Assessing adaptive requirements and breeding potential of spelt under Mediterranean environment

AbstractThe rising demand for spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) as a high-value grain crop has raised interest in its introduction into non-traditional spelt growing areas. This study aimed to assess adaptive constrains of spelt under short Mediterranean season. At first screening of a wide spelt collection for phenology and allelic distribution at the photoperiod (PPD) and vernalization (VRN) loci was done. In addition an in-depth phenotypic evaluation of a selected panel (n = 20) was performed, including agronomically important traits and concentration of grain mineral (GMC) and grain protein (GPC) content. Results from both wide screening and in-depth in panel (group of 18 spelt lines and two bread wheat lines) evaluation shows that the major adaptive constraint for spelt under Mediterranean conditions is late heading, caused by day length sensitivity, as evident from phenology and allelic profile (PPD and VRN). All lines carrying the photoperiod-sensitive allele (PPD-D1b) were late flowering (> 120DH). Based on the panel field evaluations those consequently suffer from low grain yield and poor agronomic performances. As for minerals, GMC for all but Zn, significantly correlated with GPC. In general, GMC negatively correlated with yield which complicated the assessment of GMC per-se and challenge the claim for higher mineral content in spelt grains. The exceptions were, Fe and Zn, which did not correlate with yield. Spelt lines showing high Fe and Zn concentration in a high-yield background illustrate their potential for spelt wheat breeding. Improving spelt adaptation to Mediterranean environments could be mediated by introducing the insensitive-PPD-D1a allele to spelt wheat background. Following this breeding path spelt could better compete with bread wheat under short season with limited and fluctuating rain fall.

Download Full-text

Allele variation in loci for adaptive response in Bulgarian wheat cultivars and landraces and its effect on heading date

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262111000475 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 251-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stanislav Kolev ◽

Dimitar Vassilev ◽

Kostadin Kostov ◽

Elena Todorovska

Keyword(s):

Bread Wheat ◽

Adaptive Response ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Heading Date ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Allele Composition ◽

Sensitive Allele ◽

Allele Variation ◽

Photoperiod Sensitive ◽

Winter Growth Habit

Allele composition at the major growth habit (Ppd-D1, Vrn-1, Rht-1 and Rht8) loci was determined in 52 Bulgarian bread wheat cultivars and landraces, using recently developed diagnostic molecular markers. The study showed that Bulgarian wheat germplasm varies for photoperiod, vernalization and height-reducing genes. The photoperiod-sensitive allele (Ppd-D1b) was the most frequent one in the old cultivars and landraces (90.9%), while the photoperiod-insensitive allele (Ppd-D1a) showed the highest frequency in the modern cultivars (96.71%). The alleles conferring winter growth habit (vrn-A1, vrn-B1 and vrn-D1) were more common in both the old (72.7%) and the modern (93.3%) wheat genotypes. The spring allele Vrn-A1c was not detected in Bulgarian germplasm, while the spring allele Vrn-B1 was found only in the old genotypes (13.6%). The semi-dwarfing allele Rht-B1b was observed in several modern cultivars. Seven allele variants were found in the microsatellite locus Xgwm261, closely located to the Rht8 gene. Among them, alleles of 164, 212 and 216 bp length were specific for the old genotypes studied, while alleles of 192 and 202 bp length were specific for the modern ones. The allele combination Rht-B1b//192 or 202 bp allele (Xgwm261 locus)//Ppd-D1a//vrn-A1/vrn–B1/vrn-D1 was detected in most of the early-heading modern cultivars. Our study emphasizes on the plasticity of the adaptive response of bread wheat cultivars sown in Bulgaria, as well as on the effect of variation for major growth habit on some yield and reproductive characteristics.

