), and starfish (Asterias rubens). The minimum, maximum, and mean temperature difference for each species are given in the following table:—The excess of temperature is most evident in the larger specimens. This is well shown in the case of the coal-fish, where in the adult it was 0°·7 C., and in the great majority (11 out of 12) of the young of the first year, 0°·0 C. The body-weight and the conditions under which the fish are captured probably form the most important factors in determining the temperature difference.In 14 codfish, where the rectal, blood, and muscle temperatures were recorded in the same individual, it was found to be highest in the muscle and lowest in the rectum, the mean temperature difference being 0°·46 C. for the muscle, 0°·41 C for the blood, and 0°·36 C. for the rectum.

scholarly journals HIV/AIDS awareness among first year pharmacy students and the role of the university

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Selente Bezuidenhout ◽  
Rob Summers
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Inadequate Knowledge ◽  
Aids Awareness ◽  
The University ◽  
Hiv Aids

As HIV/AIDS continues to spread and affect the lives of millions of people, a sense of urgency has developed about the imperative need to stop the epidemic. Education is the key to change knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. There is currently a gap in educationprogrammes targeting youths of ages 18-24 years, for example, those enrolled in tertiary institutions. The aim of the study was therefore to establish the level of HIV/AIDS awareness among undergraduate pharmacy students at the University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus)/ Tshwane University of Technology Schools of Pharmacy. A structured questionnaire was administered to pharmacy students on entry to the programme. Although the students of 2003, 2004 and 2005 obtained mean percentage HIV/AIDS awareness scores in the range of 70%-80%, they had inadequate knowledge of some transmission routes, events that occur when HIV invades the body, the “window period” and some symptoms. These knowledge gaps should be addressed by universities by integrating HIV/AIDS policies and education fully into all aspects of their planning, operations andteaching.

scholarly journals RECORDS OF Sauromalus ater (DUMÉRIL, 1856) HATCHLINGS AND SUBADULTS ON SAN FRANCISCO ISLAND, GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Adrián Cerdá-Ardura
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Athene Cunicularia ◽  
Burrowing Owl ◽  
Important Sign ◽  
The Common ◽  
Abundance And Diversity

Six hatchlings of the Common or Sonoran Desert Chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater) ranging from 60 mm to 93 mm (SVL) as well as 10 subadult individuals (mostly ♀) ranging from 110 mm to 146 mm (SVL) were recorded during three casual walks on the small island San Francisco, Baja California Sur, Gulf of California, México, in January and February, 2019. The presence of these hatchlings and subadult females could be an important sign of chuckwallas’ recovery and of continued population’s recruitment following eradication of feral cats and goats from the island in 1999 and 2000 respectively, and despite the intense presence of humans (fishermen and tourists) on the island. The chuckwalla population seems to be growing and becoming conspicuous on San Francisco after almost two decades of rare and infrequent records of individuals. Also, the vegetation shows more abundance and diversity, and more extensive covering than in previous years. Other vertebrate species, like the Baja California Rattlesnake (Crotalus enyo) and the Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) were recorded as well during the walks. All these observations possibly indicate a whole and progressive biota restoration on this tiny island after devastation by invasive fauna, combined with previous good wet years.

scholarly journals Mindfulness-based self-care education for healthcare professional students in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Yusuke Takamiya ◽  
Shizuma Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professional ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Care Program ◽  
The Body ◽  
University Education ◽  
High Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Professional Students ◽  
Care Education

[Background] Recent studies have consistently shown that medical students experience a high rate of psychological symptoms. In this situation, teaching mindfulness in medical school has the potential to prevent student burnout. However, there are few consistent educational programs in medical schools throughout Japan.[Method] Since 2015, Showa University (Tokyo) has practiced an intensive self-care program based on mindfulness for 600 first-year healthcare professional students in the schools of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, nursing, and rehabilitation. The target objectives of this program were as follows: understand the needs of self-care, enhance self-awareness, evaluate evidence of mindfulness for mental diseases, and practice formal/informal mindfulness-based activities. This program consisted of a 90-minute lecture, followed by consecutive reflective activities, including completing personal journals and portfolios. The students were required to plan how to make use of what they learned in this course. The students were asked to complete a questionnaire upon completion of the course.[Results] The questionnaire indicated that more than 90% of the students were satisfied with the program, and about 25% started regular mindfulness-based practices such as meditation and breathing methods aimed to reduce test anxiety. Descriptions from the e-portfolio showed that the participants understood evitable stressors and the importance of the body-mind relationship.[Conclusion] Mindfulness-based self-care education can encourage healthcare students to understand the necessity of self-care during the early stages of their professional training. This program for the first year students will be followed by a course on Professionalism for healthcare professional students during their subsequent years of university education.  

scholarly journals Influencia del perfil de los jóvenes en sus valores del cuerpo (Influence of the profile of young people on their body values)

Retos ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 299-309
Author(s):  
Lorena Velasco-Santos ◽  
José Luis Pastor Pradillo ◽  
David Blanco-Alcántara ◽  
Alfredo Jiménez Eguizábal
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
The Body ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
First Year ◽  
Castilla Y Leon ◽  
Educational Establishment ◽  
Gender Profile ◽  
Hierarchical Representations ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Study Center

  El presente artículo analiza los valores del cuerpo de 536 estudiantes de 1º Bachillerato en Castilla y León en el curso 2017/18 en función de sus variables de perfil sexo, modalidad de bachillerato, naturaleza, titularidad y provincia de pertenencia del centro de estudios. El objetivo es describir tendencias generales asociadas a dichas variables de perfil. El instrumento de medida es el test elaborado por Casares y Collados (1998) que clasifica en 10 los valores del cuerpo en base a 250 ítems agrupados en bloques de 25. El tratamiento de datos se lleva a cabo mediante un análisis de valores medios. Los resultados obtenidos son mostrados en forma de tablas de puntuaciones, gráficos y representaciones jerárquicas. Se calculan estadísticos descriptivos y estadística inferencial. Se observan diferencias estadísticamente significativas asociadas a la variable de perfil sexo y, secundariamente, provincia de pertenencia del centro de estudios. Asimismo, destaca el valor placer como el más agradable en todas las clasificaciones y el valor religioso el menos, exceptuando lo ocurrido en Soria donde se torna incluso positivo. Todo ello describe la realidad en que los estudiantes de 1º bachillerato conciben su cuerpo y le conceden su valor, lo que abre nuevos flancos críticos en la educación a través de los valores del cuerpo.  Abstract. This article analyzes the body values of 536 First Year Bachillerato students in the Castilla y León region of Spain during the academic year 2017/18 according to their special characteristics such as gender, Bachillerato option, personality, qualifications and province administering the educational establishment they attend. The aim is to describe general trends associated with these profile variables. The instrument of measurement is the test devised by Casares and Collados (1998), which divides body values into 10 categories. It is based on 250 items classified into 10 groups of 25 defining the body values. Data processing is carried out through an analysis of average values. The results obtained are shown in the form of score tables, graphs and hierarchical representations. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are calculated. Significant differences associated to the variable of gender profile and, secondarily, province of belonging to the study center are highlighted. Likewise, the pleasure value stands out as the most pleasant in all classifications and the religious value the least, except for what happened in Soria where it becomes even positive. The procedure of preferred values ratifies the pleasure value as the most pleasant, however the religious value is rarely the least preferred. All this describes the reality in which the students of the 1st baccalaureate conceive their body and give it their value, which opens new critical flanks in education through the values ​​of the body.

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