scholarly journals Fuel-Water emulsion impact on miniature gas turbine pollutant emission

2019 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 01046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Chmielewski ◽  
Marian Gieras ◽  
Paweł Niszczota
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Water Phase ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Combustion Mechanism ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Numerical Research ◽  
Distributed Energy Generation

The innovative use of the Fuel-Water emulsion in a small gas turbine for distributed energy generation is proposed. The FWE in this situation is considered as a nonhomogeneous mix of water and fuel, where water is a dispersed phase in the continuous fuel phase with an addition of surfactants. The Fuel-Water emulsion has a great mainly due to two mechanisms: temperature reduction due to heat absorption by the water phase and enhanced homogeneity of the fuel-air mixture due to micro-explosion of the superheated water phase inside the emulsion droplet. Proposed paper presents theoretical background on Fuel-Water emulsion combustion mechanism. Finally initial results of numerical research of fuel-water emulsion injection to miniature gas turbine are presented. Theoretical predictions of NOX pollutant emissions are compared with accuracy of the gas analyzer planned to be used during experimental research.

EZEE®: A High Power Density Modulating FLOX® Combustor

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schütz ◽  
O. Lammel ◽  
G. Schmitz ◽  
T. Rödiger ◽  
M. Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
First Results ◽  
Combustion Technology ◽  
Operational Range

Presented in this paper is a novel gas turbine combustor: EZEE® based upon the FLOX® combustion technology. The specific feature of this combustor is the ability to modulate the power density PA for natural gas (NG) combustion on a high thermal power level between PA = 13.3 MW/m2/bar in the main load and PA = 7.9 MW/m2/bar in the part load operation. The operational range for the global air to fuel excess ratio λ is between λ = 1.6 and λ = 2.7 corresponding to adiabatic flame temperatures between Tad ≈ 2000 K and 1500 K, respectively. The air preheating temperature is 673 K and the pressure level is 8 bar. The inspected operational range satisfies the demands of modern gas turbine combustors. The idea of EZEE® is to manipulate the flame position by radial staging of two independent fuel supplies in order to prevent flame extinction with increasing λ. The combustor is developed with the aid of computational tools and accordingly manufactured and experimentally investigated at the DLR test facilities. It is demonstrated that the combustion is complete and stable and that the pollutant emission is low. Presented are first results of our investigations that show the usefulness and the potential of the concept. However, it is also shown that additional fine-tuning is still necessary to further reduce the pollutant emissions.

scholarly journals Environmental Impact and External Costs Associated with Hub-and-Spoke Network in Air Transport

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 465
Author(s):  
Mengyuan Sun ◽  
Yong Tian ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Can Xu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Hub And Spoke ◽  
City Network

Under the background of economic globalization, the air transport industry developed rapidly. It turns out that the city-to-city network has not been able to adapt well to the development of the society, and the hub-and-spoke network came into being. The hub-and-spoke network demonstrates the advantages of reducing the operating costs of airlines to keep a competitive advantage, and by maintaining the interests of airlines in the rapidly developing context. However, during the operation of aircrafts, they consume fuel and spew a great deal of harmful pollutants into the air, which has an adverse impact on the living environment. This paper explores the impact and external costs associated with hub-and-spoke network in air transport from an environmental perspective. With some mathematical models, we construct a hub-and-spoke network and take a quantitative study on the environmental impact of air transport. For calculating pollutant emissions, meteorological conditions were considered to revise the pollutant emission factors of the Engine Emissions Data Base (EEDB) published by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The environmental external costs measurement model is employed to calculate the externality of toxic gas and greenhouse gas (GHG). In order to make the study more convincing, two alternative networks are computed: hub-and-spoke network and city-to-city network. It is found that the hub-and-spoke network is associated with poorer environmental impact and environmental external costs because of the different network characteristics and the scale of the fleets. Therefore, under the general trend of green aviation, the environmental impact and environmental external costs associated with hub-and-spoke network in air transport provides a certain reference for airlines’ strategic decision-making.

