Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

This article predicts future global energy demand under a business-as-usual scenario. According to the MIT projections, conventional technology supported by fossil fuels will continue to dominate under a business-as-usual scenario. In fact, in the absence of climate policies that would impact energy prices, fossil fuels will supply nearly 80% of global primary energy demand in 2100. Alternative energy technologies will expand rapidly. Non-fossil fuel use will grow from 13% to 20% by 2100, with renewable electricity production expanding nearly tenfold and nuclear energy increasing by a factor of 8.5. However, those sources currently provide such a small share of the world's energy that even rapid growth is not enough to significantly displace fossil fuels. In spite of the growth in renewables, the projections indicate that coal will remain among the least expensive fuel sources. Non-fossil fuel alternatives, such as renewable energy and nuclear energy, will be between 40% and 80% more expensive than coal.

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Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Review

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2021.23332 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (9) ◽

pp. 1985-1999

Author(s):

K.A.V. Miyuranga ◽

D. Thilakarathne ◽

Udara S.P.R. Arachchige ◽

R.A. Jayasinghe ◽

N.A. Weerasekara

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Reaction Rate ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Sustainable Energy ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Energy Sources ◽

World Population ◽

Economic Issues ◽

The World

As the world population and modernization increase, energy demand increases. One of the non-sustainable energy sources is fossil fuels. However, fossil fuel consumption raises various environmental and economic issues. Most of the studies focus on sustainable energy sources, which can replace fossil fuel dependence. Biodiesel is an alternative sustainable fuel for diesel power. Biodiesel can produce through the transesterification process. Since the catalyst plays a significant role in the biodiesel yield during a defined reaction time, the addition of a catalyst can increases the reaction rate. This article is outlined the several catalysts used by multiple researchers over the years to increase biodiesel yields.

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Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

10.26434/chemrxiv.13095551 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bishwajit Changmai ◽

Vanlalveni Chhangte ◽

Rahul Bhagat ◽

Avinash P. Ingle ◽

Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Homogeneous Catalyst ◽

Bifunctional Catalysts ◽

Synthesis Routes

An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.

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Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

10.26434/chemrxiv.13095551.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bishwajit Changmai ◽

Vanlalveni Chhangte ◽

Rahul Bhagat ◽

Avinash P. Ingle ◽

Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Homogeneous Catalyst ◽

Bifunctional Catalysts ◽

Synthesis Routes

An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.

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A comprehensive review on non-edible woody oil-based biodiesel: composition, production, properties and emissions

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202125102042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 251 ◽

pp. 02042

Author(s):

Ying-Xuan Li ◽

Yun-Qi Zhang

Keyword(s):

Energy Security ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Production Cost ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Low Cost ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Continuous Increase ◽

National Energy Security

With the continuous increase of world’s population, rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, and rapid growth of economy, the fossil fuel consumption is also increasing continuously to meet growing energy demand. The unsustainability of fossil fuels and the issues of national energy security make it very urgent to develop the appropriate and sustainable replacement for fossil fuels. Biodiesel is one of appropriate alternatives for diesel engine due to its renewable and eco-friendly nature. This greener fuel has been used in many countries across the continents in a blending range up to 20% with petrodiesel. However, the high biodiesel production cost is still a major obstacle to market acceptance. Non-edible woody oils can be considered as low-cost substitutions for traditional edible vegetable oils for biodiesel production. In order to make biodiesel into reality in much wider scope, a growing number of relevant researches focused on: (1) evaluating the biodiesel properties; (2) optimizing the production process; and (3) assessing the environmental impact. This article reviews these three aspects in order to reflect the research status and development potential of non-edible woody oil-based biodiesel.

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Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

10.26434/chemrxiv.13095551.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bishwajit Changmai ◽

Vanlalveni Chhangte ◽

Rahul Bhagat ◽

Avinash P. Ingle ◽

Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Homogeneous Catalyst ◽

Bifunctional Catalysts ◽

Synthesis Routes

An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.

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Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy ◽

10.32438/wpe.0602149 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 149-159

Author(s):

Jatinder Kataria ◽

Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽

Amit Pal

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

World Wide ◽

Edible Oils ◽

Control Measure ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Pollution Level ◽

Animal Fats ◽

The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

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A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13020788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 788

Author(s):

Zulqarnain ◽

Muhammad Ayoub ◽

Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff ◽

Muhammad Hamza Nazir ◽

Imtisal Zahid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Waste Oils ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Production Technologies

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.

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Box-Behnken Design for Optimization on Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil and Methyl Acetate using Ultrasound Assisted Interesterification Method

Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering ◽

10.3311/ppch.17610 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahfud Mahfud ◽

Ansori Ansori

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Methyl Acetate ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Separation Process ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Box Behnken Design

Energy demand is currently increasing in line with technological and economic developments, but not accompanied by an increase in energy reserves. So we need another alternative energy that can be renewed, namely biodiesel. Biodiesel has been produced commercially through the transesterification from vegetable oil with methanol using catalyst that produces esters and glycerol. The formation of glycerol which is by-product can reduce its economic value, so it needs to be done the separation process. Therefore, a new route is proposed in this study, namely the interesterification reaction (non-alcoholic route) using methyl acetate as an alkyl group supplier and potassium methoxide catalyst. The superiority of the product produced by the interesterification reaction is biodiesel with triacetin byproducts which have an economical value and can be added to biodiesel formulations because of their solubility so that no side product separation process is needed. To increase the yield of biodiesel and the interesterification rate, the ultrasound method was used in this study. To optimize the factors that affect the interesterification reaction (molar ratio of methyl acetate to oil, catalyst concentration, temperature, and interesterification time), the Box-Behnken design (BBD) is used. Optimal operating conditions to produce the yields of biodiesel of 98.64 % are at molar ratio of methyl acetate to palm oil of 18.74, catalyst concentration of 1.24 %, temperature of 57.84 °C, and interesterification time of 12.69 minutes.

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Potential Inter-Fuel Substitution between Hydroelectricity and Fossil Fuels in Nepal

Economic Journal of Development Issues ◽

10.3126/ejdi.v25i1-2.25092 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 26-46

Author(s):

Sudheer Awasthi ◽

Naveen Adhikari

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Elasticity Of Substitution ◽

Incentive Mechanisms ◽

Coal Gas ◽

Output Elasticity ◽

Fuel Substitution ◽

Near Future ◽

Huge Variation

In spite of huge hydro-electricity potential, Nepal still relies on fossil fuel to meet its energy demand. However, as the pace of hydroelectricity generation gets momentum in recent years, there are concerns about the excess supply of hydroelectricity in the domestic market in the near future. In this context, this paper examines the potential substitution of conventional fuels by the hydroelectricity in Nepal. Using translog production function, this paper calculates the elasticity of substitution between hydroelectricity, coal, gas, petrol, diesel, and kerosene for the period of 1980 to 2016. Our findings suggest that all the fuels except kerosene are positively associated with economic growth during the study period, and the output elasticity of hydroelectricity is found be largest among these sources of energy. The findings also suggest that hydroelectricity has the potential for substitute other conventional fuels if the share of hydroelectricity is increased in the energy consumption composition. While there is not a huge variation in the elasticity of substitution between hydroelectricity and other fuels, the hydroelectricity has relatively higher potential to substitute coal followed by petrol, diesel, kerosene, and gas. The findings of the paper are supportive of the hypothesis that Nepal could potentially absorb the hydroelectricity generated in near future if incentive mechanisms are initiated that allow substitution of conventional fossil fuels by the hydroelectricity.

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