scholarly journals The homogenous alternative to biomineralization: Zn- and Mn-rich materials enable sharp organismal “tools” that reduce force requirements

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. S. Schofield ◽  
J. Bailey ◽  
J. J. Coon ◽  
A. Devaraj ◽  
R. W. Garrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Protein Residues ◽  
Mandibular Teeth ◽  
First Time ◽  
Measured Hardness

AbstractWe measured hardness, modulus of elasticity, and, for the first time, loss tangent, energy of fracture, abrasion resistance, and impact resistance of zinc- and manganese-enriched materials from fangs, stings and other “tools” of an ant, spider, scorpion and nereid worm. The mechanical properties of the Zn- and Mn-materials tended to cluster together between plain and biomineralized “tool” materials, with the hardness reaching, and most abrasion resistance values exceeding, those of calcified salmon teeth and crab claws. Atom probe tomography indicated that Zn was distributed homogeneously on a nanometer scale and likely bound as individual atoms to more than ¼ of the protein residues in ant mandibular teeth. This homogeneity appears to enable sharper, more precisely sculpted “tools” than materials with biomineral inclusions do, and also eliminates interfaces with the inclusions that could be susceptible to fracture. Based on contact mechanics and simplified models, we hypothesize that, relative to plain materials, the higher elastic modulus, hardness and abrasion resistance minimize temporary or permanent tool blunting, resulting in a roughly 2/3 reduction in the force, energy, and muscle mass required to initiate puncture of stiff materials, and even greater force reductions when the cumulative effects of abrasion are considered. We suggest that the sharpness-related force reductions lead to significant energy savings, and can also enable organisms, especially smaller ones, to puncture, cut, and grasp objects that would not be accessible with plain or biomineralized “tools”.

scholarly journals Design and Characterization of a Sharp GaAs/Zn(Mn)Se Heterovalent Interface: A Sub-Nanometer Scale View

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1315
Author(s):  
Davide F. Grossi ◽  
Sebastian Koelling ◽  
Pavel A. Yunin ◽  
Paul M. Koenraad ◽  
Grigory V. Klimko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Semiconductor ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Magnetic Impurities ◽  
Znse Layer ◽  
Secondary Ions ◽  
Annealing Step ◽  
Tunnel Microscopy

The distribution of magnetic impurities (Mn) across a GaAs/Zn(Mn)Se heterovalent interface is investigated combining three experimental techniques: Cross-Section Scanning Tunnel Microscopy (X-STM), Atom Probe Tomography (APT), and Secondary Ions Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS). This unique combination allowed us to probe the Mn distribution with excellent sensitivity and sub-nanometer resolution. Our results show that the diffusion of Mn impurities in GaAs is strongly suppressed; conversely, Mn atoms are subject to a substantial redistribution in the ZnSe layer, which is affected by the growth conditions and the presence of an annealing step. These results show that it is possible to fabricate a sharp interface between a magnetic semiconductor (Zn(Mn)Se) and high quality GaAs, with low dopant concentration and good optical properties.

scholarly journals Impact of the Co/Ni-Ratio on Microstructure, Thermophysical Properties and Creep Performance of Multi-Component γ′-Strengthened Superalloys

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1058
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Zenk ◽  
Nicklas Volz ◽  
Carolin Zenk ◽  
Peter J. Felfer ◽  
Steffen Neumeier
Keyword(s):  
Atom Probe Tomography ◽  
Lattice Misfit ◽  
Microstructural Characterization ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Ni Content ◽  
Rich Alloy ◽  
First Time ◽  
Partitioning Behavior

The Ni content is a crucial factor for the development of γ′-strengthened Co-based superalloys and some studies have systematically addressed its influence on various properties in model superalloys. In this paper, we report for the first time the influence of the Co/Ni ratio in the more advanced nine-component superalloy ERBOCo-1: exchanging Co and Ni in this Co/Ni-based superalloy while keeping the other alloying elements constants has a big influence on a variety of material properties. The elemental segregation after casting is slightly more pronounced in the alloy with higher Ni-content. Microstructural characterization of this alloy termed ERBOCo-1X after heat-treatment reveals that the precipitates are cuboidal in the Co- and spherical in the Ni-rich alloy, indicating a decrease in the γ/γ′ lattice misfit. Analyzing the elemental partitioning behavior by atom probe tomography suggests that the partitioning behavior of W is responsible for that. Furthermore, it is found that even though Ni exhibits the highest overall concentration, the γ matrix phase is still Co-based, because Ni is strongly enriched in the γ′ precipitates. Creep tests at 900 °C reveal that even though the microstructure looks less favorable, the creep resistance of the Ni-rich alloy is slightly superior to the Co-rich variant.

scholarly journals Innovation in Continuous Rectification for Tequila Production

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Estarrón-Espinosa Mirna ◽  
Ruperto-Pérez Mariela ◽  
Padilla-de la Rosa José Daniel ◽  
Prado-Ramírez Rogelio
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Distillation Columns ◽  
Continuous Rectification ◽  
New Process ◽  
Volatile Profiles ◽  
First Time ◽  
Continuous Distillation ◽  
Manual Mode ◽  
Rectification Process

