Disfluencies of Young Children in Two Speaking Situations

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Martin ◽  
Samuel K. Haroldson ◽  
Patricia Kuhl
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Normal Speaking

Ten normal-speaking children, ages 3.5 to 4.5, conversed with a “talking” puppet and with an adult female for 10 20-minute sessions. For 10 minutes of each session the child conversed with the puppet (no person present); for the remaining 10 minutes the child conversed with an adult. Counts were made of the number of disfluencies emitted by the children, the number of words spoken by the children, the number of words spoken by the adult, and the number of words spoken by the puppet. The experiment yielded the following results: (1) the number of words produced by the children was stable across the 10 sessions; (2) within each session, the children produced more words with the puppet than with the adult; (3) the percent of words produced disfluently was stable across all 10 sessions; and (4) there was no statistically significant difference in percent disfluencies by the children between the adult and puppet conditions.

scholarly journals PO-288 Research on Norm Construction and Evaluating Levels of 20-m Running in Preschool Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuikun Li ◽  
Xue Li ◽  
Qiongjia Yuan ◽  
Zheng Zhao ◽  
Lan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Fitness Evaluation ◽  
Percentile Method ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective The study tested young children's 20-m running in Chengdu, analyzed of the characteristics of change in age and gender, to construct the norm and evaluation system of the 20-m running of young children and provide the basis for assessing children's sports ability and physical fitness. The results can used as one of the children's physical fitness evaluation content. Methods The stratified random sampling method was used to select kindergarten children in from 25 kindergartens in a district of Chengdu, and totally, 3089 children of 3-6 years old were tested．The best scores by two trials were used as the 20-m running performance. Results With the growth of the age, young children's 20 m running is gradually increased. There are significant differences in the mean values of boys and girls aged 3, 4, 5 and 6 (F = 228.696, F = 366.477, P < 0.01). Compared with boys and girls of the same age group, boys are superior to girls, and there is no significant difference between boys and girls aged 6 (F = 0.879, P > 0.05). The differences in other groups were statistically significant (F=0.138, F=0.204, F=0.133, P < 0.01). The percentile 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 values of the 20 m running of young children were recorded, respectively, and according to the statistical percentile method to divide the evaluation grade standards, the test results of the 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th percentage site test results were selected to develop the five-level rating system of children's 20 m running. Conclusions  With the growth of the age, young children's 20 m running is gradually increased, and there are significant differences between groups. It is suggested that the flexibility of nervous processes, the coordination of the body, the flexibility of joints and muscles, and the strength and endurance of muscles are gradually enhanced in children. Constructed the norm and five-grade evaluation system of preschool children's 20 m running, and provided the basis for formulating the grade standard of preschool children's physique evaluation in the future.

scholarly journals Measuring Sound-Processor Thresholds for Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients Using Visual Reinforcement Audiometry via Telepractice

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 2115-2125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Hughes ◽  
Jenny L. Goehring ◽  
Joshua D. Sevier ◽  
Sangsook Choi
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Visual Reinforcement ◽  
Behavioral Thresholds ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Caregiver Questionnaire

Purpose The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of using telepractice for measuring behavioral thresholds (T levels) in young children with cochlear implants (CIs) using visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA). Specifically, we examined whether there were significant differences in T levels, test time, or measurement success rate between in-person and remote test conditions. Method Data were collected for 17 children, aged 1.1–3.4 years. A within-subject AB-BA (A, in-person; B, remote) study design was used, with data collection typically occurring over 2 visits. T levels were measured during each test session using VRA for one basal, middle, and apical electrode. Two additional outcome measures included test time and response success rate, the latter of which was calculated as the ratio of the number of electrode thresholds successfully measured versus attempted. All 3 outcome measures were compared between the in-person and remote sessions. Last, a parent/caregiver questionnaire was administered at the end of the study to evaluate subjective aspects of remote versus traditional CI programming. Results Results showed no significant difference in T levels between in-person and remote test conditions. There were also no significant differences in test time or measurement success rate between the two conditions. The questionnaires indicated that 82% of parents or caregivers would use telepractice for routine CI programming visits some or all of the time if the option was available. Conclusion Results from this study suggest that telepractice can be used successfully to set T levels for young children with CIs using VRA.

