Environment impact and probabilistic health risks of PAHs in dusts surrounding an iron and steel enterprise

AbstractDust can be regarded as environmental medium that indicates the level and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) coming from different pollution sources. In this study, samples including road dust, roof dust, and bare soil near an iron and steel enterprise (ISE) in Laiwu city of North China were collected. To assess the environment impact, atmosphere particulates and one flue dust from a coking plant were simultaneously sampled. Sixteen USEPA PAHs were detected quantitatively by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). A laser particle size analyzer was used to obtain the grain size of the dust particle samples. The results showed that PAH concentrations displayed great variability in the dust samples. The ∑16PAHs concentration was found to be between 0.460 and 46.970 μg/g (avg ± sd 10.892 ± 1.185 μg/g) in road dust, between 0.670 and 17.140 μg/g (avg ± sd 6.751 ± 0.692 μg/g) in roof dust, and 13.990 ± 1.203 μg/g in bare soil. In the environment atmosphere sites, the ∑16 PAHs value in PM2.5 constituted a very large proportion of PM10, indicating that PAHs in finer particle sizes should be given greater emphasis. The ∑16PAHs concentration was relatively high in the area close to the ISE because of the great impact of the ISE industrial activities. PAH concentration curves were similar, and the most abundant individual PAHs in the atmosphere sites were BbF, BkF, and Flu, and BbF, BkF, and Chry in dusts. Toxicity analysis revealed that PAHs with four rings, including carcinogenic PAHs, were the dominant pollutants in the studied area. The toxic equivalency value (TEQBaP), the carcinogenic health risk assessment value recommended by the US EPA, was calculated for seven carcinogenic PAHs, revealing that they account for more than 93.0% of the total TEQBap of the 16 PAHs and indicating the major toxic equivalent concentration contributor. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) estimation results showed that PAHs tended to bring about great health risks through skin contact, followed by ingestion and inhalation. By comparison, road dust exhibited greater carcinogenic risks than roof dust, and bare soil may undergo heavier pollution. Therefore, the results of this study would be helpful in the effort to understand the PAHs pollution from the steel industry, which will provide some guidance for the probabilistic assessment of local health risks.

Download Full-text

Environment Impact and Probabilistic Health Risks of PAHs In Dusts Surrounding an Iron and Steel Enterprise

10.21203/rs.3.rs-136997/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaofeng Wei ◽

Chun Ding ◽

Chunzhu Chen ◽

Li Zhu ◽

Guiqin Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Risks ◽

Road Dust ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Local Health ◽

Environment Impact ◽

Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽

Iron And Steel ◽

Skin Contact ◽

Carcinogenic Pahs

Abstract Dust can be regarded as environmental medium that indicates the level and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) coming from different pollution sources. In this study, samples including road dust, roof dust, and bare soil near an iron and steel enterprise (ISE) in Laiwu city of North China were collected. To assess the environment impact, atmosphere particulates and one flue dust from a coking plant were simultaneously sampled. Sixteen USEPA PAHs were detected quantitatively by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS). A laser particle size analyzer was used to obtain the grain size of the dust particle samples. The results showed that PAH concentrations displayed great variability in the dust samples. The ∑16 PAHs concentration was found to be between 0.460 and 46.970 μg/g (avg ± sd: 10.892 ± 1.185 μg/g) in road dust, between 0.670 and 17.140 μg/g (avg ± sd: 6.751 ± 0.692 μg/g) in roof dust, and 13.990 ± 1.203 μg/g in bare soil. In the environment atmosphere sites, the ∑16 PAHs value in PM2.5 constituted a very large proportion of PM10, indicating that PAHs in finer particle sizes should be given greater emphasis. The ∑16PAHs concentration was relatively high in the area close to the ISE because of the great impact of the ISE industrial activities. PAH concentration curves were similar, and the most abundant individual PAHs in the atmosphere sites were BbF, BkF, and Flu, and BbF, BkF, and Chry in dusts. Toxicity analysis revealed that PAHs with four rings, including carcinogenic PAHs, were the dominant pollutants in the studied area. The toxic equivalency value (TEQBaP), the carcinogenic health risk assessment value recommended by the US EPA, was calculated for seven carcinogenic PAHs, revealing that they account for more than 93.0% of the total TEQBap of the 16 PAHs and indicating the major toxic equivalent concentration contributor. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) estimation results showed that PAHs tended to bring about great health risks through skin contact, followed by ingestion and inhalation. By comparison, road dust exhibited greater carcinogenic risks than roof dust, and bare soil may undergo heavier pollution. Therefore, the results of this study would be helpful in the effort to understand the PAHs pollution from the steel industry, which will provide some guidance for the probabilistic assessment of local health risks.

