scholarly journals Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Methyl Benzoate on the Predatory Bug Nesidiocoris tenuis

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 377
Author(s):  
Md Munir Mostafiz ◽  
Errol Hassan ◽  
Jae-Kyoung Shim ◽  
Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Methyl Benzoate ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
Nesidiocoris Tenuis ◽  
Rating Scheme ◽  
Plant Surfaces ◽  
Positive Controls

Benzoates (naturally occurring plant toxins) produce pesticidal effects on various pest insects and mites, but their effects on non-target insects are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluate the lethal and sublethal toxicity of methyl benzoate (MB) to adults of the generalist predatory bug Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae). To assess lethal effects, N. tenuis was exposed to plant surfaces treated with 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% MB, as well as negative and positive controls (water and the neonicotinoid acetamiprid, respectively). Exposure to 1% MB resulted in the highest corrected mortality of 17.8% and 13.3% under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, respectively. Thus, 1% MB can be classified as harmless to N. tenuis according to the International Organization for Biological Control rating scheme. At the sublethal level, MB exposure did not significantly affect the consumption of eggs of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci by N. tenuis relative to negative control feeding rates. In contrast, acetamiprid at the manufacturer’s recommended concentration reduced N. tenuis feeding activity by 45.4%. Furthermore, in a Y-tube olfactometer assay, there were no significant differences between the olfactory responses of N. tenuis to MB concentrations and the negative control (water). This study therefore suggests that MB could be used safely for pest control in combination with N. tenuis.

scholarly journals IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECT OF A MIXTURE OF WATER EXTRACTS OF BETEL (PIPER BETLE L.) LEAF AND (UNCARIA GAMBIR ROXB.) GAMBIER ON PHAGOCYTIC CELLS AND MODULATION ON PHOSPHATASE ENZYME OF MICE

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-207
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD YANIS MUSDJA ◽  
AMINAH NURHADIYAH ◽  
ZILHALDIA ◽  
ANDRIA AGUSTA
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effect ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Macrophage Cells ◽  
Phagocytosis Activity ◽  
Phosphatase Enzyme ◽  
Positive Controls

Objective: This study was to determine the immunomodulatory effect of a mixture of water extracts of betel (Piper betle L.) leaf and (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) gambier on phagocytic cells and modulation on phosphatase enzyme of mice. Methods: Mixture of extracts of betel leaf and gambier (ratio, 429:71) was given to seven groups of mice for 14 days with doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW). Two kinds of immunomodulatory drug in syrup form commonly used in the treatment of infectious were used as positive controls. The peritoneal fluid of mice containing macrophage cells was isolated by performing surgery. Immunomodulatory effect was done by calculating the number of phagocytosis activity and capacity of macrophage cells of mice, and measurement of phosphatase enzyme was done using a spectrophotometer ultraviolet visible on λ=405 nm, after 1 h intraperitoneal injection Staphylococcus epidermidis on each group of mice. Immunomodulatory effects of each group of a mixture of extract were compared with negative control, normal control, and positive controls. Results: The result showed that doses administered 200 mg/kg BW of mixture extract most efficacy for both phagocytosis activity and phagocytosis capacity as well as for the results of testing for phosphatase enzyme. Based on statistical tests, it was significantly different (p≤0.05), if compared with negative controls and normal controls but not significantly different, if compared to positive controls (p≥0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it has been obtained that a mixture of water extracts of betel (P. betle L.) leaf and (U. gambir Roxb.) gambier with a dose of 200 mg/kg BW is very potential to be used as an immunomodulatory.

Survival of Macrobrachium amazonicum embryos submitted to cooling

Zygote ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Vinícius Lourenço Ferreira ◽  
Moisés Fernandes Martins ◽  
Míriam Luzia Nogueira Martins de Sousa ◽  
Aldeney Andrade Soares Filho ◽  
Célia Maria de Souza Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Macrobrachium Amazonicum ◽  
Cryoprotectant Solution ◽  
Positive Controls

