Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 115 (9) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga E. Schjerve ◽  
Gjertrud A. Tyldum ◽  
Arnt E. Tjønna ◽  
Tomas Stølen ◽  
Jan P. Loennechen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Training Programmes

Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve work capacity, endothelial function and the cardiovascular risk profile in obesity, but it is unknown which of high-intensity aerobic exercise, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or strength training is the optimal mode of exercise. In the present study, a total of 40 subjects were randomized to high-intensity interval aerobic training, continuous moderate-intensity aerobic training or maximal strength training programmes for 12 weeks, three times/week. The high-intensity group performed aerobic interval walking/running at 85–95% of maximal heart rate, whereas the moderate-intensity group exercised continuously at 60–70% of maximal heart rate; protocols were isocaloric. The strength training group performed ‘high-intensity’ leg press, abdominal and back strength training. Maximal oxygen uptake and endothelial function improved in all groups; the greatest improvement was observed after high-intensity training, and an equal improvement was observed after moderate-intensity aerobic training and strength training. High-intensity aerobic training and strength training were associated with increased PGC-1α (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α) levels and improved Ca2+ transport in the skeletal muscle, whereas only strength training improved antioxidant status. Both strength training and moderate-intensity aerobic training decreased oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein) levels. Only aerobic training decreased body weight and diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, high-intensity aerobic interval training was better than moderate-intensity aerobic training in improving aerobic work capacity and endothelial function. An important contribution towards improved aerobic work capacity, endothelial function and cardiovascular health originates from strength training, which may serve as a substitute when whole-body aerobic exercise is contra-indicated or difficult to perform.

scholarly journals Blood Flow Restricted Exercise and Vascular Function

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Horiuchi ◽  
Koichi Okita
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Arterial Compliance ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Exercise And Training ◽  
And Training

It is established that regular aerobic training improves vascular function, for example, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and arterial stiffness or compliance and thereby constitutes a preventative measure against cardiovascular disease. In contrast, high-intensity resistance training impairs vascular function, while the influence of moderate-intensity resistance training on vascular function is still controversial. However, aerobic training is insufficient to inhibit loss in muscular strength with advancing age; thus, resistance training is recommended to prevent sarcopenia. Recently, several lines of study have provided compelling data showing that exercise and training with blood flow restriction (BFR) leads to muscle hypertrophy and strength increase. As such, BFR training might be a novel means of overcoming the contradiction between aerobic and high-intensity resistance training. Although it is not enough evidence to obtain consensus about impact of BFR training on vascular function, available evidences suggested that BFR training did not change coagulation factors and arterial compliance though with inconsistence results in endothelial function. This paper is a review of the literature on the impact of BFR exercise and training on vascular function, such as endothelial function, arterial compliance, or other potential factors in comparison with those of aerobic and resistance training.

High versus Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Older Adults: Psychological and Physiological Effects

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Swoap ◽  
Nancy Norvell ◽  
James E. Graves ◽  
Michael L. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Heart Rate Reserve

This study examined the psychological and physiological effects of a 26-week aerobic exercise program on a sample of sedentary older men (n= 26) and women (n= 23). Subjects were randomly assigned to either a high intensity exercise group (80−85% of maximal heart rate reserve), a moderate intensity exercise group (65−70% of maximal heart rate reserve), or a no-exercise control group. Results indicated that subjects in the high intensity exercise group exhibited significant increases in aerobic capacity compared to the moderate intensity group. Both exercising groups improved aerobic capacity and had significant decreases in body weight compared to the control group. Exercising subjects also reported significantly fewer symptoms of depression at the end of the program, but not fewer than the control group. Overall, increases in VO2max were associated with decreases in depression.

scholarly journals Effects of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise on diabetic obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
pp. e19471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Kamal Abdelbasset ◽  
Sayed A. Tantawy ◽  
Dalia M. Kamel ◽  
Bader A. Alqahtani ◽  
Tamer E. Elnegamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
High Intensity Interval

scholarly journals High-intensity exercise to promote accelerated improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (HI-PACE): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua E. McGee ◽  
Savanna G. Barefoot ◽  
Nicole R. Gniewek ◽  
Patricia M. Brophy ◽  
Angela Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity

