Chapter 2. Cardiovascular Effects of Particulate-Matter Air Pollution: An Overview and Perspectives

2010 ◽  
pp. 76-104
Author(s):  
J. A. Araujo ◽  
R. D. Brook
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects

scholarly journals Exposure to particulate matter: a brief review with a focus on cardiovascular effects, children, and research conducted in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-253
Author(s):  
Aylin Elkama ◽  
Ayça Aktaş Şüküroğlu ◽  
Gonca Çakmak
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Rate Suppression

Abstract Exposure to environmental particulate matter (PM), outdoor air pollution in particular, has long been associated with adverse health effects. Today, PM has widely been accepted as a systemic toxicant showing adverse effects beyond the lungs. There are numerous studies, from those in vitro to epidemiological ones, suggesting various direct and indirect PM toxicity mechanisms associated with cardiovascular risks, including inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, changes in blood pressure, autonomic regulation of heart rate, suppression of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, thrombogenesis, myocardial infarction, and fibrinolysis. In addition to these and other health risks, considerations about air quality standards should include individual differences, lifestyle, and vulnerable populations such as children. Urban air pollution has been a major environmental issue for Turkey, and this review will also address current situation, research, and measures taken in our country.

Thrombogenicity and cardiovascular effects of ambient air pollution

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (9) ◽  
pp. 2405-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Franchini ◽  
Pier Mannuccio Mannucci
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Hemostasis Factors

Abstract Exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse effects on health. In particular, a strong epidemiologic association is observed between acute and chronic exposures to particulate matter and the occurrence of cardiovascular events, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and venous thromboembolism, especially among older people and people with diabetes and previous cardiovascular conditions. Multiple mechanisms have been postulated to cause the increase in atherothrombotic and thromboembolic events, including the activation by particulate matter of inflammatory pathways and hemostasis factors, production of reactive oxygen species through the oxidative stress pathway, alterations in vascular tone, and decreased heart rate variability (a marker of cardiac autonomic dysfunction and a predictor of sudden cardiac death and arrhythmias). Current knowledge on the biologic mechanisms and the clinical effect of short- and long-term exposure to particulate air pollutants is discussed, emphasizing that life expectancy improved significantly in sites where air pollutants were controlled.

AMBIENT PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10 AND PM2.5) AIR POLLUTION IN DESNIANSKY DISTRICT IN KYIV

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (67) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
O. Turos ◽  
◽  
T. Maremukha ◽  
I. Kobzarenko ◽  
A. Petrosian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Ambient Particulate Matter ◽  
Pm10 And Pm2.5

Vicious Cycle of Economic Growth, Pm2.5 and COVID-19 Case of G7 Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rıdvan Karacan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Panel Cointegration ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
G7 Countries

<p>Today, production is carried out depending on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels pollute the air as they contain high levels of carbon. Many studies have been carried out on the economic costs of air pollution. However, in the present study, unlike the former ones, economic growth's relationship with the COVID-19 virus in addition to air pollution was examined. The COVID-19 virus, which was initially reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and affected the whole world, has caused many cases and deaths. Researchers have been going on studying how the virus is transmitted. Some of these studies suggest that the number of virus-related cases increases in regions with a high level of air pollution. Based on this fact, it is thought that air pollution will increase the number of COVID-19 cases in G7 Countries where industrial production is widespread. Therefore, the negative aspects of economic growth, which currently depends on fossil fuels, is tried to be revealed. The research was carried out for the period between 2000-2019. Panel cointegration test and panel causality analysis were used for the empirical analysis. Particulate matter known as PM2.5[1] was used as an indicator of air pollution. Consequently, a positive long-term relationship has been identified between PM2.5 and economic growth. This relationship also affects the number of COVID-19 cases.</p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p>[1] "Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an air pollutant that poses the greatest risk to health globally, affecting more people than any other pollutant (WHO, 2018). Chronic exposure to PM2.5 considerably increases the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in particular (WHO, 2018). For these reasons, population exposure to (outdoor or ambient) PM2.5 has been identified as an OECD Green Growth headline indicator" (OECD.Stat).</p>

Emerging Challenges of Air Pollution and Particulate Matter in China, India, and Pakistan and Mitigating Solutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 125851
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naveed Anwar ◽  
Muneeba Shabbir ◽  
Eza Tahir ◽  
Mahnoor Iftikhar ◽  
Hira Saif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter

scholarly journals A global association between Covid-19 cases and airborne particulate matter at regional level

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Solimini ◽  
F. Filipponi ◽  
D. Alunni Fegatelli ◽  
B. Caputo ◽  
C. M. De Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Mixed Effect

AbstractEvidences of an association between air pollution and Covid-19 infections are mixed and inconclusive. We conducted an ecological analysis at regional scale of long-term exposure to air-borne particle matter and spread of Covid-19 cases during the first wave of epidemics. Global air pollution and climate data were calculated from satellite earth observation data assimilated into numerical models at 10 km resolution. Main outcome was defined as the cumulative number of cases of Covid-19 in the 14 days following the date when > 10 cumulative cases were reported. Negative binomial mixed effect models were applied to estimate the associations between the outcome and long-term exposure to air pollution at the regional level (PM10, PM2.5), after adjusting for relevant regional and country level covariates and spatial correlation. In total we collected 237,749 Covid-19 cases from 730 regions, 63 countries and 5 continents at May 30, 2020. A 10 μg/m3 increase of pollution level was associated with 8.1% (95% CI 5.4%, 10.5%) and 11.5% (95% CI 7.8%, 14.9%) increases in the number of cases in a 14 days window, for PM2.5 and PM10 respectively. We found an association between Covid-19 cases and air pollution suggestive of a possible causal link among particulate matter levels and incidence of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Toxic Organic Contaminants in Airborne Particles: Levels, Potential Sources and Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4352
Author(s):  
Donatella Pomata ◽  
Patrizia Di Filippo ◽  
Carmela Riccardi ◽  
Federica Castellani ◽  
Giulia Simonetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Emission Source ◽  
Size Fractions

In the last years, many studies have focused on risk assessment of exposure of workers to airborne particulate matter (PM). Several studies indicate a strong correlation between PM and adverse health outcomes, as a function of particle size. In the last years, the study of atmospheric particulate matter has focused more on particles less than 10 μm or 2.5 μm in diameter; however, recent studies identify in particles less than 0.1 μm the main responsibility for negative cardiovascular effects. The present paper deals with the determination of 66 organic compounds belonging to six different classes of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the ultrafine, fine and coarse fractions of PM (PM < 0.1 µm; 0.1 < PM < 2.5 µm and 2.5 < PM < 10 µm) collected in three outdoor workplaces and in an urban outdoor area. Data obtained were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA), in order to underline possible correlation between sites and classes of pollutants and characteristic emission sources. Emission source studies are, in fact, a valuable tool for both identifying the type of emission source and estimating the strength of each contamination source, as useful indicator of environment healthiness. Moreover, both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were determined in order to estimate human health risk associated to study sites. Risk analysis was carried out evaluating the contribution of pollutant distribution in PM size fractions for all the sites. The results highlighted significant differences between the sites and specific sources of pollutants related to work activities were identified. In all the sites and for all the size fractions of PM both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values were below acceptable and safe levels of risks recommended by the regulatory agencies.

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