SummaryCooling techniques have several applications for reproduction in aquaculture. However, few studies have sought to create protocols for cooling and cryopreservation of Macrobrachium amazonicum embryos. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify the survival of M. amazonicum embryos and the correlation between embryonic volume and mortality of M. amazonicum embryos after cooling. Embryo pools were collected from three females and divided into two treatment groups: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 3% and ethylene glycol (EG) 0.5%, both of them associated with 2 M sucrose. Positive and negative control groups consisted of seawater 10%. Aliquots of 10 µg of embryos were placed in Falcon® tubes containing a cryoprotectant solution and submitted directly to the test temperature of 2°C for 2 and 6 h of cooling. Further analysis of survival and embryonic volume were performed under a stereoscopic microscope. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and means were compared using the Tukey test at 5%. The highest embryonic survival rate was observed after the shortest storage time for both the DMSO 3% and the 0.5% EG groups, with survival rates of 84.8 ± 3.9 and 79.7 ± 2.8%, respectively. There was a reduction in survival after 24 h, with the DMSO 3% group presenting a survival rate of 71.7 ± 6.6%, and the EG 0.5% group, 66 ± 6.9%. Survival showed a statistically significant difference when compared with the positive controls after 2 h and 24 h of cooling, with 99 ± 0.5% and 95.8 ± 1.5% survival rates, respectively. There was no significant statistical difference in the embryonic volume, but it was possible to observe a change in the appearance of the embryos, from a translucent coloration to an opaque white or brownish coloration, after 24 h in incubators. Thus, it can be concluded that survival is inversely proportional to storage time and that, although there was no change in the embryonic volume after cooling, a change in the appearance of embryos could be observed.

scholarly journals Seasonal dynamics of megafauna on the deep West Antarctic Peninsula shelf in response to variable phytodetrital influx

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 140294 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Y. G. Sumida ◽  
C. R. Smith ◽  
A. F. Bernardino ◽  
P. S. Polito ◽  
D. R. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Surface Deposit ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Important Species ◽  
West Antarctic ◽  
West Antarctic Peninsula

The deep West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) shelf is characterized by intense deposition of phytodetritus during spring/summer months, while very little food material reaches the seafloor during winter. The response of the shelf benthic megafauna to this highly variable food supply is still poorly understood. In order to characterize the deposition of phytodetritus and the megabenthic community response, we deployed a seafloor time-lapse camera at approximately 590 m depth on the mid WAP shelf west of Anvers Island for 15 months. Seafloor photographs were taken at intervals of 12 or 24 h nearly continuously from 9 December 1999 (austral winter) to 20 March 2001 (summer) and analysed for phytodetritus deposition and megafaunal dynamics. Seafloor images indicated a marked seasonal arrival of greenish phytodetritus, with large interannual and seasonal variability in the coverage of depositing phytodetrital particles. The surface-deposit-feeding elasipod holothurians Protelpidia murrayi and Peniagone vignoni dominated the epibenthic megafauna throughout the year, frequently constituting more than 80% of the megafaunal abundance, attaining total densities of up to 2.4 individuals m −2 . Elasipod abundances were significantly higher in summer than winter. During summer periods of high phytodetrital flux, Pr. murrayi produced faecal casts at higher rates, indicating intensified population-level feeding activity. In March–June 2000, faecal casts lasted longest, suggesting lower horizontal bioturbation activity during autumn–winter. Our data indicate that the Pr. murrayi population increases its feeding rates in response to increasing amounts and/or lability of organic matter on the sediment surface. Assuming that this species feeds on the top millimetre of the sediment, we estimate that, during periods of high phytodetrital flux, the Pr. murrayi population reworks one square metre of sediment surface in approximately 287 days. We suggest that Pr. murrayi is an important species for organic-carbon recycling on the deep WAP shelf, controlling the availability of deposited labile phytodetritus to the broader shelf benthic community.

scholarly journals Detection of Botulinum Type E Toxin in Channel Catfish with Visceral Toxicosis Syndrome Using Catfish Bioassay and Endopep Mass Spectrometry

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia S. Gaunt ◽  
Suzanne R. Kalb ◽  
John R. Barr
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Magnetic Beads ◽  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Serum ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Negative Control Serum ◽  
Exact Quantification ◽  
Positive Controls

