scholarly journals Special aspects of the development of harmful objects on the grape mother plants of the original category in the conditions of the Rostov region

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 06001
Author(s):  
Natalia Arestova ◽  
Irina Ryabchun

The results of monitoring the distribution of phytopathogens and pests under conditions of maintaining mother plantations, improved and propagated in tissue culture, category original in the conditions of the Nizhne-Kundryuchensky sand massif in Rostov region, are presented. In the basic vineyard, conditions are met that exclude the possibility of secondary infection of healthy plants and make it possible to obtain planting material of the elite category. Vineyards have not been cultivated on these areas for at least 10 years, which reduces the risk of the presence of outbreaks of harmful organisms specific to grapes. Before establishing of the basic vineyard, the soil samples were diagnosed for the presence of harmful organisms in it. The results of the survey showed the absence of such pests in the soil as the larvae of scoops, beetles, click beetles, as well as bacterial diseases and nematodes. According to the results of monitoring observations, it was revealed that the mother plants of the basic plants of the ARRIV&W Branch of FSBSI FRANC are mainly spread by the following fungal diseases: powdery mildew, black spot, downy mildew, the intensity of which, due to regular protective treatments, did not exceed 2.5 points. The harmfulness of the main insects (leafhoppers, ticks, thrips) on the basic vineyard, is economically insignificant. Studies confirm the absence of migration of the leaf form of phylloxera. Pesticides were used during protective measures, guided by the principle of rotation of active substances and with the use of an active substance of one name no more than twice a season.

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 04006
Author(s):  
Natalia Arestova ◽  
Irina Ryabchun

The study results on prevalence of the main harmful insects on the mother planting of the basic grape plants of the Rostov region: rose leafhopper, buffalo treehopper, tree cricket, tobacco and grape thrips, which are polyphagous phytophages, are presented. As a result of the negative impact of harmful organisms the plant normal development is disrupted. The spread and increase in the insect harmfulness in the Rostov region is facilitated by an increase in the average annual temperature to 9.5-11.6 °C in the last 10-15 years, which is the lower limit for their survival. A close direct relationship was revealed between the average annual temperature and the leafhopper and thrip harmfulness: r=0.72-0.89 and an unobvious dependence of the tree cricket harmfulness on thermal conditions (r=0.59). The phytosanitary control system in the mother planting made it possible to restrain the harmful organism development, with a harmfulness not exceeding 1.3 points for thrips and 2 points for other insects for further reproduction of practically healthy grape planting material while maintaining the status basic plants.


Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan

Abstract A description is provided for Venturia pirina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Principally on pear (Pyrus communis) and other Pyrus spp., also recorded from Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) (Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Causes scab or black spot of pear, which results in loss of quantity and quality of fruit. The disease attacks shoots, buds, leaves and fruit, symptoms and aetiology being very similar to those of apple scab caused by V. inaequalis on Malus spp. (CMI Descript. 401). Dark, more or less circular scabs are produced on leaves and fruit, often with some growth distortion. Infection of young wood is more common than with apple scab and causes pale brown blister-like lesions which burst to release conidia in the following year. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide in temperate and subtropical regions wherever pears are grown (see CMI Map 367, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Epidemiology is similar to that of apple scab. The overwintering saprophytic perithecial stage on leaf litter releases airborne ascospores in spring which infect young growth, and secondary infection by conidia dispersed during wet summer weather also occurs. Overwintering lesions on young wood are more frequent than with apple scab and conidia produced by these in the spring can be an important source of primary infection (46, 2061; 47, 849).


Nematology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemie Elsen ◽  
Ben Goossens ◽  
Barbara Belpaire ◽  
Annemie Neyens ◽  
Paul Speijer ◽  
...  

Abstract In East Africa, the cooking bananas (Musa spp., AAA group, subgroup Matoke) are the major food crop. Yields are decreasing due to increasing damage caused by a complex of pests and diseases, including plant-parasitic nematodes. Planting of infected material is the principle means of dispersal for these nematodes. An option to control the nematodes in planting material is hot water treatment but the benefits depend on the rate of recolonisation. Therefore, on-farm trials were carried out at five localities representing Musa production systems in Uganda. Hot water treatment of planting material slowed down build-up of Radpholus similis at least until 30 months after planting. This was not only the case for the treated mother plants but also for the suckers that developed from these mother plants. A similar trend was observed for Helicotylenchus multicinctus. Hot water treatment also slowed down the build-up of Pratylenchus goodeyi but this effect was less pronounced.


