scholarly journals Recommended implementation of electrical resistance tomography for conductivity mapping of metallic nanowire networks using voltage excitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Cultrera ◽  
Gianluca Milano ◽  
Natascia De Leo ◽  
Carlo Ricciardi ◽  
Luca Boarino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Constant Voltage ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Electrical Resistance Tomography ◽  
Measurement Protocol ◽  
Metallic Nanowire Networks ◽  
Nanowire Networks

AbstractThe knowledge of the spatial distribution of the electrical conductivity of metallic nanowire networks (NWN) is important for tailoring the performance in applications. This work focuses on Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT), a technique that maps the electrical conductivity of a sample from several resistance measurements performed on its border. We show that ERT can be successfully employed for NWN characterisation if a dedicated measurement protocol is employed. When applied to other materials, ERT measurements are typically performed with a constant current excitation; we show that, because of the peculiar microscopic structure and behaviour of metallic NWN, a constant voltage excitation protocols is preferable. This protocol maximises the signal to noise ratio in the resistance measurements—and thus the accuracy of ERT maps—while preventing the onset of sample alterations.

scholarly journals Mapping Time-Dependent Conductivity of Metallic Nanowire Networks by Electrical Resistance Tomography toward Transparent Conductive Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 11987-11997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Milano ◽  
Alessandro Cultrera ◽  
Katarzyna Bejtka ◽  
Natascia De Leo ◽  
Luca Callegaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Electrical Resistance Tomography ◽  
Conductive Materials ◽  
Metallic Nanowire Networks ◽  
Nanowire Networks

Engulfment of Protruding Micro-Nails Fabricated on Chip Surface by Cultured Neurons Improve Their Adhesion to The Electronic Device

2007 ◽  
Vol 1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micha E. Spira ◽  
Dotan Kamber ◽  
Ada Dormann ◽  
Ariel Cohen ◽  
Carmen Bartic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Cultured Neurons ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Chip Surface ◽  
On Chip

AbstractOne of the major problems in assembling efficient neuro-electronic hybrids systems is the low electrical coupling between the components. This is mainly due to the low resistance, extracellular cleft formed between the cell's plasma membrane and the substrate to which it adhere. This cleft shunts the current generated by the neuron, or the device and thus reduces the signal to noise ratio. To increase the clefts electrical resistance we fabricated gold micronails that protrude from the transistor gate surface. The micronails were functionalized by phagocytosis facilitating peptides. Cultured neurons readily engulf the functionalized micronails forming tight physical contact between the cells and the surface of the device

scholarly journals Sensing properties of slag-based geopolymer composite with carbon fibers under compressive loading

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Rovnaník ◽  
Ivo Kusák ◽  
Libor Topolář ◽  
Pavel Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Compressive Loading ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Sensing Properties ◽  
Mercury Intrusion

Application of functional materials has become a new trend in the construction industry. This paper aims to study the electrical and self-sensing properties of slag-based geopolymer composite. In order to improve the electrical conductivity of the basic geopolymer mortar, carbon fibers in the amount of 0.5, 1 and 2% were added. The influence of fiber addition on the electrical properties was determined by impedance spectroscopy and microstructure was analyzed by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry and SEM. The sensing properties were tested under repeated compressive loading in the elastic range and finally under loading till failure. The electrical resistance decreased with the addition of carbon fibers but it caused a deterioration of the mechanical properties. The addition of fibers does not generally improve the sensing performance of the geopolymer composite, but the mixture with 2% of fibers appeared to be unsuitable for this purpose due to the low signal-to-noise ratio.

Manipulating Connectivity and Electrical Conductivity in Metallic Nanowire Networks

Nano Letters ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 5966-5971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N. Nirmalraj ◽  
Allen T. Bellew ◽  
Alan P. Bell ◽  
Jessamyn A. Fairfield ◽  
Eoin K. McCarthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Metallic Nanowire Networks ◽  
Nanowire Networks

scholarly journals Metallic nanowire networks: effects of thermal annealing on electrical resistance

Nanoscale ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 13535-13543 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Langley ◽  
M. Lagrange ◽  
G. Giusti ◽  
C. Jiménez ◽  
Y. Bréchet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Annealing ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Transparent Electrodes ◽  
Metallic Nanowire Networks ◽  
Nanowire Networks ◽  
Metal Nanowire

Metallic nanowire networks have huge potential in devices requiring transparent electrodes. This article describes how the electrical resistance of metal nanowire networks evolve under thermal annealing. Understanding the behavior of such films is crucial for the optimization of transparent electrodes which find many applications.

scholarly journals Smart Water Meter Using Electrical Resistance Tomography

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 3043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenning Wu ◽  
Martin Hutton ◽  
Manuchehr Soleimani
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Good Resolution ◽  
Electrical Resistance Tomography ◽  
Flow Monitoring ◽  
Smart Water