Visceral toxicosis of catfish (VTC) is a syndrome characterized by sudden mortality in apparently healthy market- and brooder-sized catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus). This paper reports the design of a catfish neutralization assay to detect botulinum in catfish with VTC and verification by Endopep mass spectrometry (Endopep-MS). Sera from 6 affected catfish were incubated with botulinum antitoxin serotypes A, B, C, D, E, or F. For each serum sample, 3 experimental fingerlings were injected intracoelomically with each serotype-serum mixture and placed separately in an aquarium. Three fish were injected with VTC-affected serum only, and 3 fish were injected with unaffected serum only and also placed in separate aquaria. Signs of morbidity and mortality were seen in fish injected with sera combined with serotype A, B, C, or D, as well as in positive controls. No morbidity or mortality was seen in fish injected with sera combined with antitoxin serotypes E or F or negative control serum. Sera from affected and unaffected catfish were sent to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for detection and differentiation of botulinum neurotoxin. Aliquots of 0.5 ml of sera were incubated with magnetic beads coated with antibodies to botulinum, and the beads were subjected to the Endopep-MS reaction. Sera from affected catfish tested positive for botulinum E. Sera from 34 unaffected catfish tested negative for botulinum. Although there was not enough botulinum present in affected samples to obtain exact quantification, the estimated quantity of botulinum E in these sera samples was between 0.01 and 0.5 mouse LD50/ml.

Evaluation of Commercial Latex as a Positive Control for In Vitro Testing of Bioceramics

2014 ◽  
Vol 631 ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuelle Stellet Lourenço ◽  
Juliana Côrtes ◽  
Joyce Costa ◽  
Adriana Linhares ◽  
Gutemberg Alves
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Positive Controls

Several tests for the biological evaluation of bioceramic materials and medical devices are provided in specific international standards, where in vitro tests have a major role. Tests involving exposure of cells in culture require the use of validated positive controls, which, in the same preparation and treatment conditions, present a substantial and well-known cytotoxicity. The present work aimed to test and validate 3 different sources of low cost, commercially available latex, as positive controls in cytotoxicity tests for bioceramic materials performed by indirect exposure. The tested origins for latex samples were: surgical gloves without powder, 100% pure amber latex hospital-grade tourniquets and 60 % latex White tubing. MC3T3-E1 murine pre-osteoblasts in culture were exposed to conditioned media (extracts) of each material tested, along with sintered stoichiometric hydroxyapatite bioceramics, and polystyrene beads as negative control. Cell viability was determined by XTT and Crystal Violet Exclusion tests. Concentration curves of the extracts were performed to obtain the DC50. Only the 100% pure amber latex tubing was proven to be cytotoxic, with cell survival less than 5%. This material did not affected neighboring groups at the same experimental system. Moreover, latex samples showed great repeatability in different tests against latex and biomaterials, with consistent toxicity under 20% cell survival as shown in 3 different cell viability parameters. We conclude that fragments of latex ambar tubing are suited as effective positive controls in tests of medical bioceramic materials.

Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Drilling Fluids to Larvae of the American Lobster, Homarus americanus

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1334-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer G. Smith Derby ◽  
Judith M. Capuzzo
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Larval Stages

The lethal and sublethal effects of five used, whole drilling fluids on the larval stages of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) were assessed in laboratory experiments using a continuous-flow bioassay. Although the five tested drilling fluids varied markedly in their toxicity, some were highly toxic, with LC50 values as low as 74 mg/L. Sublethal exposures to drilling fluids at concentrations as low as 10–50 mg/L resulted in reduced respiration rates, reduced O:N ratios, and increased protein:lipid ratios, demonstrating a change in energetics of the larval lobsters. Growth and development of the larvae were seriously impaired by exposure to three of the five drilling fluids at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L. The feeding rates were also significantly reduced after a 24-h exposure to 50 mg/L drilling fluid. Exposure of larvae to barite (a major component of drilling fluids) and to a field-collected, fine-grained sediment did not result in deleterious effects. We suggest that the chemical components and not the physical properties of the drilling fluids are primarily responsible for detrimental effects. From results of the chemical analyses of the tested drilling fluids, we consider that the adverse effects of these drilling fluids cannot be attributed to any one group of chemicals. For example, diesel oil, a known toxicant, was present in the more toxic drilling fluids; however, there was no direct correlation between the toxicity of a drilling fluid and diesel oil concentration. Phenolic compounds, various metals, and other components probably also contributed to the toxicity of these drilling fluids.