Thermoacoustic Stability Analysis of a Full-Annular Lean Combustor for Heavy-Duty Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Pampaloni ◽  
Antonio Andreini ◽  
Alessandro Marini ◽  
Giovanni Riccio ◽  
Gianni Ceccherini
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
3D Fem ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Thermoacoustic characterization of gas turbine combustion systems is of primary importance for successful development of gas turbine technology, to meet the stringent targets on pollutant emissions. In this context, it becomes more and more necessary to develop reliable tools to be used in the industrial design process. The dynamics of a lean-premixed full-annular combustor for heavy-duty applications has been numerically studied in this work. The well-established CFD-SI method has been used to investigate the flame response varying operational parameters such as the flame temperature (global equivalence ratio) and the fuel split between premixed and pilot fuel injections: such a wide range experimental characterization represents an opportunity to validate the employed numerical methods and to give a deeper insight into the flame dynamics. URANS simulations have been performed, due to their affordable computational costs from the industrial perspective, after validating their accuracy through the comparison against LES results. Furthermore, an approach where the pilot and the premixed flame responses are analyzed separately is proposed, exploiting the independence of their evolution. The calculated FTFs have been implemented in a 3D FEM model of the chamber, in order to perform linear stability analysis and to validate the numerical approach. A boundary condition for rotational periodicity based on Bloch-Wave theory has been implemented into the Helmholtz solver and validated against full-annular chamber simulations, allowing a significant reduction in computational time. The reliability of the numerical procedure has been assessed through the comparison against full-annular experimental results.

scholarly journals Estimating the open biomass burning emissions in Central and Eastern China from 2003 to 2015 based on satellite observation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wu ◽  
Shaofei Kong ◽  
Fangqi Wu ◽  
Yi Cheng ◽  
Shurui Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Satellite Observation ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Straw Burning ◽  
Grassland Fire

Abstract. Open biomass burning (OBB) has significant impacts on air pollution, climate change and potential human health. OBB has raised wide attention but with few focus on the annual variation of pollutant emission. Central and Eastern China (CEC) is one of the most polluted regions in China. This study aims to provide a state-of the-art estimation of the pollutant emissions from OBB in CEC from 2003 to 2015, by adopting the satellite observation dataset (the burned area product (MCD64Al) and the active fire product (MCD14 ML)), local biomass data (updated biomass loading data and high-resolution vegetation data) and local emission factors. Monthly emissions of pollutants were estimated and allocated into a 1 × 1 km spatial grid for four types of OBB including grassland, shrubland, forest and cropland. From 2003 to 2015, the emissions from forest, shrubland and grassland fire burning had a minor annual variation whereas the emissions from crop straw burning steadily increased. The cumulative emissions of OC, EC, CH4, NOX, NMVOC, SO2, NH3, CO, CO2 and PM2.5 were 3.64 × 103, 2.87 × 102, 3.05 × 103, 1.82 × 103, 6.4 × 103, 2.12 × 102, 4.67 × 103, 4.59 × 104, 9.39 × 105 and 4.13 × 102 Gg in these years, respectively. For cropland, corn straw burning was the largest contributor for all pollutant emissions, by 84 %–96 %. Among the forest, shrubland, grassland fire burning, forest fire burning emissions contributed the most and emissions from grassland fire was negligible due to few grass coverage in this region. High pollutant emissions were populated in the connection area of Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui, with emission intensity higher than 100 ton per pixel, which was related to the frequent agricultural activities in these regions. The monthly emission peak of pollutants occurred in summer and autumn harvest periods including May, June, September and October, at which period ~ 50 % of pollutants were emitted for OBB. This study highlights the importance in controlling the crops straw burning emission. From December to March of the next year, the crop residue burning emissions decreased, while the emissions from forest, shrubland and grassland exhibited their highest values, leading to another small peak emissions of pollutants. Obvious regional differences in seasonal variations of OBB were observed due to different local biomass types and environmental conditions. Rural population, agricultural output, local burning habits, anthropological activities and management policies are all influence factors for OBB emissions. The successful adoption of double satellite dataset for long term estimation of pollutants from OBB with a high spatial resolution can support the assessing of OBB on regional air-quality, especially for harvest periods or dry seasons. It is also useful to evaluate the effects of annual OBB management policies in different regions.