Download Full-text

Trace elements in skin-contact clothes and migration to artificial sweat: Risk assessment of human dermal exposure

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/0040517516639816 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 87 (6) ◽

pp. 726-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Joaquim Rovira ◽

Martí Nadal ◽

Marta Schuhmacher ◽

José L Domingo

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Health Risks ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Dermal Exposure ◽

Environmental Scanning ◽

Potential Health ◽

Skin Contact ◽

Artificial Sweat ◽

High Concentrations ◽

And Migration

The concentrations of a considerable number of trace elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V and Zn) were determined in various skin-contact clothes (T-shirts, blouses, socks, baby pajamas and bodies) from the Catalan (Spain) market. In addition, migration experiments with artificial acidic sweat were conducted in order to establish the migration rates of these elements. High levels of Zn (186–5749 mg/kg) were found in zinc pyrithione labeled T-shirts, while high concentrations of Sb and Cr were found in polyester and black polyamide fabrics, respectively. An environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) confirmed the presence of Ag and Ti particles and aggregates in several clothing items. The use of the ESEM complemented the results of the elemental analysis and migration experiments. Dermal exposure to trace elements was subsequently calculated, and the human health risks were assessed. Antimony showed the highest mean hazard quotient (HQ = 0.4) for male and female adults wearing polyester clothes; for one of the examined items (polyester T-shirt) the HQ was even above the safety limit (HQ > 1). Exposure to Sb from polyester textile could mean potential health risks in subpopulation groups who frequently wear these clothes, and for long time periods. The migration experiments with artificial sweat showed to be essential for establishing the exposure to trace elements through cloth with direct contact with skin.

Download Full-text

Chemical composition of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) essential oils and evaluation of their toxicity against Bruchus rufimanus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) in Morocco

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science ◽

10.1017/s1742758418000012 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (03) ◽

pp. 192-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Karima Hannour ◽

Ahmed Boughdad ◽

Abdelwahed Maataoui ◽

Aziz Bouchelta

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Health Risks ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Control Methods ◽

Control Groups ◽

Lethal Time ◽

Middle Atlas

AbstractControl methods used to limit field losses caused by Bruchus rufimanus Boheman, 1833 consist of synthetic insecticides that pose health risks to farmers, consumers and the environment. In an attempt to find safer alternatives, we screened essential oils from the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis collected in the Middle Atlas and Loukkos regions of Morocco in the laboratory as natural fumigants against B. rufimanus. These essential oils were extracted by steam distillation using a Clevenger distiller, characterised chemically by coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and tested at five concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 µl/l air). The essential oils of R. officinalis mainly comprised oxygenated monoterpenes (Middle Atlas: 79.4%; Loukkos: 48.78%) and terpenes (Middle Atlas: 14.71%; Loukkos: 32.33%). The lethal concentrations (LC50) of Middle Atlas and Loukkos essential oils against male beetles ranged from, respectively, 46.53 to 1.19 µl/l air and 58.85 to 11.57 µl/l air. Similarly, doses of R. officinalis essential oils from Middle Atlas and Loukkos lethal to females, ranged from 44.6 to 2.08 µl/l air and from 53.00 to 5.38 µl/l air, respectively. Additionally, the lethal time (LT50 and LT99) of exposed adults ranged from 1–8 and from 2–13 days for different concentrations of R. officinalis essential oils from Middle Atlas and Loukkos, respectively. With no mortality recorded in the control groups, these findings demonstrate the fumigant potential of these oils against this bruchid under the storage conditions.

Download Full-text

Do adult health outcomes in urban population reflect local health risk? A matched cohort analysis of migration effects in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029059 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. e029059

Author(s):

Philippe Bocquier ◽

Abdramane Bassiahi Soura ◽

Souleymane Sanogo ◽

Sara Randall

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Health Services ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Health Risks ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Local Health ◽

Access To Health Services ◽

Access To Health

BackgroundSelective migration may affect health indicators in both urban and rural areas. Sub-Saharan African urban areas show evidence of both negative and positive selection on health status at outmigration. Health outcomes as measured in urban populations may not reflect local health risks and access to health services.MethodsUsing the Ouagadougou Health and Demographic Surveillance System and a migrant follow-up survey, we measured differences in health between matched non-migrants and outmigrants. We applied Cox and competing risks models on migration and death.ResultsControlling for premigration health status, migrants who moved out of Ouagadougou have higher mortality (HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.23 to 8.58) than non-migrants and migrants moving to other Ouagadougou areas. However, these effects vanish in the matched sample controlling for all interactions between death determinants. These and other results show little evidence that migration led to higher mortality or worse health.ConclusionsHealth outcomes as measured in Ouagadougou population do reflect local health risks and access to health services despite high migration intensity. However, neither the hypothesis of effect of health on migration nor the hypothesis of negative effect of migration on health or survival was confirmed.