Novel Stimuli for Obtaining Nasalance Measures from Young Children

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Watterson ◽  
Julie Hinton ◽  
Stephen Mcfarlane
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Velopharyngeal Insufficiency ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

The use of novel stimuli for obtaining nasalance measures in young children was the focus of this study. The subjects were 20 children without a history of communication disorders and 20 children at risk for velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Each subject recited three passages; the standard Zoo Passage, and two novel stimuli that were named the Turtle Passage and the Mouse Passage. Like the Zoo Passage, the Turtle Passage contained no normally nasal consonants. The Mouse Passage was about 11% nasal consonants, which is similar to the Rainbow Passage. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the mean nasalance for the Zoo Passage and the Turtle Passage for either the subjects without risk of VPI (15.4% vs 15.7%) or for those at risk (30.4% vs 28.8%). Nasalance measures for the Mouse Passage were significantly higher than for either the Zoo Passage or the Turtle Passage. Listeners rated the stimuli on a 5-point equal-appearing intervals scale. The correlation coefficient between listener judgments of hypernasality and nasalance was significant for the Zoo Passage (r = 0.70) and for the Turtle Passage (r = 0.51) but not significant for the Mouse Passage (r = 0.32). Using cut-off scores of 22% for nasalance and 2.25 for hypernasality, the sensitivity for the Zoo Passage was 0.72, and for the Turtle Passage, 0.83.

scholarly journals Soil, Hand, and Body Adherence Measures across Four Beach Areas: Potential Influence on Exposure to Oil Spill Chemicals

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alesia Ferguson ◽  
Ashok Kumar Dwivedi ◽  
Esther Ehindero ◽  
Foluke Adelabu ◽  
Kyra Rattler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Soil Contaminants ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Size Variability

Skin adherence (SA) of soil affects exposure from soil contaminants through dermal routes via loading on the skin and through ingestion routes through hand to mouth activities. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationships between adherence versus child-specific and environmental factors. Two sets of soil-to-skin adherence were evaluated. The first was based on loading on hands following hand presses (Hand SA). The second was based on body rinses following one hour of play activities on the beach (Body SA). Results for 98–119 children conducted at four beach sites show that mean Hand SA was 35.7 mg/cm2 (std. dev. 41.8 mg/cm2), while Body SA based on full coverage was 352.3 mg/cm2 (std. dev. 250.4 mg/cm2). Statistically significant differences in Body SA were observed between male (419.2 mg/cm2) and female (300.4 mg/cm2) children (p < 0.05). No significant difference by sex was found for Hand SA. Other statistically different observations were that Hand SA (p < 0.05), but not Body SA, differed across the four beaches (p < 0.05). For Hand SA, this difference was associated soil size variability across the beaches. Hand and Body SA values measured during this study are recommended for use in risk assessments that evaluate beach exposures to oil spill chemicals for young children.

Resistance by cattle to cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. III. The development of resistance to experimental infestations by purebred Sahiwal and Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Hewetson
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sahiwal Cattle ◽  
Males And Females

Purebred Sahiwal cattle acquired resistance to Boophilus microplus in a similar manner to crossbred Sahiwal cattle as previously reported. The purebred entire males and females were more resistant than a control group of crossbred steers because they dropped significantly fewer replete ticks than the crossbreds at the third and fourth, but not at the first and second infestations. Adult female ticks dropped by purebred animals were significantly lighter than those dropped by crossbred animals at the fourth infestation only. There was no significant difference in the numbers of eggs laid and hatched from ticks dropped by purebred and crossbred animals. Australian Illawarra Shorthorn steers developed resistance at a second and third infestation which waned at a fourth infestation, but individual steers displayed developing resistance throughout the four infestations. Day of modal drop of replete female ticks appeared to be affected by breed, and developing resistance or season.

scholarly journals Vitamin D Status among Young Children Aged 6 to 23 Months from 4 Different Ethnic Groups in Yunnan, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-265
Author(s):  
Yanhong Li ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Xian Zhang ◽  
Lin Zhao ◽  
Liqin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Venous Blood Sampling

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in 6- to 23-month-old children from 4 different ethnic groups, Han, Lisu, Hani, and Bai, in Yunnan Province of China. Methods: A large cohort of 938 young children aged 6 to 23 months who were living in Yunnan, China (23°28′-27°52′ N), were selected and recruited in this study. Venous-blood sampling was conducted in all the participants, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured. The children’s physical status was measured. Results: General mean serum 25(OH)D level was 21.46 ± 7.95 ng/mL, which was obtained from a total of 938 cases. No significant difference was found in age, gender, height, and weight of participants from different ethnic groups. The mean 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in children of Lisu ethnic groups compared with that of Han and Hani participants, respectively ( P < .05). In addition, Bai children had lower 25(OH)D content than Hani children ( P < .001). Among the children with 25(OH)D sufficiency, the number of Lisu participants was significantly lower than Han children ( P < .001). Conclusion: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varied among the ethnically different children in Yunnan, China, and significantly fewer Lisu children maintained vitamin D sufficiency compared with other ethnic children. Recognizing these ethnic differences in treating children with vitamin D deficiency may improve the therapeutic outcome.