Download Full-text

The allelic state at the major semi-dwarfing genes in a panel of Turkish bread wheat cultivars and landraces

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

10.1017/s1479262111000578 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 423-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

F. E. Yediay ◽

E. E. Andeden ◽

F. S. Baloch ◽

A. Börner ◽

B. Kilian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bread Wheat ◽

Microsatellite Locus ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Dwarfing Genes ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Allelic State ◽

Production Environments ◽

Allelic Distribution ◽

Breeding Programmes ◽

Polymerase Chain

Dwarfing genes play an important role in improving yield and adaptability of wheat cultivars in most production environments. Understanding the allelic distribution at dwarfing loci is very important for any wheat-breeding programmes. In this study, we reported the allelic constitution at microsatellite locus Xgwm261 and the two major height-reducing genes Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 among a set of 56 bread wheat cultivars and nine landraces, based on diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assays. With respect to Rht-B1, 37% of the accessions carried the dwarfing allele Rht-B1b, while at Rht-D1, only one accession carried the dwarfing allele Rht-D1b. The allelic state at Rht8 was assayed indirectly by genotyping for the linked microsatellite locus Xgwm261. About 26% of the accessions carried the 192 bp allele (linked with Rht8 gene in some cases), whereas 35 and 12% genotypes carried 165 and 174 bp allele at the microsatellite locus Xgwm261. Cultivars released from 1980 onwards increasingly carried either Rht-B1b or Rht8. This information should allow for a more rational use of this collection for the purpose of wheat improvement in Turkey.

Download Full-text

Production of synthetic wheat lines to exploit the genetic diversity of emmer wheat and D genome containing Aegilops species in wheat breeding

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-76475-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ghader Mirzaghaderi ◽

Zinat Abdolmalaki ◽

Rahman Ebrahimzadegan ◽

Farshid Bahmani ◽

Fatemeh Orooji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Triticum Turgidum ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Emmer Wheat ◽

Synthetic Wheat ◽

D Genome ◽

Synthetic Hexaploid ◽

Wheat Lines

AbstractDue to the accumulation of various useful traits over evolutionary time, emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum and dicoccoides, 2n = 4x = 28; AABB), durum wheat (T. turgidum subsp. durum, 2n = 4x = 28; AABB), T. timopheevii (2n = 4x = 28; AAGG) and D genome containing Aegilops species offer excellent sources of novel variation for the improvement of bread wheat (T. aestivum L., AABBDD). Here, we made 192 different cross combinations between diverse genotypes of wheat and Aegilops species including emmer wheat × Ae. tauschii (2n = DD or DDDD), durum wheat × Ae. tauschii, T. timopheevii × Ae. tauschii, Ae. crassa × durum wheat, Ae. cylindrica × durum wheat and Ae. ventricosa × durum wheat in the field over three successive years. We successfully recovered 56 different synthetic hexaploid and octaploid F2 lines with AABBDD, AABBDDDD, AAGGDD, D1D1XcrXcrAABB, DcDcCcCcAABB and DvDvNvNvAABB genomes via in vitro rescue of F1 embryos and spontaneous production of F2 seeds on the Fl plants. Cytogenetic analysis of F2 lines showed that the produced synthetic wheat lines were generally promising stable amphiploids. Contribution of D genome bearing Aegilops and the less-investigated emmer wheat genotypes as parents in the crosses resulted in synthetic amphiploids which are a valuable resource for bread wheat breeding.

Download Full-text

Spelt wheat lines of Uman National University of Horticulture

Genetičnì resursi roslin (Plant Genetic Resources) ◽

10.36814/pgr.2018.23.02 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 32-39

Author(s):