Author(s):  
V. V. Senechyn ◽  
E. O. Yakimova

We have studied the possibility of increasing the production of young carp by applying a set of intensification measures and the introduction of innovative production methods, when growing it in artificial reservoirs. Works that has been carried out works provided with technology of cultivation of young fishes as one of the first stages of production of marketable products in aquaculture, secures the selection of qualitative and viable breeding material, providing it with appropriate environmental conditions for normal growth and development, search of optimum and balanced compound feeds which will supplement natural fodder base of ponds, and carrying out of complex measures concerning intensification of fish farming taking into account natural-climatic and geographical-zonal features of a separate economy. The main purpose of the work was to improve the technology of growing young fish in the carp farm of Ltd "Mykolaivska RMS" when using in the feeding of this year's granular feed. Generally accepted hydrochemical, hydrobiological and fish farming methods were used in order to achieve this goal. The technological features of growing carp fish planting material at low planting densities were studied in the ponds of the experimental fishery. The effect of land reclamation, fertilization of ponds to improve the natural feed base, feeding fish with granular feed with a well-balanced content of nutrients and biologically active substances, with constant control of temperature and hydrochemical regimes of ponds on morphometric parameters expediency of carrying out such measures in fisheries. Our research results indicate that the natural fodder basis of ponds of the experimental carp farm Ltd "Mykolaivska RMS" does not fully meet the regulatory conditions for growing young carp and carrying out the above set of intensification measures in combination with feeding young carp granular concentrated organic feed environmentally friendly and economically feasible.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Mahdi Bozorgnia

Nowadays due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to save our lives, we have to use masks in a wider range. Since masks are now considered a protective device to prevent some bacterial or viral diseases, especially COVID-19, and the advice is that we should use them to save our lives and the lives of others. It is true that masks have many benefits, but maybe they are also harmful. It seems that is possible in long- term masking, itself cause side effects or even other diseases. Therefore, since masks are now more widely used, its advantages and even disadvantages are important to us. We think, maybe there are harms that may cause other bacterial diseases as secondary bacterial infection that may be confused with COVID-19 because they may have similar symptoms or may increase the severity of it. In this article, we review Staphylococcus Aureus that may be exacerbate or cause infectious diseases and increase the risk of infection. We may be able to prevent them with some recommendations.


2019 ◽  
pp. 95-105
Author(s):  
I.S. Kolganova ◽  
S.S. Taran

Short-lived fast-growing and non-forming dense shadow woody species, more than 60%, dominate in the forestlands and the total mass of landscaping of urbanized territories of Rostov region. Durable species account for less than 18%. At the same time, they are these species that create more comfortable conditions for recreation in the steppe zone due to the dense crown (Teodoronski, 2010). The reasons for such low participation of durable plants in urban planting of greenery are the lack of study of their bioecological potential and adaptation capabilities in an arid region, and the difficulty of planting material culture. The crucial task is bioecological justification of the possibility of expanding biodiversity in landscaping of public objects (parks, squares, avenues, street plantations) and clarification of recommendations to implement landscaping involving species of the Acer L. genus. The aim of the research is a comprehensive assessment of the state of woody species of the Acer L. genus and the development of methods to increase the stability and ornamental durability of maple plantations at the public landscaping sites of Rostov agglomeration. The objects of research were uneven aged plantations with the share of Bosnian maple (Acer platanoides L.) and its spherical form (Acer platanoides "Globosum"), sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) and silver maple (Acer saccharum) located on the items of landscaping (parks, squares, avenues, streets) of Rostov region. The research revealed that the area of green plantations of Rostov region tends to decrease while the area of urban territory and population has increased by 7.8 and 3.3 times respectively since 1980. The area of landscaping public use plantations with participation of representatives of the Acer L. genus in Rostov region is 11.42 hectares. Among them there are 62.46% at the age of 51 to 80 years old. The participation share of Acer platanoides L. varies between 8.1-10.2, A. pseudoplcitcinus L. 3.0-4.4, specificallyt A. saccharinum L. 0.4-1.7, A. platanoides "Globosum" 1.1-5.4%. В лесных массивах и общей массе озеленения урбанизированных территорий Ростовской области доминируют короткоживущие быстрорастущие и не образующие плотной тени древесные породы в общем количестве более 60%. Долговечные виды составляют менее 18%. В то же время. именно эти виды создают более комфортные условия для отдыха в степной зоне за счет густой кроны (Теодоронский, 2010). Причинами столь низкого участия многолетних растений в городском озеленении являются недостаточная изученность их биоэкологического потенциала и адаптационных возможностей в засушливом регионе, а также сложность выращивания посадочного материала. Важнейшей задачей является биоэкологическое обоснование возможности расширения биоразнообразия при озеленении общественных объектов (парков, скверов, аллей, уличных насаждений)и уточнение рекомендаций по осуществлению озеленения с привлечением видов рода Acer L. Целью исследования является комплексная оценка состояния древесных пород рода Acer L. и разработка методов повышения устойчивости и декоративной долговечности кленовых насаждений на открытых ландшафтных площадках Ростовской агломерации. Объектами исследования являются неравномерные возрастные насаждения клена боснийского (Acer platanoides L.) и его сферической формы (Acer platanoides "Globosum"), клена Платанового (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) и клена серебряного (Acer saccharum), расположенные на объектах озеленения (парки, скверы, проспекты, улицы) Ростовской области. В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что площадь зеленых насаждений Ростовской области имеет тенденцию к снижению, а площадь городской территории и населения с 1980 года увеличилась соответственно в 7,8 и 3,3 раза. Площадь озеленения насаждений общественного пользования с участием представителей рода Acer L. в Ростовской области составляет 11,42 га. Среди них 62,46% в возрасте от 51 до 80 лет. Доля участия Acer platanoides L. колеблется в пределах 8.1-10.2, A. pseudoplcitcinus L. 3.0-4.4, в частности A. saccharinum L. 0.4-1.7%, A. platanoides "Globosum" 1.1-5.4%.