Abstract Background African Americans have a disproportionate prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes compared to Caucasians. Recent evidence indicates low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level, an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, is also more prevalent in African Americans than Caucasians. Numerous studies in Caucasian populations suggest vigorous exercise intensity may promote greater improvements in CRF and other type 2 diabetes risk factors (e.g. reduction of glucose/insulin levels, pulse wave velocity, body fat, etc.) than moderate intensity. However, current evidence comparing health benefits of different aerobic exercise intensities on type 2 diabetes risk factors in African Americans is negligible. This is clinically important as African Americans have a greater risk for type 2 diabetes and are less likely to meet public health recommendations for physical activity than Caucasians. The purpose of the High-Intensity exercise to Promote Accelerated improvements in CardiorEspiratory fitness (HI-PACE) study is to evaluate whether high-intensity aerobic exercise elicits greater improvements in CRF, insulin action, and arterial stiffness than moderate-intensity exercise in African Americans. Methods/Design­ A randomized controlled trial will be performed on overweight and obese (body mass index: 25-45 kg/m2) African Americans (35-65 years) (n=60). Participants will be randomized to moderate-intensity (MOD-INT) or high-intensity (HIGH-INT) aerobic exercise training, or a non-exercise control group (CON) for 24 weeks. Supervised exercise will be performed at a heart rate associated with 45-55% and 70-80% of VO2 max in the MOD-INT and the HIGH-INT groups, respectively, for an exercise dose of 600 MET-minutes/week (consistent with public health recommendations). The primary outcome is change in CRF. Secondary outcomes include change in insulin sensitivity (measured via an intravenous glucose tolerance test), skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity (via near infrared spectroscopy), skeletal muscle measurements (i.e. citrate synthase, COX IV, GLUT-4, CPT-1, PGC1-α), arterial stiffness (via carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity), body fat, C-reactive protein, and psychological outcomes (quality of life/exercise enjoyment). Discussion The anticipated results of the HI-PACE study will provide vital information on the health effects of high-intensity exercise in African Americans. This study will advance health disparity research and has the potential to influence future public health guidelines for physical activity. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02892331. Registered on 8 September 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02892331

scholarly journals SUN-010 Efficacy of High Intensity Intermittent Training for Improving Cardio-Metabolic Health in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhiannon Kate Patten ◽  
Luke McIlvenna ◽  
Alba Moreno-Asso ◽  
Nigel Nigel Stepto ◽  
Danielle Hiam
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Ovary Syndrome

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common and complex endocrinopathy with reproductive and metabolic manifestations, carrying a major health and economic burden. Exercise training has consistently been found improve clinical outcomes in women with PCOS, but shortfalls with exercise prescription are evident. Research suggests that high intensity intermittent exercise (HIIT) is feasible, well tolerated and enjoyable for people with or at risk of chronic disease and can address many of the shortfalls and barriers to exercise participation. To investigate the effects of high intensity exercise, twenty-four reproductive aged, overweight and obese, previously sedentary women with PCOS were recruited from the community and randomised to complete either 12 weeks of moderate intensity continuous cycling exercise (MOD; 50-60% of maximal heart rate [HRmax]; n=11) or HIIT (90-95% HRmax; n=13). All exercise was supervised by an exercise physiologist and completed 3 times per week on a cycle ergometer. Baseline and post testing measures consisted of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) determine by a graded maximal exercise test, insulin sensitivity determined by hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp, body composition outcomes and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH). Enjoyment was also measured throughout the intervention using feeling scales. Significant improvements were seen for VO2peak after HIIT with an average increase of 5.6 ± 2.5 mL.kg-1.min-1 (P=0.013) and non-significant increases in the MOD group (3.4 ± 2.1 mL/kg/min; P=0.20). Body composition, fasting insulin and AMH values remained unchanged in both groups. Non-significant improvements in glucose infusion rate (3.3 ± 2.8 mg.lbmkg-1.min-1; P=0.06) and insulin sensitivity index (M-to-I ratio; 3.0 ± 3.8 mg.lbmkg-1.min-1[mU/I]-1 x 100; P=0.17) were found as a result of HIIT compared to no changes after moderate intensity exercise. Importantly, HIIT was also found to be more enjoyable than moderate intensity continuous exercise. The present study is the first to compare current exercise recommendations of moderate and vigorous intensities in women with PCOS. The results of this study provide preliminary validation of HIIT and should be considered for improving cardio-metabolic health in women with PCOS.

scholarly journals The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Speed and Accuracy Task Components in Motor Learning