I.P. Diordiieva

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Grain Quality ◽

The State ◽

Grain Weight ◽

Spelt Wheat ◽

Gluten Content ◽

National University ◽

Remote Hybridization ◽

Wheat Lines

Goal. To analyze and systematize spelt wheat lines of Uman National University of Horticulture aiming to selection of valuable initial forms with high grain quality and involvement of them into breeding to create highly-productivve varieties of the crop. Results and Discussion. Over 300 spelt wheat lines were created by remote hybridization. They significantly differ by expression of economically valuable traits. The plant height varied within 52–129 cm. Ten accessions were significant taller than the standard. Tall, medium-height and dwarf forms were selected. The grain weight per ear did not varied significantly (V=36 %). The grain weight per ear in accessions 1695, 1691, 1755, 1559, 1674, 1817, and 1786 was significantly higher than that in the standard. We selected accessions that significantly exceeded the standard by yield capacity. At the same time, they were easily threshed (80–90 %); accessions 1559 and 1786 had high protein content of 21.2 % and 22.3 %, respectively, and high gluten content of 44.5 % and 45.2 %, respectively. The highest protein content was recorded in accessions 1721 (24.0 %) and 1691 (22.8 %). The 1000-kernel weight was significantly increased in accessions 1559 (65.0 g), 1691 (55.1 g), and 1674 (55.5 g). Early-ripening forms (1674 и 1719) maturing by 7–10 days earlier than bread wheat were distinguished. Accessions 1674 and 1721 were highly resistant to brown rust. Conclusions. Remote hybridization of spelt wheat with bread winter wheat is an effective way to improve this crop via breeding. Among over 300 lines of spelt wheat obtained by this method, there were especially valuable accessions combining high yields with high grain quality: accession 1817 with the gluten content of 45.2%, protein content of 22.3% and yield of 6.55 t/ha and accession 1559 containing 44.5% of gluten, 21.2% of protein and giving a yield of 6.36 t/ha. These accessions will be submitted to the state registration. Winter spelt wheat variety Evropa listed in the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine since 2015 resulted from hybridization between bread wheat and spelt wheat.

Download Full-text

Reaction of wheat lines to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) in Turkey

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1506 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 163-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Umit Arslan ◽

Ozgur Akgun Karbulut ◽

Koksal Yagdi

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Key Words ◽

Leaf Rust ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Puccinia Triticina ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Brown Rust ◽

Wheat Lines ◽

Moderately Resistant

The field reactions of 19 bread wheat lines and three durum wheat lines to Puccinia triticina showed that the bread wheat lines were susceptible to moderately susceptible while that of three durum wheat lines were resistant, and moderately resistant. The seedling reactions of bread and durum lines against three races, FHTT, PHTT, and PRTT showed that bread lines were susceptible to all the races while durum lines were resistant. All of the tested durum lines were found to be promising for wheat breeding studies carried out against leaf or brown rust of wheat. Key words: Triticum, Leaf (brown) rust, Puccinia triticina, Susceptibility, Resistance DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1506 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 163-166, 2007 (December)

Download Full-text

Scientific breeding of winter bread wheat in the Non-Сhernozem zone of Russia: the history, methods and results

Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding ◽

10.18699/vj21.53-o ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 367-373

Author(s):

B. I. Sandukhadze ◽

R. Z. Mamedov ◽

M. S. Krakhmalyova ◽

V. V. Bugrova

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

High Yield ◽

Cross Combination ◽

Current Trends ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Federal Research ◽

