scholarly journals The nasopharyngeal microbiome

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Cleary ◽  
Stuart C. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Chronic Airway Disease

Human microbiomes have received increasing attention over the last 10 years, leading to a pervasiveness of hypotheses relating dysbiosis to health and disease. The respiratory tract has received much less attention in this respect than that of, for example, the human gut. Nevertheless, progress has been made in elucidating the immunological, ecological and environmental drivers that govern these microbial consortia and the potential consequences of aberrant microbiomes. In this review, we consider the microbiome of the nasopharynx, a specific niche of the upper respiratory tract. The nasopharynx is an important site, anatomically with respect to its gateway position between upper and lower airways, and for pathogenic bacterial colonisation. The dynamics of the latter are important for long-term respiratory morbidity, acute infections of both invasive and non-invasive disease and associations with chronic airway disease exacerbations. Here, we review the development of the nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiome over the life course, examining it from the early establishment of resilient profiles in neonates through to perturbations associated with pneumonia risk in the elderly. We focus specifically on the commensal, opportunistically pathogenic members of the NP microbiome that includes Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. In addition, we consider the role of relatively harmless genera such as Dolosigranulum and Corynebacterium. Understanding that the NP microbiome plays such a key, beneficial role in maintaining equilibrium of commensal species, prevention of pathogen outgrowth and host immunity enables future research to be directed appropriately.

OCCURRENCE OF THE RISKS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN CHILDREN EXPOSED TO THE CHEMICAL FACTORS OF THE EXPOSURE OF ALUMINA REFINERY- ASSOCIATED BUSINESS ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Zemlianova ◽  
I.V. Tikhonova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Chronic Lymphoproliferative Diseases

Alumina refineries are among the leading sources of atmospheric air pollution with a wide range of pollutants hazardous to human respiratory organs. It is relevant to study and evaluate the occurrence of the risks for development of respiratory diseases in children living in the area affected by the emission components of an alumina refinery. We assessed air quality of the area under observation and comparison according to monitoring observations, risk of non-carcinogenic effects from the respiratory organs. The content of chemicals in the blood and urine adequate to risk factors was quantified. The structure of individual groups of respiratory diseases was analyzed. The causal relationships of violations of laboratory parameters with an increased content of chemicals in biological media were evaluated. It was found that an aerogenic exposure of chemical pollutants is formed on the territory with the production of metallurgical alumina. It determines the risk for development of respiratory diseases, exceeding an acceptable level up to 49.9 times. In the exposed children, the content of manganese, chromium, nickel, copper, xylenes, formaldehyde and aluminum, fluoride ion in the urine was increased to 4.2 times in relation to the indices in the comparison group. A high level of additional respiratory morbidity(1.8 times) was revealed. Chronic lymphoproliferative diseases of the nasopharynx and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract (up to 6.6 times more often), inflammatory diseases with a predominance of the mechanism of allergic inflammation ( up to 2.1 times more often)are more often detected in the framework of the respiratory diseases. Negative effects on the part of the respiratory system in the form of activation of antioxidant processes, the development of an inflammatory reaction, local, general and specific sensitization of the respiratory tract were established. It confirms the occurrence of the risks for the development of respiratory diseases in children in the exposure area of the chemical factors of alumina refinery-associated economic activity.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 transmission via apical syncytia release from primary bronchial epithelia and infectivity restriction in children epithelia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Beucher ◽  
Marie-Lise Blondot ◽  
Alexis Celle ◽  
Noemie Pied ◽  
Patricia Recordon-Pinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Infection Dynamic ◽  
Bronchial Epithelia ◽  
Syncytia Formation ◽  
High Degree

The beta-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is at the origin of a persistent worldwide pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 infections initiate in the bronchi of the upper respiratory tract and are able to disseminate to the lower respiratory tract eventually causing acute severe respiratory syndrome with a high degree of mortality in the elderly. Here we use reconstituted primary bronchial epithelia from adult and children donors to follow the infection dynamic following infection with SARS-CoV-2. We show that in bronchial epithelia derived from adult donors, infections initiate in multi-ciliated cells. Then, infection rapidly spread within 24-48h throughout the whole epithelia. Within 3-4 days, large apical syncytia form between multi-ciliated cells and basal cells, which dissipate into the apical lumen. We show that these syncytia are a significant source of the released infectious dose. In stark contrast to these findings, bronchial epithelia reconstituted from children donors are intrinsically more resistant to virus infection and show active restriction of virus spread. This restriction is paired with accelerated release of IFN compared to adult donors. Taken together our findings reveal apical syncytia formation as an underappreciated source of infectious virus for either local dissemination or release into the environment. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that children bronchial epithelia are more resistant to infection with SARS-CoV-2 providing experimental support for epidemiological observations that SARS-CoV-2 cases fatality is linked to age.