Smart flow monitoring is critical for sewer system management. Obstructions and restrictions to flow in discharge pipes are common and costly. We propose the use of electrical resistance tomography modality for the task of smart wastewater metering. This paper presents the electronics hardware design and bespoke signal processing to create an embedded sensor for measuring flow rates and flow properties, such as constituent materials in sewage or grey water discharge pipes of diameters larger than 250 mm. The dedicated analogue signal conditioning module, zero-cross switching scheme, and real-time operating system enable the system to perform low-cost serial measurements while still providing the capability of real-time capturing. The system performance was evaluated via both stationary and dynamic experiments. A data acquisition speed of 14 frames per second (fps) was achieved with an overall signal to noise ratio of at least 59.54 dB. The smallest sample size reported was 0.04% of the domain size in stationary tests, illustrating good resolution. Movements have been successfully captured in dynamic tests, with a clear definition being achieved of objects in each reconstructed image, as well as a fine overall visualization of movement.

Determination of the Best Emulsion for the Microscopy of Crystals

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
David A. Grano ◽  
Kenneth H. Downing
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Photographic Emulsion ◽  
Modulation Transfer ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Frequency Space ◽  
Noise Ratio

The retrieval of high-resolution information from images of biological crystals depends, in part, on the use of the correct photographic emulsion. We have been investigating the information transfer properties of twelve emulsions with a view toward 1) characterizing the emulsions by a few, measurable quantities, and 2) identifying the “best” emulsion of those we have studied for use in any given experimental situation. Because our interests lie in the examination of crystalline specimens, we've chosen to evaluate an emulsion's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a function of spatial frequency and use this as our critereon for determining the best emulsion.The signal-to-noise ratio in frequency space depends on several factors. First, the signal depends on the speed of the emulsion and its modulation transfer function (MTF). By procedures outlined in, MTF's have been found for all the emulsions tested and can be fit by an analytic expression 1/(1+(S/S0)2). Figure 1 shows the experimental data and fitted curve for an emulsion with a better than average MTF. A single parameter, the spatial frequency at which the transfer falls to 50% (S0), characterizes this curve.

Experiments in Bright-Field Imaging with Hollow-Cone Illumination

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 226-227
Author(s):  
W. Kunath ◽  
K. Weiss ◽  
E. Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Optic Axis ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Single Field ◽  
Field Imaging

Bright-field images taken with axial illumination show spurious high contrast patterns which obscure details smaller than 15 ° Hollow-cone illumination (HCI), however, reduces this disturbing granulation by statistical superposition and thus improves the signal-to-noise ratio. In this presentation we report on experiments aimed at selecting the proper amount of tilt and defocus for improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio by means of direct observation of the electron images on a TV monitor.Hollow-cone illumination is implemented in our microscope (single field condenser objective, Cs = .5 mm) by an electronic system which rotates the tilted beam about the optic axis. At low rates of revolution (one turn per second or so) a circular motion of the usual granulation in the image of a carbon support film can be observed on the TV monitor. The size of the granular structures and the radius of their orbits depend on both the conical tilt and defocus.

Correlation averaging of two-dimensional crystals: basic strategy and refinements

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 136-139
Author(s):  
W. Baumeister ◽  
R. Rachel ◽  
R. Guckenberger ◽  
R. Hegerl
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Fourier Domain ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Lateral Displacements ◽  
Established Technique ◽  
Crystalline Array

IntroductionCorrelation averaging (CAV) is meanwhile an established technique in image processing of two-dimensional crystals /1,2/. The basic idea is to detect the real positions of unit cells in a crystalline array by means of correlation functions and to average them by real space superposition of the aligned motifs. The signal-to-noise ratio improves in proportion to the number of motifs included in the average. Unlike filtering in the Fourier domain, CAV corrects for lateral displacements of the unit cells; thus it avoids the loss of resolution entailed by these distortions in the conventional approach. Here we report on some variants of the method, aimed at retrieving a maximum of information from images with very low signal-to-noise ratios (low dose microscopy of unstained or lightly stained specimens) while keeping the procedure economical.

Information capacity and bandwidth limitations in the SEM

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
D. C. Joy ◽  
R. D. Bunn
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Critical Dimension ◽  
Information Capacity ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Signal Channel

The information available from an SEM image is limited both by the inherent signal to noise ratio that characterizes the image and as a result of the transformations that it may undergo as it is passed through the amplifying circuits of the instrument. In applications such as Critical Dimension Metrology it is necessary to be able to quantify these limitations in order to be able to assess the likely precision of any measurement made with the microscope.The information capacity of an SEM signal, defined as the minimum number of bits needed to encode the output signal, depends on the signal to noise ratio of the image - which in turn depends on the probe size and source brightness and acquisition time per pixel - and on the efficiency of the specimen in producing the signal that is being observed. A detailed analysis of the secondary electron case shows that the information capacity C (bits/pixel) of the SEM signal channel could be written as :

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document