scholarly journals Intraoral scanners for capturing the palate and its relation to the dentition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Winkler ◽  
Nikolaos Gkantidis
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relation ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Tooth Position ◽  
Tissue Surface ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Surface Changes

AbstractProper superimposition of intraoral scan generated 3D models enables detailed assessment of soft and hard tissue surface changes. This requires accurate 3D models and stable structures as superimposition references. In the maxilla, different reference areas have been proposed, mostly located at the palatal region. In this in vivo study we evaluated the precision of two intraoral scanners (TRIOS 3, 3Shape and CS 3600, Carestream) at the maxilla, focusing on the palate itself and also on its spatial relation to the dentition, following palatal superimposition. Precision was tested through the superimposition of repeated scans on the palate and the dental arch. Overall, the median precision of both scanners was high (< 0.1 mm). Scanner precision was comparable when the palatal area was tested individually. However, TRIOS 3 showed higher precision regarding the assessment of the dental arch, following superimposition of repeated models on the palate (median difference: approximately 40 μm). In few cases, local areas of higher imprecision were present for both scanners, exceeding 0.3 mm. Thus, scanner precision seems to be high in small, but slightly reduced considering larger areas, with differences between scanners. However, the effect on individual tooth position relative to the palate was for both scanners limited.

scholarly journals Experimental Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma—A Preclinical Perspective

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3651
Author(s):  
Alexandru Blidisel ◽  
Iasmina Marcovici ◽  
Dorina Coricovac ◽  
Florin Hut ◽  
Cristina Adriana Dehelean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Liver Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Type

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most frequent form of primary liver carcinoma, is a heterogenous and complex tumor type with increased incidence, poor prognosis, and high mortality. The actual therapeutic arsenal is narrow and poorly effective, rendering this disease a global health concern. Although considerable progress has been made in terms of understanding the pathogenesis, molecular mechanisms, genetics, and therapeutical approaches, several facets of human HCC remain undiscovered. A valuable and prompt approach to acquire further knowledge about the unrevealed aspects of HCC and novel therapeutic candidates is represented by the application of experimental models. Experimental models (in vivo and in vitro 2D and 3D models) are considered reliable tools to gather data for clinical usability. This review offers an overview of the currently available preclinical models frequently applied for the study of hepatocellular carcinoma in terms of initiation, development, and progression, as well as for the discovery of efficient treatments, highlighting the advantages and the limitations of each model. Furthermore, we also focus on the role played by computational studies (in silico models and artificial intelligence-based prediction models) as promising novel tools in liver cancer research.

scholarly journals Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) in Vascular Research: from Two- to Three-Dimensional Organoids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Trillhaase ◽  
Marlon Maertens ◽  
Zouhair Aherrahrou ◽  
Jeanette Erdmann
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Research ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

AbstractStem cell technology has been around for almost 30 years and in that time has grown into an enormous field. The stem cell technique progressed from the first successful isolation of mammalian embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the 1990s, to the production of human induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the early 2000s, to finally culminate in the differentiation of pluripotent cells into highly specialized cell types, such as neurons, endothelial cells (ECs), cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and lung and intestinal cells, in the last decades. In recent times, we have attained a new height in stem cell research whereby we can produce 3D organoids derived from stem cells that more accurately mimic the in vivo environment. This review summarizes the development of stem cell research in the context of vascular research ranging from differentiation techniques of ECs and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to the generation of vascularized 3D organoids. Furthermore, the different techniques are critically reviewed, and future applications of current 3D models are reported. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals The Role of Biomimetic Hypoxia on Cancer Cell Behaviour in 3D Models: A Systematic Review

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1334
Author(s):  
Ye Liu ◽  
Zahra Mohri ◽  
Wissal Alsheikh ◽  
Umber Cheema
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
3D Models ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Tissue Models

The development of biomimetic, human tissue models is recognized as being an important step for transitioning in vitro research findings to the native in vivo response. Oftentimes, 2D models lack the necessary complexity to truly recapitulate cellular responses. The introduction of physiological features into 3D models informs us of how each component feature alters specific cellular response. We conducted a systematic review of research papers where the focus was the introduction of key biomimetic features into in vitro models of cancer, including 3D culture and hypoxia. We analysed outcomes from these and compiled our findings into distinct groupings to ascertain which biomimetic parameters correlated with specific responses. We found a number of biomimetic features which primed cancer cells to respond in a manner which matched in vivo response.

Prevascularized, Co-Culture Model for Breast Cancer Drug Development

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Marshall ◽  
Isabel Löwstedt ◽  
Paul Gatenholm ◽  
Joel Berry
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Anti Cancer

The objective of this study was to create 3D engineered tissue models to accelerate identification of safe and efficacious breast cancer drug therapies. It is expected that this platform will dramatically reduce the time and costs associated with development and regulatory approval of anti-cancer therapies, currently a multi-billion dollar endeavor [1]. Existing two-dimensional (2D) in vitro and in vivo animal studies required for identification of effective cancer therapies account for much of the high costs of anti-cancer medications and health insurance premiums borne by patients, many of whom cannot afford it. An emerging paradigm in pharmaceutical drug development is the use of three-dimensional (3D) cell/biomaterial models that will accurately screen novel therapeutic compounds, repurpose existing compounds and terminate ineffective ones. In particular, identification of effective chemotherapies for breast cancer are anticipated to occur more quickly in 3D in vitro models than 2D in vitro environments and in vivo animal models, neither of which accurately mimic natural human tumor environments [2]. Moreover, these 3D models can be multi-cellular and designed with extracellular matrix (ECM) function and mechanical properties similar to that of natural in vivo cancer environments [3].