scholarly journals Cytogenotoxicity of Abattoir Effluent in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Using Micronucleus Test

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chibuisi G. Alimba ◽  
Ebenezer O. Ajayi ◽  
Titilayo Hassan ◽  
Akindayo A. Sowunmi ◽  
Adekunle A. Bakare
Keyword(s):  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Nuclear Abnormality ◽  
And Control ◽  
Positive Controls

The cytogenotoxic potential of abattoir effluent from Bodija, Nigeria, was investigated using micronucleus test in Clarias gariepinus. Fish was exposed to five different concentrations: 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.1% of the effluent for 7, 14, and 28 days. Tap water and 0.02 mL/L of benzene were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Physicochemical parameters and heavy metals were analyzed in the effluent in accordance with standard methods. After exposure, blood was collected from the treated and control fish and slides were prepared for micronuclei (MN) and nuclear abnormality evaluation in the peripheral erythrocytes. The effluent induced significant (p<0.05) increase in the frequency of MN in a time dependent manner. Similarly, the frequency of total nuclear abnormalities (blebbing, notch, bud, binucleation, and vacuolation) was higher in the exposed fish than the negative control. Electrical conductivity, nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, arsenic, and copper analyzed in the effluent may have provoked the observed cytogenetic damage. The findings herein suggest the presence of clastogens and cytotoxins in Bodija abattoir wastewater which are capable of increasing genomic instability in aquatic biota.

scholarly journals First Report of the Nivalenol Chemotype of Fusarium graminearum Causing Head Blight of Wheat in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (11) ◽  
pp. 1217-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pasquali ◽  
F. Giraud ◽  
C. Brochot ◽  
L. Hoffmann ◽  
T. Bohn
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
First Report ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Control Water ◽  
Positive Controls

Head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the major diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Luxembourg (2) and there is concern for mycotoxins in diseased grain. Isolates of F. graminearum have been assigned to chemotypes based on the particular toxins produced. Ten wheat fields representing different topoclimatological areas of Luxembourg were surveyed in 2007 and 2008 to determine the frequency and distribution of chemotypes. Partially blighted wheat heads were collected, and diseased grains were plated on Fusarium-selective agar (dichloran-chloramphenicol-peptone) for 12 days at 22 ± 2°C with a 12-h light period. Monoconidial isolates of F. graminearum (79 in 2007 and 85 in 2008) were obtained by conidia dilution on 2% water agar and needle selection under a microscope. F. graminearum isolates showed rapid growth on potato dextrose agar, dense aerial mycelium with red pigment deposits in the plate, macroconidia with five to six defined septa, and a basal cell with the typical foot shape. Microconidia were absent. To confirm species identification, a PCR reaction was carried out using the F. graminearum species-specific primers Fg16F (5′-CTCCGGATATGTTGCGTCAA-3′) and Fg16R (5′-GGTAGGTATCCGACATGGCAA-3′) according to Demeke et al. (1). Chemotype of each isolate was determined according to Ward et al. (4). In particular, PCR primer 12CON (5′ CATGAGCATGGTGATGTC-3′) coupled with primer 12NF (5′-TCTCCTCGTTGTATCTGG-3′) and primer 3CON (5′-TGGCAAAGACTGGTTCAC-3′) coupled with primer 3NA (5′-GTGCACAGAATATACGAGC-3′) identified the nivalenol chemotype, primer 12CON coupled with primer 12-15F (5′-TACAGCGGTCGCAACTTC-3′) and primer 3CON coupled with primer 3D15A (5′-ACTGACCCAAGCTGCCATC-3′) identified the 15-acetylated deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotype, while primer 12CON coupled with primer 12-3F (5′-CTTTGGCAAGCCCGTGCA-3′) and primer 3CON coupled with primer 3D3A (5′-CGCATTGGCTAACACATG-3′) identified 3-acetylated DON chemotype. Reactions were repeated two times and positive controls (provided by Kerry O'Donnell, NRRL collection, Peoria, IL) and a negative control (water) were used in each reaction. Frequency of the nivalenol chemotype was found to be 2.5% in 2007 and 1% in 2008. Interestingly, the nivalenol chemotype was absent in southern Luxembourg. According to this finding, nivalenol was likely to be present at low levels in grain from Reisdorf and Echternach in 2007 (central Luxembourg) and in 2008 from grain of Troisvierges (northern Luxembourg). The remaining isolates in both years belonged to the 15-acetylated DON chemotype and the 3-acetylated DON chemotype was not detected. Compared with a previous report from the Netherlands (3), the nivalenol chemotype in Luxembourg is less frequent and widespread. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the nivalenol chemotype of F. graminearum causing head blight on wheat in Luxembourg. References:(1) T. Demeke et al. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 103:271, 2005. (2) F. Giraud et al. Plant Dis. 92:1587, 2008. (3) C. Waalwijk et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 109:743, 2003. (4) T. J. Ward et al. Fung. Genet. Biol. 45:473, 2008.