Author(s):  
T. Mudrak ◽  
G. Koroteeva ◽  
V. Polishchuk

There are about 220 genera and 3000 species in Cactaceae family. Since its discovery in XV cacti gained much popularity among botanists, gardeners and collectors because of unusual and highly decorative appearance. Cactus viruses are known for about a century now. The first definitive indication came in 1951 in Europe. Currently, 13 viruses are known to infect plants of Cactaceae family: five members of the genus Potexvirus (CVX, OpVX, SchVX, ZyVX and PiVX), four members of the genus Tobamovirus (SOV, TMV, CMMoV and RCNaV), one representative of the Carlavirus (CV-2), one representative of the Carmovirus (SgCV) and two representatives of the genus Tospovirus (TSWV and INSV). Potexviruses are best described among the viruses infecting Cactaceous plants. Some infections are mostly symptomless, when others demonstrate both external and internal symptoms. Externally symptoms include chlorotic rings and spots on the pads of Opuntia sp., reddening of the fronds of the Zygocactus sp., etc. Occasionally more severe symptoms, such as bending, marked yellowing and dieback of stems occur. The article discusses the viruses infecting Cactaceae family members, their biological characteristics, geographical distribution and history of their discovery. It covers the problem of genetic differentiation between some Asian and European isolates of potexviruses, and describes peculiarities of mono- and co-infections in different species of cacti. The article also considers the practical value of cacti for the gardening and exemplifies the use of their biologically active substances in medicine and pharmaceutical industry. Viral infections can damage cacti rendering raw material inapplicable for practical use. Hence it is necessary to apply not only technical protective measures, but also timely application of modern methods of diagnosis and the establishment of diversity of viruses circulating in the collections.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (94) ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
A. M. Hasanov

The using of antibiotics and antimicrobials drugs without control may lead to the development of numerous complications and resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics. The using of antibiotics and antimicrobials drugs should be controlled on farms. Owing to this the monitoring and determination of sensitivity of bacterial diseases agents to antimicrobial drugs are very important. Results of pasterella, of salmonellas’ and kolibakterias’ monitoring in farms of Azerbaijan are introduced in the article. Microbiological monitoring of a number of farms in Azerbaijan has shown that agents of bacterial diseases’ are widely spread. Between the isolated pasterella agent largest number were accounted for Salmonella (54.1%) and the Escherichia (30.8 per cent). The rest (15.1%) were isolated cultures of Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Campylobacteria, Enterobacteria, and Clostridia Citrobacter. This indicates that systematic control over the availability of the causative agents of bacterial infections in all critical points of farms is very necessary. Among isolates that were isolated from ill calves and objects, differences in their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents from active substances that officially have registered in our country were discovered. Bactericidal activity of relatively isolated cultures was showed by oxitetraciklin, colistin, ftorfenicol, zeftiocur, doxicyclin, enroxil and sarafloxacin.


Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-591
Author(s):  
P. Jones ◽  
J. Devonshire ◽  
A. Dabek ◽  
C. Howells

Chaya (Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh) was introduced into Tu-valu as a leaf vegetable in the early 1990s (1) with the primary objective of alleviating vitamin A and C deficiencies, which at that time were prevalent throughout the population. Although there are no definitive quarantine records, we believe that the crop originated from vegetative cuttings introduced into Funafuti atoll from Kiribati. In the years following its introduction, chaya was distributed as cuttings taken from the original, introduced germplasm, to other islands and atolls of Tuvalu. The occurrence of yellow patches on the mature leaves of chaya cultivated in Funafuti had previously been attributed to iron deficiency, which was the inevitable consequence of growing the crop on coral atoll soils that are well known to be poor sources of metallic ions, notably iron, zinc, and copper. Following heavy cyclonic rains in March 1997, young, emerging chaya leaves were noted to exhibit an angular mosaic of the leaf lamina, characteristic of virus infections. Negatively stained sap from mosaic-affected leaves, when examined in the transmission electron microscope, was found to contain many rod-shaped virus particles similar in morphology to those of the Potexviridae (approximately 510 × 15 nm). The virus was transmitted mechanically to Chenopodium amaranticolor, in which it induced local lesion symptoms. The virus was found to be more closely related serologically to cassava common mosaic potexvirus (CsCMV) from Brazil than to that from Colombia, by immunosorbent electron microscopy with antisera kindly provided by F. Morales. Recently, CsCMV particles have been found in mosaic-affected chaya derived from the original Funafuti mother plants on Vaitupu Island. Similar symptoms have been observed on chaya being cultivated in Nui and Nanumaga islands. We conclude that CsCMV must now have been distributed throughout the atolls and islands of Tuvalu by infected planting material. We believe this to be the first report of the occurrence of CsCMV outside Central America and the first record of a plant virus from Tuvalu. Reference: (1) C. Howells and M. Bainbridge. 1996. South Pacific Commission, Pacific Island Forests and Trees. Page 10.


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