Download Full-text

Human Health Risks Associated with Metals from Urban Soil and Road Dust in an Oilfield Area of Southeastern Algeria

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s00244-015-0244-6 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 556-571 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Mohammed Lamine Benhaddya ◽

Abdelaziz Boukhelkhal ◽

Youcef Halis ◽

Mohammed Hadjel

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Urban Soil ◽

Road Dust ◽

Human Health Risks

Download Full-text

The Knowledge of Lombok Praya-Indonesia Regional Community on the Safety Use of Medicinal Plants

Berkala Kedokteran ◽

10.20527/jbk.v17i2.11671 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Wiwied Ekasari ◽

Suko Hardjono ◽

Sugijanto Sugijanto ◽

Juni Ekowati ◽

I Nyoman Wijaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Health Risks ◽

Public Understanding ◽

Public Knowledge ◽

Local Health ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Plant Safety ◽

Health Agencies ◽

Regional Community

Abstract: The use of medicinal plants to maintain or overcome health problems has long been carried out by worldwide community. Along with the development of knowledge, data about the existence of undesirable effects or side effects associated with the use of medicinal plants that are not appropriate are obtained. This research is conducted to determine public knowledge about the safety several medicinal plants use. The study was conducted with a questionnaire technique in Lombok Praya, Indonesia. The results show that knowledge about the safety of the use of medicinal plants in breastfeeding mothers obtains the correct answer by 48%, knowledge about the parts of medicinal plants that are dangerous for consumption by 39% and knowledge about medicinal plants that can increase health risks by 21%. Whereas, the knowledges for the use of medicinal plants in pregnant women and the use of medicinal plants that are not right obtains very good results with correct answers of 79% and 81%. Based on further interviews, these good results are obtained because they are supported more by traditional use of the plant that has already existed in the area. Public understanding of the safety of some medicinal plants in Lombok Praya is still lacking. It is necessary to add knowledge about the use of medicinal plants that requires special attention, especially on plants that are often used by people in the area. Local health agencies need to disseminate information on the safety of medicinal plants that is wider and more sustainable. Keywords: Community, medicinal plant, safety, public understanding.

Download Full-text

Reassessment of the radiocesium resuspension flux from contaminated ground surfaces in East Japan

10.5194/acp-2021-687 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mizuo Kajino ◽

Akira Watanabe ◽

Masahide Ishizuka ◽

Kazuyuki Kita ◽

Yuji Zaizen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Surface ◽

Heavy Traffic ◽

Inhalation Exposure ◽

Radioactive Decay ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Road Dust ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Air Concentration ◽

Deposition Rates ◽

Order Of Magnitude

Abstract. Resuspension of 137Cs from the contaminated ground surface to the atmosphere is essential for understanding the environmental behaviors of 137Cs and estimating external and inhalation exposure of residents. Kajino et al. (2016) assessed the 137Cs resuspension flux from bare soil and forest ecosystems in East Japan in 2013 using a numerical simulation constrained by surface air concentration measurements. However, the simulation was found to underestimate the observed deposition amounts by two orders of magnitude. The reason for this underestimation is that the simulation assumed that resuspended 137Cs is carried by submicron aerosols, which have low deposition rates. Based on the observational indications that soil dust and bioaerosols are the major carriers of resuspended 137Cs, a new simulation is performed with higher deposition rates constrained by both surface concentrations and deposition amounts. In the new estimation, the areal total annual resuspension of 137Cs in 2013 is 25.7 TBq, which is equivalent to 0.96 % of the initial deposition (2.68 PBq). Due to the rapid deposition rates, the annual redeposition amount is also large at 10.6 TBq, approximately 40 % of the resuspended 137Cs. The resuspension rate through the atmosphere (0.96 % y−1) seems slow, but it (2.6 × 10−5 d−1) may not be negligibly small compared to the actual decreasing trend of the ambient gamma dose rate obtained in Fukushima Prefecture after the radioactive decay of 137Cs plus 134Cs in 2013 is subtracted (1.0–7.9 × 10−4 d−1): Resuspension can account for 1–10 % of the decreasing rate due to decontamination and natural decay through land surface processes. The current simulation underestimated the 137Cs deposition in Fukushima city in winter by more than an order of magnitude, indicating the presence of additional resuspension sources. The site of Fukushima city is surrounded by major roads. Heavy traffic on wet and muddy roads after snow removal operations could generate superlarge (approximately 100 µm in diameter) road dust or road salt particles, which is not included in the model but might contribute to the observed 137Cs at the site.

