scholarly journals Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1985-1999
Author(s):  
K.A.V. Miyuranga ◽  
D. Thilakarathne ◽  
Udara S.P.R. Arachchige ◽  
R.A. Jayasinghe ◽  
N.A. Weerasekara
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
World Population ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
The World

As the world population and modernization increase, energy demand increases. One of the non-sustainable energy sources is fossil fuels. However, fossil fuel consumption raises various environmental and economic issues. Most of the studies focus on sustainable energy sources, which can replace fossil fuel dependence. Biodiesel is an alternative sustainable fuel for diesel power. Biodiesel can produce through the transesterification process. Since the catalyst plays a significant role in the biodiesel yield during a defined reaction time, the addition of a catalyst can increases the reaction rate. This article is outlined the several catalysts used by multiple researchers over the years to increase biodiesel yields.

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

scholarly journals Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (68) ◽  
pp. 41625-41679
Author(s):  
Bishwajit Changmai ◽  
Chhangte Vanlalveni ◽  
Avinash Prabhakar Ingle ◽  
Rahul Bhagat ◽  
Lalthazuala Rokhum
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Biodiesel Production

An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel.

scholarly journals Current Research and Development Status of Corrosion Behavior of Automotive Materials in Biofuels

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1440
Author(s):  
Aamir Shehzad ◽  
Arslan Ahmed ◽  
Moinuddin Mohammed Quazi ◽  
Muhammad Jamshaid ◽  
S. M. Ashrafur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Automotive Engines ◽  
The World ◽  
Blended Fuel

The world’s need for energy is increasing with the passage of time and the substantial energy demand of the world is met by fossil fuels. Biodiesel has been considered as a replacement for fossil fuels in automotive engines. Biodiesels are advantageous because they provide energy security, they are nontoxic, renewable, economical, and biodegradable and clean sources of energy. However, there are certain disadvantages of biodiesels, including their corrosive, hygroscopic and oxidative natures. This paper provides a review of automotive materials when coming into contact with biodiesel blended fuel in terms of corrosion. Biodiesels have generally been proved to be corrosive, therefore it is important to understand the limits and extents of corrosion on different materials. Methods generally used to find and calculate corrosion have also been discussed in this paper. The reasons for the occurrence of corrosion and the subsequent problems because of corrosion have been presented. Biodiesel production can be carried out by different feedstocks and the studies which have been carried out on these biodiesels have been reviewed in this paper. A certain number of compounds form on the surface of materials because of corrosion and the mechanism behind the formation of these compounds along with the characterization techniques generally used is reviewed.

scholarly journals Traversing the mountaintop: world fossil fuel production to 2050

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1532) ◽  
pp. 3067-3079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Nehring
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita

During the past century, fossil fuels—petroleum liquids, natural gas and coal—were the dominant source of world energy production. From 1950 to 2005, fossil fuels provided 85–93% of all energy production. All fossil fuels grew substantially during this period, their combined growth exceeding the increase in world population. This growth, however, was irregular, providing for rapidly growing per capita production from 1950 to 1980, stable per capita production from 1980 to 2000 and rising per capita production again after 2000. During the past half century, growth in fossil fuel production was essentially limited by energy demand. During the next half century, fossil fuel production will be limited primarily by the amount and characteristics of remaining fossil fuel resources. Three possible scenarios—low, medium and high—are developed for the production of each of the fossil fuels to 2050. These scenarios differ primarily by the amount of ultimate resources estimated for each fossil fuel. Total fossil fuel production will continue to grow, but only slowly for the next 15–30 years. The subsequent peak plateau will last for 10–15 years. These production peaks are robust; none of the fossil fuels, even with highly optimistic resource estimates, is projected to keep growing beyond 2050. World fossil fuel production per capita will thus begin an irreversible decline between 2020 and 2030.

scholarly journals Breeding Rice for Sustainable Bioenergy Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manasi Dash ◽  
Abinash Mishra ◽  
Mahendra Kumar Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
World Population ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
The World ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Immense Potential

Bioenergy including biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass has immense potential to meet growing energy demand of the ever-growing world population. Bioenergy will help to mitigate the environmental problems arising due to burning of fossil fuels. Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world population and is grown in more than 100 countries. Rice straw is rich in lignocellulose and several technologies are available for efficient extraction and conversion of cellulose to ethanol. Thus, the surplus rice straw can be utilised to produce biofuel, so as to replace conventional fossil fuel sources. But it is reported that the present-day rice varieties showing high lignocellulosic straw biomass have low grain yield potential. Hence, it is important to re orient the breeding strategies for developing dual purpose rice varieties that are bioenergy efficient without compromising grain yield.

