Isolation, Identification, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test of Bacteria from Vulva Swab of African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) and Sunda Porcupine (Hystrix javanica)

Atelerix albiventris and Hystrix javanica are currently traded as pets or consumed in Indonesia, but there has been no research about bacteria from the vulva swab before. This research aims to isolate and identify bacteria from the vulva swabs of Atelerix albiventris and Hystrix javanica, and identify their antibiotic susceptibility. Samples were isolated by blood agar plates and selective media and identified by biochemical tests. Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test. The result showed that from Atelerix albiventris was isolated and identified Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis, while from Hystrix javanica was isolated and identified Escherichia coli. The identified Escherichia coli was sensitive to Amikacin, Amoxycillin, Ampicillin, Enrofloxacin, Fosfomycin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Trimethoprim, and Kanamycin; intermediate to Streptomycin; and resistant to Erythromycin and Penicillin G. The identified Proteus mirabilis was sensitive to Amikacin, Amoxycillin, Kanamycin, Enrofloxacin, and Fosfomycin; and resistant to Erythromycin, Penicillin G, Streptomycin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, and Trimethoprim. This research concludes that Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis were isolated from vulva swab of Atelerix albiventris and Hystrix javanica, Escherichia coli was sensitive to eight antibiotics, while Proteus mirabilis was sensitive to five antibiotics.

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Clinical and bacteriological examinations of dogs with tonsillitis

BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE ◽

10.15547/bjvm.2192 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 229-236

Author(s):

D. Sylejmani ◽

I. Miftari ◽

A. Hamidi ◽

A. Robaj

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Staphylococcus Intermedius ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of tonsillitis in dogs and isolation of bacteria involved as well as their antimicrobial susceptibility. For this purpose from June 2015 to August 2017, 12 clinical cases of dogs with tonsillitis have been examined, and a total of 24 samples were collected. Diagnosis was based on anamnesis, clinical signs, haematology and biochemical tests and bacteriological analyses. The isolation and identification of bacteria was carried out according to conventional microbiological methods and biochemical tests, while the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates was tested using the disk diffusion method. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated bacteria with isolation rate 35.0%, followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (27.50%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%), Staphylococcus intermedius (10%) and Pasteurella spp. (7.5%). A high resistance to ampicillin, streptomicin and penicillin G was shown by E. coli, S. intermedius, S. pyogenes isolates. None of S. pyogenes, S. aureus, S. intermedius and Pasteurella spp., isolates was resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.

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Detection of OqxAB Efflux Pumps, a Multidrug-Resistant Agent in Bacterial Infection in Patients Referring to Teaching Hospitals in Ahvaz, Southwest of Iran

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2021/2145176 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Mojtaba Moosavian ◽

Mahtab Khoshkholgh Sima ◽

Nazanin Ahmad Khosravi ◽

Effat Abbasi Montazeri

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Efflux Pumps ◽

Gas Production ◽

Susceptibility Test ◽

Teaching Hospitals ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽

Biochemical Tests

Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae are causative agents of global health problems. Bacterial infections due to multidrug resistance (MDR) may be mediated by the overexpression of efflux pumps. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of oqxA and oqxB genes as two encoding agents of efflux pumps and the determination of antibiotic resistance rate in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. In this study, 100 Enterobacteriaceae isolates collected from different clinical specimens of infectious patients, such as wounds, urine, blood, discharge, and abscesses except stool, were examined. Identification of the isolates was performed using standard biochemical tests such as TSI, citrate, urea, lysine, SIM, MR-VP, and gas production. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines, and finally, the oqxA and oqxB genes were detected by the PCR method. Among 100 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter gergoviae were the most common isolates with 71% and 20%, respectively. Also, the lowest isolates belonged to Enterobacter cloacae (3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (1%). Out of 100 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 37 isolates (37%) were positive for at least one of oqxA or oqxB genes, while both of these genes were detected among 12% of them. oqxAB genes were detected in 8 cases of 20 (40%) Enterobacter gergoviae and 4 cases of 71 (5.7%) E. coli isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that all isolates (100%) were susceptible to imipenem, while the maximum resistance to piperacillin, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime were 69%, 55%, and 55%, respectively. Also, the results of this study showed that antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates caused by oqxAB genes is increasing among patients in Iran. Therefore, identification of resistant isolates and antibiotic monitoring programs are essential to prevent the spread of MDR isolates.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli at a Tertiary Care Hospital

KYAMC Journal ◽

10.3329/kyamcj.v7i1.33758 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 681-686