Numerical Investigation of an Inverted Brayton Cycle Micro Gas Turbine Based on Experimental Data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Agelidou ◽  
Martin Henke ◽  
Thomas Monz ◽  
Manfred Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Brayton Cycle ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Gas Treatment ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine

Residential buildings account for approximately one fifth of the total energy consumption and 12 % of the overall CO2 emissions in the OECD countries. Replacing conventional boilers by a co-generation of heat and power in decentralized plants on site promises a great benefit. Especially, micro gas turbine (MGT) based combined heat and power systems are particularly suitable due to their low pollutant emissions without exhaust gas treatment. Hence, the overall aim of this work is the development of a recuperated inverted MGT as heat and power supply for a single family house with 1 kWel. First, an inverted MGT on a Brayton cycle MGT was developed and experimentally characterized, in previous work by the authors. This approach allows exploiting the potential of using the same components for both cycles. As a next step, the applicability of the Brayton cycle components operated in inverted mode needs to be evaluated and the requirements for a component optimization need to be defined, both, by pursuing thermodynamic cycle simulations. This paper presents a parametrization and validation of in-house 1D steady state simulation tool for an inverted MGT, based on experimental data from the inverted Brayton cycle test rig. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to estimate the influence of every major component on the overall system and to identify the necessary optimizations. Finally, the component requirements for an optimized inverted MGT with 1 kWel and 16 % of electrical efficiency are defined. This work demonstrates the high potential of an inverted MGT for a decentralized heat and power generation when optimizing the system components.

Application of Wide-Band Ultrasound for the Detection of Angled Crack Features in Oil and Gas Pipelines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Vos ◽  
Petter Norli ◽  
Emilie Vallee
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Offshore Pipelines ◽  
Large Scale Testing ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Set Up

This paper describes a novel technique for the detection of cracks in pipelines. The proposed in-line inspection technique has the ability to detect crack features at random angles in the pipeline, such as axial, circumferential, and any angle in between. This ability is novel to the current ILI technology offering and will also add value by detecting cracks in deformed pipes (i.e. in dents), and cracks associated with the girth weld (mid weld cracks, rapid cooling cracks and cracks parallel to the weld). Furthermore, the technology is suitable for detection of cracks in spiral welded pipes, both parallel to the spiral weld as well as perpendicular to the weld. Integrity issues around most features described above are not addressed with ILI tools, often forcing operators to perform hydrostatic tests to ensure pipeline safety. The technology described here is based on the use of wideband ultrasound inline inspection tools that are already in operation. They are designed for the inspection of structures operating in challenging environments such as offshore pipelines. Adjustments to the front-end analog system and data collection from a grid of transducers allow the tools to detect cracks in any orientation in the line. Description of changes to the test set-up are presented as well as the theoretical background behind crack detection. Historical development of the technology will be presented, such as early laboratory testing and proof of concept. The proof of concept data will be compared to the theoretical predictions. A detailed set of results are presented. These are from tests that were performed on samples sourced from North America and Europe which contain SCC features. Results from ongoing testing will be presented, which involved large-scale testing on SCC features in gas-filled pipe spools.