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håvard Stranda ◽  
Monika Haga ◽  
Hermundur Sigmundsson ◽  
Håvard Lorås
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Keyboard Typing ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Typing Task

Acute exercise has an influence on human cognition, and both theoretical approaches and previous investigations suggest that the learning process can be facilitated. A distinction has been made however, between the predominately positive effects on task speed compared to both the negative and null effects on aspects of task accuracy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise conducted before each practice trial (3 × week) for a period of four weeks, on speed and accuracy components in a novel keyboard typing task. To this end, young adults (n = 26) where randomized to a non-exercise resting group (control) or an exercise group (ergometer cycling at 65% of age-predicted maximal heart rate). Immediately after exercise or resting, participants practiced keyboard typing through specialized online software for a total of 2 h across the study period. All participants improved their speed and accuracy in the keyboard typing task. At 7-day retention, no differences were found between groups. Thus, the degree of improvement on both speed and accuracy task components was not significantly different between the exercise and control group. Further studies are warranted to establish the specific relationship between aerobic exercise and task components in motor learning and retention.

scholarly journals Effects of resveratrol or estradiol on postexercise endothelial function in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-747
Author(s):  
Cemal Ozemek ◽  
Kerry L. Hildreth ◽  
Patrick J. Blatchford ◽  
K. Joseph Hurt ◽  
Rachael Bok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Estradiol Treatment

Regular exercise enhances endothelial function in older men, but not consistently in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Estradiol treatment improves basal endothelial function and restores improvements in endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, FMD) to aerobic exercise training in postmenopausal women; however, estradiol treatment is controversial. Resveratrol, an estrogen receptor ligand, enhances exercise training effects on cardiovascular function and nitric oxide (NO) release in animal models, but impairs exercise training effects in men. We conducted a randomized cross-over, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study to determine whether acute (single dose) resveratrol (250-mg tablet) or estradiol (0.05 mg/day transdermal patch) treatment enhances FMD at rest and after a single bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in healthy estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women ( n = 15, 58.1 ± 3.2 yr). FMD was measured before and after (30, 60, and 120 min) a 40-min bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise (60–75% peak heart rate) under the respective conditions (separated by 1-2 wk). FMD was higher ( P < 0.05) before exercise and at all post-exercise time points in the resveratrol and estradiol conditions compared to placebo. FMD was increased from baseline by 120 min postexercise in the estradiol condition ( P < 0.001), but not resveratrol or PL conditions. Consistent with our previous findings, estradiol also enhances endothelial function in response to acute endurance exercise. Although resveratrol improved basal FMD, there was no apparent enhancement of FMD to acute exercise and, therefore, may not act as an estradiol mimetic. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The benefits of endurance exercise training on endothelial function are diminished in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, but estradiol treatment appears to restore improvements in endothelial function in this group. We show that basal endothelial function is enhanced with both acute estradiol and resveratrol treatments in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, but endothelial function is only enhanced following acute endurance exercise with estradiol treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of a Single Bout of Acute Aerobic Exercise at Moderate-to-Vigorous Intensities on Motor Learning, Retention and Transfer

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Håvard Lorås ◽  
Monika Haga ◽  
Hermundur Sigmundsson
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Vigorous Exercise ◽  
Learning Retention

Acute exercise influences human cognition, and evidence suggests that learning can be improved. According to the cognitive–energetic approach towards exercise cognition, exercise represents a stressor that elevates physiological arousal, which, in turn, increases the availability of mental resources. However, the degree of arousal is hypothesized to have optimal and suboptimal states, and moderate intensity exercise is thus considered to be favorable compared to low intensity and vigorous exercise. The current evidence for such a moderating effect of exercise intensity on motor learning, however, appears somewhat mixed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effect of aerobic exercise conducted with different exercise intensities on immediate practice, transfer, and 24-h retention of a motor skill. To this end, young adults (n  =  40, mean (SD) age: 23.80 (1.98) years) were randomized to exercise at either 50% or 75% of age-predicted maximal heart rate according to the Karvonen formulae. Immediately after exercising, participants practiced a high-precision golf putting task in a blocked design. Retention and transfer of skill were assessed after 24 h. Results indicated that both groups demonstrated motor learning, retention, and transfer at a similar level. Further works are thus needed to establish the specific relationship between exercise and learning and establish the factors that have an influence.

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