Author(s):

Md Shakhaowat Hossain ◽

Rehana Khatun ◽

Mohammed Solayman ◽

Babul Aktar ◽

Abdullah Akhtar Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Tract Infections

Infections due to multidrug resistant E.coli range from uncomplicated urinary tract infections to life-threatening sepsis. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in 173 (12.84%) Escherichia coli strains isolated from 1347 clinical specimens of different types. Isolation and identification of E.coli were done as per routine laboratory protocol directed by Cheesbrough1. The isolation rate of E.coli was 48.57% in stool followed by 17.68% in urine, 25% in wound swabs, and 15.38% in tracheal aspirate etc. Among the 173 isolates 102 (59%) were from males and 71 (41%) were from females. Patients were classified into five age groups: 0-15, 16-30, 31-45, 46-60 and >60 years. E.coli was found highest number in females (13.9%) of age range 31-45 years and in males (22%) belonged to age group of over 60 years. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the disk diffusion method was conducted for 22 different antibiotics. The majority of isolated E.coli were highly sensitive to Imipenem (98.18%), Meropenem (97.37%), Amikacin (91.67%), Amoxiclav (80%), Ceftazidime (73.33%), and Gentamycin (71.76%). The antibiotics Tobramycin and Azithromycin were found as moderately sensitive against E.coli with the susceptibility rate of 52.5% and 50% respectively. The isolates show low degree of susceptibility to Penicillin G (9.52%), Carbenicillin (10%), Erythromycin (19.48%), Amoxycillin (19.59%), and Ampicillin (25%). These findings have clinical and epidemiological significance and provide a benchmark for future studies on the pattern of susceptibility of clinical isolates of E.coli in this region as well as may help the clinician to prescribe the right empirical treatment.KYAMC Journal Vol. 7, No.-1, Jul 2016, Page 681-686

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Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Raw Meats, Ready-to-Eat Meats, and Their Related Samples in One Health Context

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 326

Author(s):

Frederick Adzitey ◽

Nurul Huda ◽

Amir Husni Mohd Shariff

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

The Usa ◽

Raw Meats

Meat is an important food source that can provide a significant amount of protein for human development. The occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials in meat poses a public health risk. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) isolated from raw meats, ready-to-eat (RTE) meats and their related samples in Ghana. E. coli was isolated using the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Of the 200 examined meats and their related samples, 38% were positive for E. coli. Notably, E. coli was highest in raw beef (80%) and lowest in RTE pork (0%). The 45 E. coli isolates were resistant ≥ 50% to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and tetracycline. They were susceptible to azithromycin (87.1%), chloramphenicol (81.3%), imipenem (74.8%), gentamicin (72.0%) and ciprofloxacin (69.5%). A relatively high intermediate resistance of 33.0% was observed for ceftriaxone. E. coli from raw meats, RTE meats, hands of meat sellers and working tools showed some differences and similarities in their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. Half (51.1%) of the E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The E. coli isolates showed twenty-two different resistant patterns, with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.0 to 0.7. The resistant pattern amoxicillin (A, n = 6 isolates) and amoxicillin-trimethoprim (A-TM, n = 6 isolates) were the most common. This study documents that raw meats, RTE meats and their related samples in Ghana are potential sources of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and pose a risk for the transfer of resistant bacteria to the food chain, environment and humans.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility and diarrheagenic diagnosis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from feral pigeons (Columba livia) captured in Fortaleza, Brazil

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5633 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (11) ◽

pp. 2150-2154 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ruben V. Horn ◽