scholarly journals Uptake of Sialic Acid by NontypeableHaemophilus influenzaeIncreases Complement Resistance through Decreasing IgM-Dependent Complement Activation

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein M. P. Oerlemans ◽  
Sam J. Moons ◽  
Jurriaan J. A. Heming ◽  
Thomas J. Boltje ◽  
Marien I. de Jonge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Complement Activation ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Sialic Acids ◽  
Classical Pathway ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACTAlthough nontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi) is a human-specific nasopharyngeal commensal bacterium, it also causes upper respiratory tract infections in children and lower respiratory tract infections in the elderly, resulting in frequent antibiotic use. The transition from symbiotic colonizing bacterium to opportunistic pathogen is not completely understood. Incorporation of sialic acids into lipooligosaccharides is thought to play an important role in bacterial virulence. It has been known for more than 25 years that sialic acids increase resistance to complement-mediated killing; however, the mechanism of action has not been elucidated thus far. Here, we provide evidence that growth of NTHi in the presence of sialic acids Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc decreases complement-mediated killing through abrogating the classical pathway of complement activation by preventing mainly IgM antibody binding to the bacterial surface. Therefore, strategies that interfere with uptake or incorporation of sialic acids into the lipooligosaccharide, such as novel antibiotics and vaccines, might be worth exploring to prevent or treat NTHi infections.

scholarly journals Acute upper respiratory tract viral illness and influenza immunization in homes for the elderly

1990 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Nicholson ◽  
D. J. Baker ◽  
A. Farquhar ◽  
D. Hurd ◽  
J. Kent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Influenza Immunization ◽  
Immunization Rates ◽  
Homes For The Elderly ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus

SUMMARYOccupants of 482 long-stay and 33 short-stay beds in 11 Leicester City Council homes for the elderly were studied during a 30-week period from September 1988 to March 1989 to determine the incidence, aetiology, morbidity, and mortality of acute upper respiratory tract viral infections and the use of influenza vaccine.Influenza immunization rates by home ranged from 15·4 to 90% (mean 45%). There were no differences in the distribution of medical conditions by home. The highest immunization rates were seen in people with chest disease (77%), heart disease (60%), diabetes (56%), and those with three medical conditions (75%). There was an average of 0·7 upper respiratory episodes per bed per annum with a mortality of 3·4% (6/179). Half of all episodes were seen by a general medical practitioner and 81 of 90 (90%) referrals were prescribed antibiotics costing approximately £7.50 per patient. Lower respiratory tract complications developed during 45 (25%) of 179 episodes including 3 of 12 coronavirus infections, 3 of 9 respiratory syncytial virus infections, 2 of 4 adenovirus infections, 1 of 11 rhinovirus infections, but none of 5 influenza infections. Respiratory infections were caused mostly by pathogens other than influenza virus during the influenza period documented nationally. This highlights the role of coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and unidentified agents in the elderly, and questions the assumptions made in American estimates on the impact of influenza and the value of influenza vaccines.

scholarly journals Rhinovirus and Cell Death

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 629
Author(s):  
Shannic-Le Kerr ◽  
Cynthia Mathew ◽  
Reena Ghildyal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
English Language ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cell Death Pathways ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the etiological agents of upper respiratory tract infections, particularly the common cold. Infections in the lower respiratory tract is shown to cause severe disease and exacerbations in asthma and COPD patients. Viruses being obligate parasites, hijack host cell pathways such as programmed cell death to suppress host antiviral responses and prolong viral replication and propagation. RVs are non-enveloped positive sense RNA viruses with a lifecycle fully contained within the cytoplasm. Despite decades of study, the details of how RVs exit the infected cell are still unclear. There are some diverse studies that suggest a possible role for programmed cell death. In this review, we aimed to consolidate current literature on the impact of RVs on cell death to inform future research on the topic. We searched peer reviewed English language literature in the past 21 years for studies on the interaction with and modulation of cell death pathways by RVs, placing it in the context of the broader knowledge of these interconnected pathways from other systems. Our review strongly suggests a role for necroptosis and/or autophagy in RV release, with the caveat that all the literature is based on RV-A and RV-B strains, with no studies to date examining the interaction of RV-C strains with cell death pathways.