A Prospective Utilization of the Biomass for the Production of the Biodiesel

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Verma ◽  
Siddharth Jain
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
The World

: Continuously growing environmental issues became a major problem in the world. These environmental issues deteriorate our day to day life and generate very serious and major diseases. Also, the growing industrialization of the world has steeply risen and demanding petroleum products for their modernization. Economic development has also resulted in a great rise in energy demand. Biodiesel, a less polluting and sustainable fuel replacing diesel has been getting the attention of researchers from around the world. The utilization of vegetable oil and waste oil as fuel is found to be less polluting in comparison to the petrochemical products. The fundamental problem in biodiesel production is that it is more susceptible to the oxidation which results in the increase in viscosity of biodiesel concerning time, which in turn creates the problem. So, in this review paper, the current fossil fuel scenario concerning World and India has been shown concerning the petroleum diesel along with properties of biodiesel resources and production processes of biodiesel.

The Conundrum of Sustainable Energy: Clean Coal as One Possible Answer

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus S. Lackner
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
World Population ◽  
Clean Coal ◽  
Fuel Technology

Access to clean, cheap, and copious energy would allow the entire world to enjoy a standard of living taken for granted in developed countries. This paper identifies technologies for sustainable energy infrastructures, emphasizing that fossil fuels are amply sufficient for the next 100–200 years. However, today's fossil fuel technology will be inadequate to sustain a future world population of 10 billion. Pollution and greenhouse gases from unfettered fossil fuel use far exceed the environment's capacity to cope. Alternative forms of energy are presently either expensive or unsuitable for largescale energy production. Reliance on coal, in combination with carbon capture, carbon storage, and zero-emission technology, could break the world's dependence on petroleum and natural gas while providing environmentally acceptable energy for centuries. By also developing nuclear energy and renewable energy sources, it is possible to pursue a path characterized by plentiful and sustainable energy.

Alternative Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production

2012 ◽  
Vol 730-732 ◽  
pp. 623-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Ribeiro ◽  
Joana Carvalho ◽  
Joana Castro ◽  
Jorge Araújo ◽  
Cândida Vilarinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
World Population ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Feedstock

The increasing in the world population has continuously increased the energy demand. As an effective fuel, petroleum has been serving the world to meet its energy needs. Continued use of petroleum sourced fuels is widely recognized as unsustainable because of depleting supplies and all the environmental issues around its use could be responsible for a major deficit in the future. Thus, the development of alternative energy sources, are to be welcomed. Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, has many benefits. It is biodegradable, non-toxic and compared to petroleum-based diesel, has a more favorable combustion emission profile, such as low emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons. In brief, these merits make biodiesel a good alternative to petroleum based fuel. The use of alternative feedstock as waste cooking oils (WCO), bovine fats and microalgae oil for biodiesel production has some advantages. It is cheaper than edible vegetable oils and it is a way to valorize a sub-product. Nevertheless, these oils has some contaminants, which can reduce the quality of biodiesel, a problem that was solved by testing different operating conditions and equipment designs for each stage of processing. The technological assessment of this process was carried out to evaluate their technical benefits, limitations and quality of final product. In this work biodiesel was produced by an alkali-catalyzed transesterification, a reaction involving the WCO feedstock and an alcohol to yield fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol. The evaluation of quality from raw materials and final biodiesel was performed according to standard EN 14214. Results show that all parameters analyzed meet the standard and legislation requirements. This evidence proves that in those operating conditions the biodiesel produced from WCO, bovine fats and microalgae can substitute petroleum-based diesel.

scholarly journals Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishwajit Changmai ◽  
Vanlalveni Chhangte ◽  
Rahul Bhagat ◽  
Avinash P. Ingle ◽  
Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Bifunctional Catalysts ◽  
Synthesis Routes

<p>An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.</p>

scholarly journals Widely Used Catalysts in Biodiesel Production: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishwajit Changmai ◽  
Vanlalveni Chhangte ◽  
Rahul Bhagat ◽  
Avinash P. Ingle ◽  
Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Bifunctional Catalysts ◽  
Synthesis Routes

<p>An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.</p>

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