In this study, a new process of continuous horizontal distillation at a pilot level is presented. It was applied for the first time to the rectification of an ordinario fraction obtained industrially. Continuous horizontal distillation is a new process whose design combines the benefits of both distillation columns, in terms of productivity and energy savings (50%), and distillation stills in batch, in terms of the aromatic complexity of the distillate obtained. The horizontal process of continuous distillation was carried out at the pilot level in a manual mode, obtaining five accumulated fractions of distillate that were characterized by gas chromatography (GC-FID). The tequila obtained from the rectification process in this new continuous horizontal distillation process complies with the content of methanol and higher alcohols regulated by the Official Mexican Standard (NOM-006-SCFI-2012). Continuous horizontal distillation of tequila has potential energy savings of 50% compared to the traditional process, besides allowing products with major volatile profiles within the maximum limits established by the regulation for this beverage to be obtained.

Novel Grain Boundary Solute Architecture in a Nanostructured Ultra-High Strength 7075 Aluminium Alloy

2009 ◽  
Vol 618-619 ◽  
pp. 543-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Liddicoat ◽  
Xiao Zhou Liao ◽  
Simon P. Ringer
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure Torsion ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Performance Space ◽  
Solute Cluster ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
7075 Alloy ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Property Performance

In recent years, the pursuit of higher strength metals and alloys has led researchers to nanometer scale grain refinement. New nanocrystalline engineering techniques have successfully increased properties for a wide range of materials. Here we report a nanocrystalline 7075 alloy processed by high-pressure torsion that exhibits ultra-high strength and features a hierarchical solute architecture. The new hierarchy of solute architecture was discovered through high-resolution characterisation using novel techniques we have developed in atom probe tomography. These new techniques – nanotexture and fine scale solute cluster measurements, are the focus of this paper. Our results indicate that nanometer-scale engineering of solid solutions could offer a pathway towards a new generation of super-strong alloys that hold promise for creating entirely new regimes of property-performance space.

Nanometer-scale isotope analysis of bulk diamond by atom probe tomography

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 60-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Schirhagl ◽  
N. Raatz ◽  
J. Meijer ◽  
M. Markham ◽  
S.S.A. Gerstl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atom Probe Tomography ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Bulk Diamond

Nanometer scale composition study of MBE grown BGaN performed by atom probe tomography

2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (22) ◽  
pp. 225701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastien Bonef ◽  
Richard Cramer ◽  
James S. Speck
Keyword(s):  
Atom Probe Tomography ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Composition Study ◽  
Scale Composition

scholarly journals Evidence for energy savings from aerial running in the Svalbard rock ptarmigan ( Lagopus muta hyperborea )

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1718) ◽  
pp. 2654-2661 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Nudds ◽  
L. P. Folkow ◽  
J. J. Lees ◽  
P. G. Tickle ◽  
K.-A. Stokkan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Lagopus Muta ◽  
Metabolic Energy Expenditure ◽  
First Time

Svalbard rock ptarmigans were walked and run upon a treadmill and their energy expenditure measured using respirometry. The ptarmigan used three different gaits: a walking gait at slow speeds (less than or equal to 0.75 m s −1 ), grounded running at intermediate speeds (0.75 m s −1 < U < 1.67 m s −1 ) and aerial running at high speeds (greater than or equal to 1.67 m s −1 ). Changes of gait were associated with reductions in the gross cost of transport (COT; J kg −1 m −1 ), providing the first evidence for energy savings with gait change in a small crouched-postured vertebrate. In addition, for the first time (excluding humans) a decrease in absolute metabolic energy expenditure (rate of O 2 consumption) in aerial running when compared with grounded running was identified. The COT versus U curve varies between species and the COT was cheaper during aerial running than grounded running, posing the question of why grounded running should be used at all. Existing explanations (e.g. stability during running over rocky terrain) amount to just so stories with no current evidence to support them. It may be that grounded running is just an artefact of treadmill studies. Research investigating the speeds used by animals in the field is sorely needed.

High resolution studies of the solid state amorphization reaction in the ZrCo system with the atom probe/field ion microscope

1994 ◽  
Vol 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Schneider ◽  
Ralf Busch ◽  
Konrad Samwer
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Amorphous Phase ◽  
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Probe Field ◽  
Field Ion Microscope ◽  
State Amorphization

ABSTRACTThe atom probe/field ion microscope is introduced as a new powerful investigation device to study the early stages of the solid state amorphization reaction (SSAR). A bilayer of Zr and Co was condensed under UHV conditions on W wire tips and analyzed in a field ion microscope (FIM) combined with an atom probe (AP). The reaction of Co with Zr has been studied at room temperature. FIM pictures and AP analysis have shown that even at low temperatures an amorphous phase is formed at the Zr/Co interface and in the Zr grain boundaries. In these areas concentration profiles have been taken on a nanometer scale. Most likely, the extended solid solution of Co found in α- Zr grain boundaries causes the formation of the amorphous phase. Further, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) suggests that even point defects and dislocations at the surface of an α- Zr single crystal are sufficient to initiate the SSAR between a polycrystalline Co layer vapour- deposited onto that single crystal.

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