Download Full-text

Human Health Risk Evaluation of Organophosphate Insecticide Residues in Post-Harvest Cowpea in Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria

Journal of Health and Pollution ◽

10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201203 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (28) ◽

Author(s):

Motunrayo G. Akande ◽

Fatimah S. Sanni ◽

Ndidi G. Enefe

Keyword(s):

Health Risks ◽

Risk Evaluation ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Organophosphate Insecticide ◽

Insecticide Residues ◽

Cowpea Varieties

Background Cowpea is a leguminous crop commonly grown and eaten in Nigeria. Organophosphate insecticides are frequently used to control insect populations in cowpea crops. Objectives The present study was conducted to investigate the concentrations of organophosphate insecticide residues in cowpea varieties in Gwagwalada, Nigeria, and assess health risks to consumers. Methods Samples of brown and white cowpea varieties were collected from Gwagwalada market, Abuja, Nigeria. Concentrations of organophosphate insecticide residues in the cowpea samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selective ion monitoring. Risk evaluation was carried out by the determination of estimated daily intake, hazard quotient and chronic hazard index. Results The organophosphates detected in the cowpea varieties were malathion, parathion, ethion and carbophenothion. The concentrations of insecticides in the cowpea types were higher than the maximum residue limits recommended by the European Union (EU) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). The hazard quotient values were less than 100% for malathion, parathion and ethion in the cowpea varieties for adults and children. The hazard quotient of carbophenothion for adults was below 100% for the cowpea types, while the hazard quotient surpassed 100% for children. The chronic hazard indexes for children were 364% and 276% for the brown and white cowpea types, respectively. Conclusions The results obtained in the present study indicate that consumers, particularly children, may be exposed to health risks through the consumption of cowpea types. Consequently, monitoring and regulation of organophosphate insecticide usage in Nigeria should be intensified.

Download Full-text

Assessment of Pollution and Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Particulate Matter and Road Dust Along the Road Network of Dhanbad, India

Journal of Health and Pollution ◽

10.5696/2156-9614-11.29.210305 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (29) ◽

Author(s):

Shweta Kumari ◽

Manish Kumar Jain ◽

Suresh Pandian Elumalai

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Risk Assessment ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Source Apportionment ◽

Health Risks ◽

Mass Concentration ◽

Road Dust

Background. The rise in particulate matter (PM) concentrations is a serious problem for the environment. Heavy metals associated with PM10, PM2.5, and road dust adversely affect human health. Different methods have been used to assess heavy metal contamination in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust and source apportionment of these heavy metals. These assessment tools utilize pollution indices and health risk assessment models. Objectives. The present study evaluates the total mass and average concentrations of heavy metals in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust along selected road networks in Dhanbad, India, analyzes the source apportionment of heavy metals, and assesses associated human health risks. Methods. A total of 112 PM samples and 21 road dust samples were collected from six stations and one background site in Dhanbad, India from December 2015 to February 2016, and were analyzed for heavy metals (iron (Fe), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn)) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Source apportionment was determined using principal component analysis. A health risk assessment of heavy metal concentrations in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust was also performed. Results. The average mass concentration was found to be 229.54±118.40 μg m−3 for PM10 and 129.73 ±61.74 μg m−3 for PM2.5. The average concentration of heavy metals was found to be higher in PM2.5 than PM10. The pollution load index value of PM10 and PM2.5 road dust was found to be in the deteriorating category. Vehicles were the major source of pollution. The non-carcinogenic effects on children and adults were found to be within acceptable limits. The heavy metals present in PM and road dust posed a health risk in the order of road dust> PM10> and PM2.5. Particulate matter posed higher health risks than road dust due to particle size. Conclusions. The mass concentration analysis indicates serious PM10 and PM2.5 contamination in the study area. Vehicle traffic was the major source of heavy metals in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust. In terms of non-carcinogenic risks posed by heavy metals in the present study, children were more affected than adults. The carcinogenic risk posed by the heavy metals was negligible. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests

Download Full-text