Windleyanne G.A. Bezerra ◽

Elisângela S. Lopes ◽

Régis S.C. Teixeira ◽

Isaac N.G. Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Columba Livia ◽

Susceptibility Test ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽

E Coli ◽

Feral Pigeons

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to isolate Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from captured feral pigeons in Fortaleza, Brazil, and, in addition to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and diagnose diarrheagenic E. coli strains. Pigeons were captured in four public locations in Fortaleza with three techniques. Individual cloacal swab samples were collected and submitted to bacterial isolation, biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Disk diffusion technique was used with twelve antibiotics. E. coli strains were submitted to DNA extraction followed by PCR to diagnose five diarrheagenic pathotypes. A total of 124 birds were captured. One bird was positive for Salmonella enterica (0.81%) and 121 (97.58%) were positive for E. coli. Among these, 110 isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test and 28.18% (31/110) presented resistance to at least one antibiotic. Resistance to azithromycin was the most frequent (21.82%), followed by tetracycline (10.91%) and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (8.9%). Multidrug resistance, calculated as a resistance to at least 3 antimicrobial classes, was identified in 3.64% (4/110) of strains. The maximum number of antimicrobial classes to which one strain was resistant was seven. Results demonstrated nine different resistance profiles and the most frequent was tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (4 strains), followed by chloramphenicol, azithromycin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (3 strains). Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and tobramycin presented lowest levels of antimicrobial resistance, to which none of the tested strains were resistant. A single strain was positive for the eltB gene, which is a diagnostic tool to identify the Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) pathotype. None of the other investigated genes (stx1, stx2, estA, eaeA, ipaH, aatA and aaiC) were identified. The single isolate of S. enterica was a rough strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, but serotype identification was not possible. However, this isolate presented resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim. Therefore, captured feral pigeons of Fortaleza presented a low prevalence of S. enterica and diarrheagenic E. coli. Considering the investigated pathogens, our results suggest a good health status and a low public health risk. However, important antimicrobial resistance profiles were identified.

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Prevalence and Antibiograms of Salmonella in Commercially Produced Crocodile meat in Zimbabwe

Tanzania Veterinary Journal ◽

10.4314/tvj.v36i1.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

A.Z. Nhidza ◽

C. Gufe ◽

J. Marumure ◽

Z. Makuvara ◽

T. Chisango ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hazard Analysis ◽

Control Point ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Critical Control Point ◽

Meat Samples ◽

Low Prevalence ◽

Susceptibility Profiles

The presence of Salmonella in food products and emergence of antibiotic resistance are the major challenges facing public health policies. A total of 2749 crocodile meat samples obtained from the Central Veterinary Laboratories in Zimbabwe were screened for Salmonella specieswere collected from three Zimbabwean commercial farms between the year 2012 and 2019 for a retrospective observational study to determine the prevalence and magnitude of antibiotics resistant Salmonella species in crocodile meat. The isolation of Salmonella was in accordance with the ISO 6579:2002 and the antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out based on Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute’s recommendations by means of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. SILAB Database was used to determine the prevalence of Salmonella species. Prevalence was stratified by year and farms. Twenty Salmonella isolates were identified using biochemical tests, and 15 were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the confirmed Salmonella isolates were examined using 14 antibiotics. The overall prevalence of Salmonella species in crocodile meat samples was 0.5%. The prevalence of Salmonella species ranged from 0.04% to 0.44% in the crocodile meat samples and annual prevalence ranged from 0.01% to 1%. The highest prevalence of Salmonella (4.4%) was recorded in the year 2012. Salmonella isolates from one of the three tested farms were resistant to Erythromycin (73.33%), Ampicillin (80%), and Penicillin G (100%). Generally, Salmonella isolates displayed lower resistance to Cefepime, Ceftriaxone, Amikacin, Tetracycline, Ertapenem, Florfenicol, and Erythromycin (0-53.33%) whereas all Salmonella isolates showed susceptibility to Cefepime, Ceftriaxone, Ertapenem, and Florfenicol. Although the study indicates low prevalence of Salmonella species in crocodile meat, there is a need for strict implementation of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) to reduce contamination rates in meat and its products

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Analysis of blood stream infections: Antimicrobial susceptibility and associated types of extended spectrum β-lactamases

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.4314/tjpr.v19i6.25 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 1285-1293

Author(s):

Lorina I. Badger-Emeka ◽

Zainab Yaseen Al-Jaziri ◽

Naheed Kausar ◽

Nora Ahmad Al-Muhainy ◽

Edric Estrella

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Susceptibility Test ◽

Automated System ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Blood Stream Infections ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum

Purpose: To investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production by clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) and Klebsiella species (ESBL-KP) associated with blood stream infections (BSIs).Methods: Bacteria isolation and identification were carried out using basic bacteriological and biochemical techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to the guidelines of the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Vitek 2 Compact automated system was used toconfirm the identifications (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST). The ESBL produced by E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were phenotypically characterised using Modified Double Disc Synergy Test (MDDST), as recommended by CLSI.Results: All (100 %) isolates were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem, while susceptibility to other antibiotics varied. ESBL genotypes, viz, blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX were encountered in the BSIs. For ESBL-EC, TEM, SHV and CTX producers accounted for 33, 16.67 and 58.3 %, respectively, while 75, 91.7 and 100 % of ESBL-KP were TEM, SHV and CTX producers, respectively. In ESBL-KP, 67 % coexisted with all three genotypes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX, while 8.3 % of ESBL-EC coexisted with the three encoding genes (CTX, SHV and TEM).Conclusion: ESBL E. coli and K. pneumoniae associated with BSI have been identified as TEM, SHV and CXT producers, with more ESBL-KP coexisting with all three than ESBL-EC. Keywords: β-Lactamases, Genes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Outpatient Escherichia coli Urinary Isolates in Dakar, Senegal