Modeling of pollutant emission from the combustion chamber of a stationary gas turbine drive

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-290
Author(s):  
I. A. Zaev ◽  
B. V. Potapkin ◽  
S. A. Fedorov ◽  
V. V. Kuprik
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Turbine Drive

Co-Combustion of Coal With Rice Husk and Bamboo in Power Generation

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Y. H. Chao ◽  
Philip C. W. Kwong ◽  
J. H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Firing Process ◽  
Excess Air ◽  
Unit Energy

In many Asian countries Coal is frequently used a major fuel in power plants. Burning coal creates quite a lot of environmental problems when compared to other cleaner fuels such as natural gas. Experimental study of co-combustion of coal and biomass was conducted in a laboratory scale combustion facility to evaluate the combustion and pollutant emission performance under different operation parameters. Rice husk and bamboo were used as the biomass fuels in this study. This paper reported the influence of the biomass blending ratio in the fuel mixture and the excess air ratio on the combustion behavior. It was noted that the combustion temperature and the energy output from the co-firing process were reduced compared to coal combustion alone owing to the fact that biomass has lower heating value compared to coal. However, the high volatile matter (VM) content of biomass improved the combustion time scale so that the carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were reduced substantially. In addition, the fuel nitrogen and sulfur content in biomass were lower than that of coal and hence suppressed the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) during the cocombustion process. The increase of excess air ratio also affected most of the pollutant emissions. The pollutant emission per unit energy output at different excess air ratios and biomass blending ratios were studied in detail in this paper. Attention should be paid to the high potential of slagging and fouling in the boiler when co-firing coal with biomass.

Introduction of the Taurus™ 65 Industrial Gas Turbine for Power Generation

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Rocha ◽  
Simon Reynolds ◽  
Theresa Brown
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Operating Cycle ◽  
Product Experience ◽  
Exhaust Heat

Solar Turbines Incorporated has combined proven technology and product experience to develop the new Taurus 65 gas turbine for industrial power generation applications. The single-shaft engine is designed to produce 6.3 megawatts of electrical power with a 33% thermal efficiency at ISO operating conditions. Selection of the final engine operating cycle was based on extensive aerodynamic-cycle studies to achieve optimum output performance with increased exhaust heat capacity for combined heat and power installations. The basic engine configuration features an enhanced version of the robust Centaur®50 air compressor coupled to a newly designed three-stage turbine similar to the Taurus 70 turbine design. Advanced cooling technology and materials are used in the dry, lean-premix annular combustor, consistent with Solar’s proven SoLoNOx™ combustion technology, capable of reducing pollutant emissions while operating on standard natural gas or diesel liquid fuels. Like the Titan™ 130 and Taurus 70 products, a traditional design philosophy has been applied in development of the Taurus 65 gas turbine by utilizing existing components, common technology and product experience to minimize risk, lower cost and maximize durability. A comprehensive factory test plan and extended field evaluation program was used to validate the design integrity and demonstrate product durability prior to full market introduction.

scholarly journals Preparations of Poly(lactic acid) Dispersions in Water for Coating Applications

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2767
Author(s):  
Giada Belletti ◽  
Sara Buoso ◽  
Lucia Ricci ◽  
Alejandro Guillem-Ortiz ◽  
Alejandro Aragón-Gutiérrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Water Phase ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Homogenization Methods ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion

A green, effective methodology for the preparation of water-based dispersions of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) for coating purposes is herein presented. The procedure consists of two steps: in the first one, an oil-in-water emulsion is obtained by mixing a solution of PLA in ethyl acetate with a water phase containing surfactant and stabilizer. Different homogenization methods as well as oil/water phase ratio, surfactant and stabilizer combinations were screened. In the second step, the quantitative evaporation of the organic provides water dispersions of PLA that are stable, at least, over several weeks at room temperature or at 4 °C. Particle size was in the 200–500 nm range, depending on the preparation conditions, as confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. PLA was found not to suffer significant molecular weight degradation by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. Furthermore, two selected formulations with glass transition temperature (Tg) of 51 °C and 34 °C were tested for the preparation of PLA films by drying in PTFE capsules. In both cases, continuous films that are homogeneous by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and SEM observation were obtained only when drying was performed above 60 °C. The formulation with lower Tg results in films which are more flexible and transparent.

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