scholarly journals The Role of Pre-Clinical 3-Dimensional Models of Osteosarcoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5499
Author(s):  
Hannah L. Smith ◽  
Stephen A. Beers ◽  
Juliet C. Gray ◽  
Janos M. Kanczler
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chorioallantoic Membrane ◽  
3D Models ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
In Vivo Animal Models

Treatment for osteosarcoma (OS) has been largely unchanged for several decades, with typical therapies being a mixture of chemotherapy and surgery. Although therapeutic targets and products against cancer are being continually developed, only a limited number have proved therapeutically active in OS. Thus, the understanding of the OS microenvironment and its interactions are becoming more important in developing new therapies. Three-dimensional (3D) models are important tools in increasing our understanding of complex mechanisms and interactions, such as in OS. In this review, in vivo animal models, in vitro 3D models and in ovo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) models, are evaluated and discussed as to their contribution in understanding the progressive nature of OS, and cancer research. We aim to provide insight and prospective future directions into the potential translation of 3D models in OS.

scholarly journals Microvessel Chaste: An Open Library for Spatial Modelling of Vascularized Tissues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Grogan ◽  
A.J. Connor ◽  
B. Markelc ◽  
R.J. Muschel ◽  
P.K. Maini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Tumour Growth ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
User Friendly

AbstractSpatial models of vascularized tissues are widely used in computational physiology, to study for example, tumour growth, angiogenesis, osteogenesis, coronary perfusion and oxygen delivery. Composition of such models is time-consuming, with many researchers writing custom software for this purpose. Recent advances in imaging have produced detailed three-dimensional (3D) datasets of vascularized tissues at the scale of individual cells. To fully exploit such data there is an increasing need for software that allows user-friendly composition of efficient, 3D models of vascularized tissue growth, and comparison of predictions with in vivo or in vitro experiments and other models. Microvessel Chaste is a new open-source library for building spatial models of vascularized tissue growth. It can be used to simulate vessel growth and adaptation in response to mechanical and chemical stimuli, intra- and extra-vascular transport of nutrient, growth factor and drugs, and cell proliferation in complex 3D geometries. The library provides a comprehensive Python interface to solvers implemented in C++, allowing user-friendly model composition, and integration with experimental data. Such integration is facilitated by interoperability with a growing collection of scientific Python software for image processing, statistical analysis, model annotation and visualization. The library is available under an open-source Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) licence at https://jmsgrogan.github.io/MicrovesselChaste. This article links to two reproducible example problems, showing how the library can be used to model tumour growth and angiogenesis with realistic vessel networks.

scholarly journals Insights to Heart Development and Cardiac Disease Models Using Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived 3D Organoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Kah Sheng Pang ◽  
Beatrice Xuan Ho ◽  
Woon-Khiong Chan ◽  
Boon-Seng Soh
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Disease ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Cardiac Diseases ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Fundamental Parameters ◽  
Developing Heart

Medical research in the recent years has achieved significant progress due to the increasing prominence of organoid technology. Various developed tissue organoids bridge the limitations of conventional 2D cell culture and animal models by recapitulating in vivo cellular complexity. Current 3D cardiac organoid cultures have shown their utility in modelling key developmental hallmarks of heart organogenesis, but the complexity of the organ demands a more versatile model that can investigate more fundamental parameters, such as structure, organization and compartmentalization of a functioning heart. This review will cover the prominence of cardiac organoids in recent research, unpack current in vitro 3D models of the developing heart and look into the prospect of developing physiologically appropriate cardiac organoids with translational applicability. In addition, we discuss some of the limitations of existing cardiac organoid models in modelling embryonic development of the heart and manifestation of cardiac diseases.

Tegumental surface changes in juvenile Fasciola hepatica in response to treatment in vivo with triclabendazole

2008 ◽  
Vol 155 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Halferty ◽  
G.P. Brennan ◽  
R.E.B. Hanna ◽  
H.W. Edgar ◽  
M.M. Meaney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Tegumental Surface ◽  
Surface Changes

In vivo and in vitro surface changes in a highly cross-linked polyethylene

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude B Rieker ◽  
Reto Konrad ◽  
Rolf Schön ◽  
Werner Schneider ◽  
Niels A Abt
Keyword(s):  
Surface Changes

Strontium-Loaded Nanotubes of Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn Alloys for Biomedical Implantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1812-1823
Author(s):  
Fei Liu ◽  
Xinyu Wang ◽  
Shujun Li ◽  
Yiheng Liao ◽  
Xinxin Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Contact Rate ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Tissue Slices ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
P Elements ◽  
Low Elastic Modulus ◽  
Bone Implant Contact

Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn (Ti2448) alloys, with a relatively low elastic modulus and unique mechanical properties, are desirable materials for oral implantation. In the current study, a multifaceted strontium-incorporating nanotube coating was fabricated on a Ti2448 alloy (Ti2-NTSr) through anodization and hydrothermal procedures. In vitro, the Ti2-NTSr specimens demonstrated better osteogenic properties and more favorable osteoimmunomodulatory abilities. Moreover, macrophages on Ti2-NTSr specimens could improve the recruitment and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts. In vivo, dense clots with highly branched, thin fibrins and small pores existed on the Ti2-NTSr implant in the early stage after surgery. Analysis of the deposition of Ca and P elements, hard tissue slices and the bone-implant contact rate (BIC%) of the Ti2-NTSr implants also showed superior osseointegration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the Ti2-NTSr coating may maximize the clinical outcomes of Ti2448 alloys for implantation applications.

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