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.362 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1 (03) ◽

pp. 263-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Jean-Marie Sire ◽

Pierre Nabeth ◽

Jean-David Perrier-Gros-Claude ◽

Ibrahim Bahsoun ◽

Tidiane Siby ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Predominant Pathogen ◽

Overall Resistance ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Resistance Rates

Background: Data regarding the evolution of antimicrobial resistance are needed to suggest appropriate empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI) in developing countries. To assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli, the predominant pathogen in community-acquired UTI, a prospective multicenter study was carried out in Dakar, Senegal. Methodology: From February 2004 to October 2006, 1010 non-duplicate E. coli strains were collected from four centres. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method according to the recommendations of the CA-SFM (2004). Results: Most of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (73.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (67.5%), cephalothin (55.8%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (68.1%). Extended spectrum beta-lactamase was detected in 38 strains. The overall resistance rates to nalidixic acid, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were 23.9%, 16.4% and 15.5%, respectively. Most of the strains were susceptible to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin (respective susceptibility rates, 93.8%, 89.9%, and 99.3%). During this period, a significant decrease in sensitivity was observed for cephalothin, fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (p

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Molecular Characterization of β-Lactamase Producing Genes and Integrons in Diarrheagenic Escherichia Coli From Diarrheal Children Less Than Five Years of Age in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-628039/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rene Dembele ◽

Wendpoulomdé A.D. Kaboré ◽

Issiaka Soulama ◽

Oumar Traoré ◽

Nafissatou Ouédraogo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Molecular Characterization ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Control Measures ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to determine the resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains to β-lactams antibiotics and to perform the molecular characterization of Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and integrons genes. Methods This study was carried out from August 2013 to October 2015 and involved 31 DEC strains isolated from diarrheal stools samples collected from children less than five years of age. The identification and characterization of DEC strains was done through the standard biochemical tests those were confirmed using API 20E and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The determination of antimicrobial resistance was realized by the disk diffusion method then an amplification of the β-lactamase resistance genes and integrons by PCR was done. Results Out of the 419 E. coli strains identified, 31 isolates (7.4%) harbored the DEC virulence genes. From these DEC, 21 (67.7%) were ESBL-producing E. coli. Susceptibility to ESBL-producing E. coli showed that the majority of isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin (77.4%), amoxicillin clavulanic acid (77.4%) and piperacillin (64.5%). The following antibiotic resistance genes and integron were identified from the 31 DEC isolates: blaTEM (6.5%), blaSHV (19.4%), blaOXA (38.7%) blaCTX−M (9.7%), Int1 (58.1%) and Int3 (19.4%). No class 2 integrons (Int2) was characterized. Conclusions Because of the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL organisms found in this study among pediatric patients, there is a need of stringent pediatric infection control measures.

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Detection of Antibiotics Sensitivity at Different PH Levels for Proteus Mirabilis Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections

Journal of University of Babylon for Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.29196/jub.v26i5.886 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 132-144

Author(s):

Ehsan F. Hussein

Keyword(s):

High Activity ◽

Proteus Mirabilis ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Neutral Ph ◽

Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽

Antibiotics Sensitivity ◽

Tract Infections

One hundred and sixty-nine samples of urine have been collected through the period from December/2016 to May/2017. Were for isolation and identification of Proteus mirabilis. Isolated from urine in patients with UTI. Identification was done by grow- ing on different media and biochemical tests as well as the antibiotics susceptibility were studied by using twenty types of antibiotics at acidic pH, neutral pH and alkaline or basic pH by disc diffusion method. These antibiotics were involved Ciprofloxacin, Amikcin, Meromenem, Imipenem, Ampicillin, Rifampin, Gentamicin, Trimethoprim, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Sulfamethoxazole, Carbnicillin, Rifaximin, Penicillin-G, Ox- olinic acid, Bacitracin, Clindamycin, Erthromycin, Novamicin and Aztreomycin. The Ciprofloxacin and Aztreomycin have high activity at both acidic and neutral pH, while the Amikcin, Meromenem, Imipenem and Ciprofloxacin have high activity at basicity pH against these bacteria.

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