scholarly journals Copper oxalate formation by lichens and fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya ◽  
Marina S. Zelenskaya ◽  
Alina R. Izatulina ◽  
Oleg S. Vereshchagin ◽  
Dmitry Yu. Vlasov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Iron Ions ◽  
Microscopic Fungi ◽  
Copper Oxalate ◽  
Technology Applications ◽  
Joint Interpretation ◽  
Chalcopyrite Ore

AbstractThe present work focuses on the revealing the patterns of copper oxalates formation under the influence of lichens and fungi by combination of the results of field studies and model experiments. These findings create the scientific basis for the potential microbial technology applications (ore enrichment, monuments conservation, environment bioremediation, etc.). Copper oxalate moolooite Cu(C2O4)·H2O was discovered in saxicolous lichen Lecidea inops on the weathered chalcopyrite ore of Voronov Bor deposit (Central Karelia, Russia). Bioinspired syntheses of moolooite and wheatleyite Na2Cu(C2O4)2 2H2O with the participation of the microscopic fungi Aspergillus niger (active producer of oxalic acid) were carried out on weathered Cu-ore from the Voronov Bor deposit. It was shown that morphology of moolooite crystals is controlled both by the underlying rock and by the species composition of microorganisms. Iron ions (sourced from the underlying rock) in the crystallization medium inhibits the moolooite formation. The observed intensive dissolution of moolooite crystals are well explained by washing effect of the intratalline solutions which depends on repeatedly dehydration / rehydration cycles in the lichens. Joint interpretation of original and published data shows that moolooite along with other cooper oxalates are biominerals.

scholarly journals The species of the genus Crataegus L. in the National Nature Park ‘Podilskyi Tovtry’ (Podolian Hills, Western Ukraine)

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sołtys-Lelek ◽  
Halyna Oliіar
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
Nature Park

AbstractThe paper presents an inventory of hawthorns occurring in the National Nature Park ‘Podilskyi Tovtry’. 8 taxa were recorded based on the field studies during the years 2009-2013, as well as on the published data. Four of them are new for the flora of the Park’s area: C. × macrocarpa Hegetschw., C. × subsphaericea Gand., C. × media Bechst., and the triple hybrid C. monogyna Jacq. × C. laevigata (Pior.) DC. × C. rhipidophylla Gand.

scholarly journals The association between depression and later educational attainment in children and adolescents: a systematic review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e031595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Wickersham ◽  
Sophie Epstein ◽  
Holly Victoria Rose Sugg ◽  
Robert Stewart ◽  
Tamsin Ford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Date Estimate

IntroductionDepression represents a major public health concern for children and adolescents, and is thought to negatively impact subsequent educational attainment. However, the extent to which depression and educational attainment are directly associated, and whether other factors play a role, is uncertain. Therefore, we aim to systematically review the literature to provide an up-to-date estimate on the strength of this association, and to summarise potential mediators and moderators on the pathway between the two.Methods and analysisTo identify relevant studies, we will systematically search Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Education Resources Information Centre and British Education Index, manually search reference lists and contact experts in the field. Studies will be included if they investigate and report on the association between major depression diagnosis or depressive symptoms in children and adolescents aged 4–18 years (exposure) and later educational attainment (outcome). Two independent reviewers will screen titles, abstracts and full texts according to eligibility criteria, perform data extraction and assess study quality according to a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. If sufficiently homogeneous studies are identified, summary effect estimates will be pooled in meta-analysis, with further tests for study heterogeneity, publication bias and the effects of moderators using meta-regression.Ethics and disseminationBecause this review will make use of already published data, ethical approval will not be sought. The review will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal, presented at practitioner-facing conferences, and a lay summary will be written for non-scientific audiences such as parents, young people and teachers. The work will inform upcoming investigations on the association between child and adolescent mental health and educational attainment.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019123068

scholarly journals Laboratory study of the heterogeneous ice nucleation on black-carbon-containing aerosol

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 12175-12194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid Nichman ◽  
Martin Wolf ◽  
Paul Davidovits ◽  
Timothy B. Onasch ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Ethylene Flame ◽  
Nucleation Activity ◽  
Ice Nucleation Activity