Meat production from pigs which have farrowed. 2. Carcass characteristics

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Brooks ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
W. J. N. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Large White ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference

SUMMARYThe carcass characteristics of young adult female pigs (gilts) slaughtered after weaning their first litters have been investigated using three groups of 19 Landrace × (Landrace×Large White) gilts. In two treatment groups gilts were mated at their pubertal oestrus and suckled their piglets for 5 to 11 and 35 to 42 days respectively. These gilts were slaughtered on average 10 days after weaning. A third control group consisted of unmated gilts slaughtered at 118 kg live weight.There was no significant difference in the killing-out percentage for the three groups. The carcasses of the gilts which farrowed contained significantly less fat (P<0·001) than those of the unmated controls. The carcasses of the farrowed gilts had significantly lighter middle sections (P<0·001) and significantly heavier shoulders (P<0·001) than the controls.Despite the variations in tissue yield and distribution, the yield of prime joints for the gilts which had farrowed was only 0·62 percentage units less than that of the controls.No commercially significant variations between groups in meat quality were observed.

Request complexity is no more a problem when the requests are ironic

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Aguert ◽  
Virginie Laval
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Situational Contexts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Indirect Requests

Although the topic has been extensively studied, many issues about understanding of indirect requests in children are still unsolved. Our contribution is to distinguish genuine and ironic hints, focusing on the latter. We examined the understanding of ironic hints and ironic imperatives in 5- to 9-year-old children and in adults, in various situational contexts (neutral or ironic). The main result of this study was that ironic hints were more difficult to understand than ironic imperatives only when the context was neutral. When the context was ironic, there was no significant difference. Discussion highlights how context enables young children to understand very indirect requests like ironic hints.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Malondialdehyde Levels in Children with Different Caries Status- A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Dhanalakshmi Ravikumar ◽  
Pratibha Ramani ◽  
R. Gayathri
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Chewing Ability ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Salivary Malondialdehyde ◽  
Childhood Caries

Background and Objectives: Early childhood caries is a major public health problem especially in young children. ECC affects the quality of life of young children by affecting the chewing ability of children due to the development of pain and swelling, and this may indirectly affect the nutritional status of a child. The present study was done to assess the level of salivary malondialdehyde in children with and without Early childhood caries. The main objective of the study is to determine the salivary malondialdehyde levels and to compare it with the three groups of children with different caries experiences. Materials and Methods: It is cross-sectional observational research carried out at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Children between 3-6 years were examined and 20 caries-free, 20 children with ECC as well as 20 children with S-ECC were recruited for the study. The caries status was assessed using dmfs and the severity of caries was assessed using pufa index. Salivary samples were collected and analysed for salivary malondialdehyde levels. Statistical Analysis: The data was entered and analysed using SPSS software version 20.0. One-way ANOVA was done to determine the difference in malondialdehyde levels between the groups. “Post-hoc Tukey” test was done to measure the intergroup significance. A “P value of < 0.05” was measured as statistically “significant” and P < 0.001 was deemed as statistically “highly significant”. Pearson’s correlation was done to correlate pufa values with malondialdehyde levels. Results: The results demonstrated that there was a statistically significant difference in salivary malondialdehyde levels among caries-free, ECC as well as S-ECC children. There was a positive correlation between the pufa score and salivary malondialdehyde levels. Conclusion: 1. There is a significant difference in the salivary malondialdehyde levels among caries-free, ECC as well as S-ECC children. There was a positive correlation of salivary malondialdehyde levels and pufa score in ECC and S-ECC children.

scholarly journals Surveillance ultrasonography for conservative treatment of femoral shaft fractures in young children

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Gao ◽  
Zhaoxia Wang ◽  
Yuxi Su
Keyword(s):  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Femoral Shaft ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Radiographic Evaluation ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Femur Fractures ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Skin Traction

Abstract Background The treatment for femoral shaft fracture (FSF) depends on the age of the patient. While the Pavlik harness is the first choice for patients under 6 months of age, spica casting is preferred for patients over 6 months and under preschool age. Minimally-invasive surgery using elastic stable intramedullary nails is also used in some cases. Skin traction is another treatment choice for some patients who are not candidates for the above methods. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of surveillance ultrasonography (US) for the conservative treatment of FSFs in young children. Materials and methods This retrospective study included 92 children who were diagnosed with FSF in our hospital from April 2017 to May 2019. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, they were divided into US surveillance (A) and control (B) groups. All patients received conservative treatment by skin traction. For group A, US was used to assess the femur fractures and adjust its reduction on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 until the fracture stabilized. For group B, the fractures were checked by radiographs on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 until the callus appeared. The FSF angle was measured using anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. Results All patients were followed up for 18 months. The radiographic evaluation of both groups at the final follow-up showed a significant difference in the FSF angle. The radiograph times and accumulated radiation also showed significant differences between the two groups. However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of complications. Conclusions For FSF closed reduction, surveillance US is a better option compared to radiographs in children treated by skin traction. This approach can significantly decrease exposure to X-ray radiation and improve the reduction. Level of evidence III

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