Winter Bread Wheat

The article describes the main stages and achievements of the breeding of winter bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Non-Chernozem zone for more than a century. The beginning of breeding work was laid by D.L. Rudzinsky on the experimental field of the Moscow Agricultural Institute. Beginning from the 1940s, under the leadership of Academician N.V. Tsitsin, and then Prof. G.D. Lapchenko, the method of distinct hybridization with blue wheatgrass (Agropyron glaucum (Desf. ex DC.) Roem. & Schult.) was actively used. The resulting wheat-wheatgrass hybrids had an average winter hardiness, increased grain quality and productivity. Cultivar Zarya developed in the 1970s (by individual selection from the F3 cross combination of cv. Mironovskaya 808 × line 126/65 (in the pedigree of this line, there is a wheat-wheatgrass hybrid PPG 599)) had a high yield and was widely used in further crosses. In the 1980s, Academician B.I. Sandukhadze achieved a significant increase in yield by using the method of intermittent backcrosses due to the producing of varieties with a new morphoecotype (cvs Inna, Pamyati Fedina, etc.), namely, winter-hardy, short stemmed (dwarf), and productive. Cultivar Moskovskaya 39 (registration in 1999) was referred to strong wheat, with a stable protein content of 15–16 %, gluten 30–35 %. Produced in the 2000s, cvs Moskovskaya 56, Nemchinovskaya 57, Galina, Nemchinovskaya 24, Nemchinovskaya 17, and Moskovskaya 40 have a high adaptability to the environment of the region; give a high yield and quality of grain. The area of crops of these cultivars in Russia occupies more than 2 million ha. The current trends in wheat breeding are indicated, the production yield of commercial cultivars of breeding by the Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka”over 12.0 tons per ha and the protein content in the grain up to 17 % are shown. As a result of succession, originality and application of the methodology of scientific breeding, the yield of winter bread wheat in the period from the beginning of the last century to the present has increased from 1.0 to 12.0 and more tons per ha.

Download Full-text

Molecular labeling of Vrn, Ppd genes and vernalization response of the ultra-early lines of spring bread wheat Triticum aestivum L.

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BREEDING ◽

10.30901/2658-6266-2021-3-o2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 26-36

Author(s):

B. V. Rigin ◽

E. V. Zuev ◽

I. I Matvienko ◽

A. S. Andreeva

Keyword(s):

Bread Wheat ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

High Rate ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Vernalization Response ◽

Spring Bread Wheat ◽

Allele Specific ◽

Wheat Lines ◽

Northwestern Russia

Background. The knowledge of genetic control of vernalization response in the ultra-early accessions can facilitate bread wheat breeding for a high adaptive capacity. Materials and methods. The study involved the ultra-early lines Rico (k-65588) and Rimax (k-67257) as the earliest maturing lines in the VIR bread wheat collection, as well as 10 Rifor lines (k-67120, k-67121, k-67250-67256) with a high rate of development before heading. A late ripening accession ‘Forlani Roberto’ (k-42641) and ‘Leningradskaya 6’ variety (k-64900), regionally adapted to Northwestern Russia, were also studied. The alleles of the Vrn and Ppd genes were identified by the PCR analysis using the allele-specific primers published in literature sources. The response to vernalization (30 days at 3°C) and a short 12-hour day were determined using a methodology accepted at VIR. Results. The ultra-early lines respond to a short 12-hour day and 30-day vernalization very poorly. The genotype of ultra-early wheat lines is mainly represented by three genes, Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1a, and Vrn-D1, which ensure insensitivity to vernalization alongside with the expression of Ppd-D1a, which controls the response to photoperiod. The ultra-early lines Rifor 4 and Rifor 5 have a recessive allele vrn-A1a, like the original ‘Forlani Roberto’ accession. The lines Rifor 4 and Rifor 5 are vernalization-insensitive under the long day and have a very weak response under the short day (3.5±0.42 days and 4.0±0.61 days, respectively). However, ‘Forlani Roberto’ with the vrn-A1a gene responds to vernalization in the same way under any photoperiod (12.3±1.58 days and 12.2±0.74 days). Conclusion The ultra-early lines of bread wheat Rifor 4 and Rifor 5 with the vrn-A1a gene can have no response to vernalization or have a low level response. This effect can be a reason for the formation of a complex of modifier genes along with the dominant gene Vrn-D1, which forms during the hybridization of F7-8 Rico × Forlani Roberto. The ultra-early lines of bread wheat Rico, Rimax and Rifor (k-67120, k-67121, k-67250-67256) can serve as effective sources of genes for earliness in common wheat breeding.