Abstract. Soot and black carbon (BC) particles are generated in the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biomass, and biofuels. These airborne particles affect air quality, human health, aerosol–cloud interactions, precipitation formation, and climate. At present, the climate effects of BC particles are not well understood. Their role in cloud formation is obscured by their chemical and physical variability and by the internal mixing states of these particles with other compounds. Ice nucleation in field studies is often difficult to interpret. Nonetheless, most field studies seem to suggest that BC particles are not efficient ice-nucleating particles (INPs). On the other hand, laboratory measurements show that in some cases, BC particles can be highly active INPs under certain conditions. By working with well-characterized BC particles, our aim is to systematically establish the factors that govern the ice nucleation activity of BC. The current study focuses on laboratory measurements of the effectiveness of BC-containing aerosol in the formation of ice crystals in temperature and ice supersaturation conditions relevant to cirrus clouds. We examine ice nucleation on BC particles under water-subsaturated cirrus cloud conditions, commonly understood as deposition-mode ice nucleation. We study a series of well-characterized commercial carbon black particles with varying morphologies and surface chemistries as well as ethylene flame-generated combustion soot. The carbon black particles used in this study are proxies for atmospherically relevant BC aerosols. These samples were characterized by electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and optical scattering measurements. Ice nucleation activity was systematically examined in temperature and saturation conditions in the ranges of 217≤T≤235 K and 1.0≤Sice≤1.5 and 0.59≤Swater≤0.98, respectively, using a SPectrometer for Ice Nuclei (SPIN) instrument, which is a continuous-flow diffusion chamber coupled with instrumentation to measure light scattering and polarization. To study the effect of coatings on INPs, the BC-containing particles were coated with organic acids found in the atmosphere, namely stearic acid, cis-pinonic acid, and oxalic acid. The results show significant variations in ice nucleation activity as a function of size, morphology, and surface chemistry of the BC particles. The measured ice nucleation activity dependencies on temperature, supersaturation conditions, and the physicochemical properties of the BC particles are consistent with an ice nucleation mechanism of pore condensation followed by freezing. Coatings and surface oxidation modify the initial formation efficiency of pristine ice crystals on BC-containing aerosol. Depending on the BC material and the coating, both inhibition and enhancement in INP activity were observed. Our measurements at low temperatures complement published data and highlight the capability of some BC particles to nucleate ice under low ice supersaturation conditions. These results are expected to help refine theories relating to soot INP activation in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Women With Hyperandrogenism in Elite Sports: Scientific and Ethical Rationales for Regulating

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 828-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Bermon ◽  
Eric Vilain ◽  
Patrick Fénichel ◽  
Martin Ritzén
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Female Sports ◽  
Ethical Rationale ◽  
High Level ◽  
Made In ◽  
Performance Enhancing

The recent implementation by some major sports-governing bodies of policies governing eligibility of females with hyperandrogenism to compete in women’s sports has raised a lot of attention and is still a controversial issue. This short article addresses two main subjects of controversy: the existing scientific basis supporting performance enhancing of high blood T levels in elite female athletes, and the ethical rationale and considerations about these policies. Given the recently published data about both innate and acquired hyperandrogenic conditions and their prevalence in elite female sports, we claim that the high level of androgens are per se performance enhancing. Regulating women with clinical and biological hyperandrogenism is an invitation to criticism because biological parameters of sex are not neatly divided into only two categories in the real world. It is, however, the responsibility of the sports-governing bodies to do their best to guarantee a level playing field to all athletes. In order not cloud the discussions about the policies on hyperandrogenism in sports, issues of sports eligibility and therapeutic options should always be considered and explained separately, even if they may overlap. Finally, some proposals for refining the existing policies are made in the present article.

scholarly journals Sex Ratio of Small Hive Beetles: The Role of Pupation and Adult Longevity

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Papach ◽  
Jérémy Gonthier ◽  
Geoffrey R. Williams ◽  
Peter Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Intraspecific Interactions ◽  
Adult Sex Ratio ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
Small Hive Beetles

The sex ratio of sexually reproducing animal species tends to be 1:1, which is known as Fisher’s principle. However, differential mortality and intraspecific competition during pupation can result in a biased adult sex ratio in insects. The female-biased sex ratio of small hive beetles (SHBs) is known from both laboratory and field studies, but the underlying reasons are not well understood. Here, we used laboratory mass and individual pupation to test if differential mortality between sexes and/or intraspecific interactions can explain this sex ratio. The data show a significant female-biased adult sex ratio in both mass and individual rearing, even when assuming that all dead individuals were males. Our results therefore suggest that neither differential mortality during pupation nor intraspecific interactions are likely to explain the female-biased sex ratio of freshly emerged adult SHBs. We regard it as more likely that either competition during the larval feeding stage or genetic mechanisms are involved. In addition, we compared our data with previously published data on the sex ratio of both freshly emerged and field-collected SHBs to investigate possible gender differences in adult longevity. The data show a significantly greater female bias in the sex ratio upon emergence, compared to field-collected SHBs, suggesting that adult females have a shorter longevity.