scholarly journals Age- and airway disease related gene expression patterns of key SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in human nasal epithelia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihkel Plaas ◽  
Kadri Seppa ◽  
Nayana Gaur ◽  
Priit Kasenomm ◽  
Mario Plaas
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Significant Inverse Correlation ◽  
Chronic Airway Disease ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Disease Related Gene

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 predominantly affects the elderly. Differential expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes may underlie the variable susceptibility in different patient groups. Here, we examined the gene expression of key SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in mucosal biopsies to delineate the roles of age and existing chronic airway disease. A significant inverse correlation between ACE2 and age and a downregulation of NRP1 in patients with airway disease were noted. These results indicate that the interplay between various factors may influence susceptibility and the disease course.

scholarly journals Respiratory Morbidities among Children in a Grass Root Level Hospital in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Rahat Bin Habib ◽  
ARM Luthful Kabir ◽  
Md Abdur Rouf ◽  
Md Sk Shahid Ullah ◽  
Md Nazmul Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Respiratory Morbidity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Multicentric Study ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Children mostly suffer from respiratory illnesses around the world. Situation is not different in Bangladesh as suggested by many studies on childhood illness. But most of these studies have been done in tertiary level hospitals located in urban areas and very few were done in rural setting. This study was conducted to estimate the frequency and to determine the pattern of respiratory morbidity among children and also to assess the impact of passive  smoking on the magnitude of acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) among children. This was an observational study. It was carried out on 1002 children over a period of about 180 days, who attended the Tungipara Upazila Health Complex (UHC), Gopalganj, Bangladesh between January 2018 and June 2018. Data were collected through face to face interview, physical examination, relevant investigations and collected data in the questionnaire for respiratory illness and others then respiratory data were not collected. Out of 1002 children, more then half (54%) were male and the age range was new born to 168 months. Among them upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) were 98.5% as against only 1.5% of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). In this study, 38% fathers were smoker and no mother found as smoker. Families of 63% patients used smoke producing substances for cooking. Respiratory illness was more prevalent among the children whose fathers used to smoke tobacco χ2 (1) 380   P 0.01. As well as babies more vulnerable for respiratory morbidity where smoke producing fuel used for cooking χ2 (1) 170   P 0.01. Children suffered more from diseases affecting the respiratory system than diseases of other systems. Simple cough related illness was the most common URTI. Under 05 children suffered most. Respiratory illness was more common among those whose fathers smoked tobacco. Children were more vulnerable to respiratory morbidity, where smoke producing fuel used for cooking. There need multicentric study to observe the real picture of respiratory morbidity. Bangladesh Med J. 2019 Jan; 48 (1): 1-4

scholarly journals Asthma and smoking-induced airway disease without spirometric COPD

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1602061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil C. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Asthma Management ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Airway Disease ◽  
Never Smokers

Due to the high prevalence rates of cigarette smoking and asthma, current and ex-smokers frequently develop chronic airway disease without spirometric evidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), either alone or associated with asthma. This review considers the classification, clinical outcomes, inflammatory and imaging variables, phenotypes, and management of current and ex-smokers with airway disease without COPD, focusing on overlaps in those with and without asthma. These individuals have more respiratory symptoms, worse quality of life, increased exacerbation rates, reduced lung function and more comorbidities than never-smokers with asthma or healthy never-smokers. As well as clinical features, airway inflammatory and structural changes in smoking-induced airway disease without COPD overlap with those found in smokers with asthma. Cigarette smoking is associated with worse clinical outcomes in some phenotypes of asthma. Management involves public health measures to control exposure to tobacco smoke, personal advice on smoking cessation and the use of appropriate targeted therapies, although evidence is limited on their effectiveness. Understanding the mechanisms, natural history and management of current and ex-smokers with asthma and smoking-induced airway disease without COPD is a priority for future research.

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