Download Full-text

Automatic Evaluation of Wheat Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight Using Dual Mask-RCNN Deep Learning Frameworks in Computer Vision

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13010026 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Wen-Hao Su ◽

Jiajing Zhang ◽

Ce Yang ◽

Rae Page ◽

Tamas Szinyei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Ground Truth ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Head Blight ◽

Detection Rates ◽

Ground Truth Data ◽

Resistant Cultivars ◽

Feature Pyramid ◽

Rater Error ◽

Wheat Lines

In many regions of the world, wheat is vulnerable to severe yield and quality losses from the fungus disease of Fusarium head blight (FHB). The development of resistant cultivars is one means of ameliorating the devastating effects of this disease, but the breeding process requires the evaluation of hundreds of lines each year for reaction to the disease. These field evaluations are laborious, expensive, time-consuming, and are prone to rater error. A phenotyping cart that can quickly capture images of the spikes of wheat lines and their level of FHB infection would greatly benefit wheat breeding programs. In this study, mask region convolutional neural network (Mask-RCNN) allowed for reliable identification of the symptom location and the disease severity of wheat spikes. Within a wheat line planted in the field, color images of individual wheat spikes and their corresponding diseased areas were labeled and segmented into sub-images. Images with annotated spikes and sub-images of individual spikes with labeled diseased areas were used as ground truth data to train Mask-RCNN models for automatic image segmentation of wheat spikes and FHB diseased areas, respectively. The feature pyramid network (FPN) based on ResNet-101 network was used as the backbone of Mask-RCNN for constructing the feature pyramid and extracting features. After generating mask images of wheat spikes from full-size images, Mask-RCNN was performed to predict diseased areas on each individual spike. This protocol enabled the rapid recognition of wheat spikes and diseased areas with the detection rates of 77.76% and 98.81%, respectively. The prediction accuracy of 77.19% was achieved by calculating the ratio of the wheat FHB severity value of prediction over ground truth. This study demonstrates the feasibility of rapidly determining levels of FHB in wheat spikes, which will greatly facilitate the breeding of resistant cultivars.

Download Full-text

Grain yield and correlated traits of bread wheat lines: Implications for yield improvement

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Irfan Ullah ◽

Shahzadi Mahpara ◽

Rehana Bibi ◽

Rahmat Ullah Shah ◽

Rehmat Ullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Yield Improvement ◽

Correlated Traits ◽

Wheat Lines

Download Full-text

Construction of comparative genetic maps of two 4Bs.4Bl-5Rl translocations in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Genome ◽

10.1139/g06-040 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 49 (7) ◽

pp. 729-734 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R C Leach ◽

I S Dundas ◽

A Houben

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Bread Wheat ◽

Rflp Analysis ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Genetic Maps ◽

Homoeologous Group ◽

Group 4 ◽

Translocation Breakpoints ◽

Group 5 ◽

Wheat Lines

The physical length of the rye segment of a 4BS.4BL–5RL translocation derived from the Cornell Wheat Selection 82a1-2-4-7 in a Triticum aestivum 'Chinese Spring' background was measured using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and found to be 16% of the long arm. The size of this translocation was similar to previously published GISH measurements of another 4BS.4BL–5RL translocation in a Triticum aestivum 'Viking' wheat background. Molecular maps of both 4BS.4BL–5RL translocations for 2 different wheat backgrounds were developed using RFLP analysis. The locations of the translocation breakpoints of the 2 4BS.4BL–5RL translocations were similar even though they arose in different populations. This suggests a unique property of the region at or near the translocation breakpoint that could be associated with their similarity and spontaneous formation. These segments of rye chromosome 5 also contain a gene for copper efficiency that improves the wheat's ability to cope with low-copper soils. Genetic markers in these maps can also be used to screen for copper efficiency in bread wheat lines derived from the Cornell Wheat Selection 82a1 2-4-7.Key words: Triticum aestivum, wheat–rye translocation, homoeologous group 4, homoeologous group 5, GISH, comparative map, copper efficiency, hairy peduncle.

Download Full-text