Mechanisms of element transfer to the atmosphere during vegetation fires

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Raison ◽  
P. K. Khanna ◽  
P. V. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Regression Line ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Published Data ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Eucalypt Forest ◽  
Element Loss ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vegetation Fires ◽  
Simulated Field ◽  
Element Transfer

Published data and newly presented evidence demonstrate that the proportion of N or P lost from plant material during combustion under a wide range of conditions increases linearly with percentage loss of fuel weight during combustion. For N the correlation is strong, and the slope (β) of the regression line approaches unity for combustions under field or simulated-field conditions, but reduces to 0.78 for materials combusted in a muffle furnace. Almost all of the losses of N are due to volatilization. The relationship for P is less well defined, and β is lower (0.56 for field studies; about 0.2 for simulated-field or laboratory combustions). Calcium is not volatilized at the temperatures generated in most vegetation fires, thus increases in the ratio of Ca to other elements during combustion (i.e., higher ratios in burnt residue) indicate nonparticulate transfer of elements to the atmosphere. Increased ratios for Ca to N, P, K, Mg, Mn, and B were demonstrated for several components of eucalypt litter fuels, especially where the degree of combustion was high. The positive relationship between increase in Ca:element ratio and percentage element loss in nonparticulate form during combustion, is of Mitscherlich form so that initial increases in the ratio represent proportionally most element loss. Partitioning of the transfer of elements from the litter and understory to the atmosphere measured during low-intensity fires in three eucalypt forest communities demonstrated a low particulate contribution (and thus a high nonparticulate transfer) for N, K, P, and B. Particulate contributions to elemental transfers are less where combustion is more complete, resulting in formation and transport of fine grey ash which has a high Ca:element ratio. Of particular ecological importance is the significant transfer of P by nonparticulate mechanisms, because such P is likely to be permanently lost from burnt sites and natural rates of P replacement are usually very slow. Fine grey or white ash is highly nutrient enriched (e.g., up to 50-fold for P compared with concentrations in unburnt fuel), and hence its transport from the site in the smoke column, or subsequently by either wind or water, can result in substantial export of nutrients.

scholarly journals Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia Type B: An Updated Review of a Problematic Diagnosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj P. Kapur ◽  
Miguel Reyes-Mugica
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Hirschsprung Disease ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Type B ◽  
Intestinal Dysmotility ◽  
Neuronal Dysplasia

Context.— Intestinal neuronal dysplasia type B (IND B) is a controversial histopathologic phenotype that has been associated with intestinal dysmotility, either as an isolated condition or in conjunction with established pathologic disorders (eg, Hirschsprung disease). Many factors contribute to the debate over the existence and/or clinical significance of IND B, including a large body of published data based on inconsistent diagnostic criteria and methods, which have fostered many unwarranted conclusions that lack sufficient scientific basis. Objective.— To critically analyze existing published data regarding IND B to provide supporting evidence-based diagnostic practice and to stimulate necessary and scientifically sound research. Data Sources.— This update focuses on published literature related to the pathology of IND B because without a reliable pathologic diagnosis, studies of epidemiology, pathogenesis, natural history, management, and outcome are all suspect. Problems with existing data are identified explicitly with suggestions as to how future investigations should be designed and evaluated to better understand this entity. Conclusions.— Inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria and methods used to define IND B justifiably encumber the universal acceptance of IND B as a neuropathologic etiology for intestinal dysmotility. IND B will remain a controversial diagnosis until rigorous, well-controlled scientific studies are conducted to establish reproducible and reliable diagnostic criteria that reliably translate from one laboratory to another.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigger et Koerte (Asteraceae) in Podlasie province (north-eastern Poland)

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
Anna Bomanowska ◽  
Wojciech Adamowski ◽  
Dan Wołkowycki
Keyword(s):  
Species Distribution ◽  
Current Distribution ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Ne Poland ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
New Localities ◽  
New Locations

New localities of <em>Arnoseris minima</em> (L.) Schweigger et Koerte (Asteraceae) in the Podlasie region (NE Poland) are presented. The current distribution of the species was established on the basis of the authors’ floristic field studies, revised herbarium materials, published data, and unpublished sources. The collected data enabled us to revise the map of the species’ distribution in the Podlasie region and supplement it with another new 17 localities. The previously established geographic range of species in Poland can now be moved by about 30 km eastwards and 50 km northwards. The identification of new locations of <em>A. minima</em> on the border of its continuous geographical range becomes important in the context of the declining number of localities of this species recently observed across almost the whole of Europe.

CONCERNING COORDINATION BETWEEN THE GENERALLY ACCEPTED PRACTICE OF ASSESSING HEALTH RISKS DUE TO MULTI-METALLIC EXPOSURES AND THE THEORY OF COMBINED TOXICITY

2017 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
I. A. Minigalieva ◽  
B. A. Katsnelson ◽  
V. B. Gurvich ◽  
L. I. Privalova ◽  
V. G. Panov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Combined Toxicity ◽  
Fundamental Nature ◽  
Accepted Practice

Assessment of cumulative health risks associated with the widely observed combined effects of two or more metals and their compounds to the organism has the toxicology of mixtures as its scientific basis although there is no full match between such assessment and this basis though some of the contradictions between them are of a fundamental nature. This state of things may be explained not only by simplifications characteristic of the generally recognized methodology of risk assessment but also by extreme complexity of the theory of combined toxicity, the most essential issues of which are considered by authors on the basis of literary and, mostly, their own previously published data.

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