scholarly journals Suppression of Canola (Brassica napus) Resistance by Virulent Isolates of Plasmodiophora brassicae (Clubroot) During Primary Infection

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 430-437
Author(s):  
Junye Jiang ◽  
Rudolph Fredua-Agyeman ◽  
Stephen E. Strelkov ◽  
Sheau-Fang Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Clubroot Disease ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Positive Controls

The planting of clubroot resistant (CR) canola (Brassica napus) is the most effective method to manage clubroot. Since 2013, many Plasmodiophora brassicae isolates capable of overcoming resistance have been detected, often in mixtures with avirulent isolates. To improve understanding of the effect of low concentrations of virulent isolates on host resistance, three CR canola cultivars (45H29, L135C, and L241C) were inoculated with pairs of isolates representing virulent/avirulent pathotypes (2*/2, 3*/3, and 5*/5) collected after or before the introduction of CR canola, respectively. Seven-day-old seedlings of each cultivar were incubated for 2 days in low concentrations (1 × 103 spores/ml) of the virulent isolates, followed by a second inoculation with a high concentration (1 × 107 spores/ml) of the avirulent isolates. Positive controls comprised seedlings inoculated with low concentrations of the virulent isolates followed by high concentrations of the virulent isolates (PC1) or only with high concentrations of virulent isolates (PC2). Negative controls comprised seedlings inoculated only with high concentrations of the avirulent isolates (NC1) or only with low concentrations of the virulent isolates (NC2). Clubroot severity was significantly higher in all nine experimental treatments (low virulent plus high avirulent) than in the negative control NC1 (high avirulent) but was lower in the experimental treatments than in the positive controls (PC1 and PC2). Low concentrations of virulent isolates alone (NC2) caused moderate clubroot. Disease severity correlated well with P. brassicae biomass in canola as determined by quantitative PCR analysis 28 to 35 days after inoculation. This study revealed that low concentrations of virulent isolates compromised canola resistance for infection by avirulent isolates.

scholarly journals Chronic High-Dose Neonicotinoid Exposure Decreases Overwinter Survival of Apis mellifera L.

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Wood ◽  
Ivanna V. Kozii ◽  
Igor Medici de Mattos ◽  
Roney de Carvalho Macedo Silva ◽  
Colby D. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Overwinter Survival ◽  
Pathogen Load ◽  
Temperature Homeostasis ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Overwinter Mortality

Overwinter colony mortality is an ongoing challenge for North American beekeepers. During winter, honey bee colonies rely on stored honey and beebread, which is frequently contaminated with the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin and thiamethoxam. To determine whether neonicotinoid exposure affects overwinter survival of Apis mellifera L., we chronically exposed overwintering field colonies and winter workers in the laboratory to thiamethoxam or clothianidin at different concentrations and monitored survival and feed consumption. We also investigated the sublethal effects of chronic thiamethoxam exposure on colony pathogen load, queen quality, and colony temperature regulation. Under field conditions, high doses of thiamethoxam significantly increased overwinter mortality compared to controls, with field-realistic doses of thiamethoxam showing no significant effect on colony overwinter survival. Under laboratory conditions, chronic neonicotinoid exposure significantly decreased survival of winter workers relative to negative control at all doses tested. Chronic high-dose thiamethoxam exposure was not shown to impact pathogen load or queen quality, and field-realistic concentrations of thiamethoxam did not affect colony temperature homeostasis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that chronic environmental neonicotinoid exposure significantly decreases survival of winter workers in the laboratory, but only chronic high-dose thiamethoxam significantly decreases overwinter survival of colonies in the field.

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