Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel for the prevention of heartworm disease in cats

NexGard® Combo is a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats combining the insecticide/acaricide esafoxolaner, the nematodicide eprinomectin and the cestodicide praziquantel. The efficacy of this novel formulation for the prevention of heartworm disease in cats was tested in two experimental studies using an induced infection model and a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study design, and two USA isolates of Dirofilaria immitis. In each study, 20 naïve cats were each inoculated sub-cutaneously with 100 third-stage larvae of D. immitis 30 days before treatment. Following randomization to two treatment groups of ten cats, each cat was treated topically once, either with the minimum recommended dose of the novel formulation, or with an identical volume of placebo. Five months after treatment (6 months after infections), the cats were humanely euthanized for parasite recovery and count. Efficacy was calculated by comparison of the numbers of adult D. immitis recovered in the control and in the novel formulation groups. In the control groups of each study, D. immitis were recovered in seven and nine cats (respective worm counts ranges 1–7 and 1–16, respective geometric means 1.6 and 5.1). In both studies, none of the treated cats harbored any D. immitis at necropsy and the calculated efficacy of the novel formulation was 100%. There were no adverse reactions related to treatment with the novel formulation. The results of these two studies demonstrate that a topical NexGard® Combo application at the minimum label dose is well-tolerated and efficacious in preventing heartworm disease in cats.

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Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Echinococcus multilocularis infections in cats

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2021025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Joe Prullage ◽

Dwight Bowman ◽

Michael Ulrich ◽

Eric Tielemans

Keyword(s):

Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

The United States ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Placebo Control ◽

The Novel ◽

Control Groups ◽

Geometric Means ◽

Placebo Control Group

NexGard® Combo, a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats combining esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel, for the treatment of internal and external parasite infestations, including arthropods, nematodes and cestodes, was tested for efficacy against induced infections of Echinococcus multilocularis in cats, in two experimental studies. The two studies were performed in the United States with the same E. multilocularis isolate sourced locally. In each study, 20 cats were inoculated intra-gastrically with ~30,000 E. multilocularis protoscoleces three weeks before treatment, then ten cats were randomly allocated to a placebo control group or to the novel formulation treated group. Inoculated cats were treated topically once at the minimum recommended dose of the novel formulation, or with an identical volume of placebo. One week after treatment, cats were humanely euthanized for parasite recovery and count. The efficacy calculation was based on comparison of number of scoleces found in the control group and the novel formulation group. In the two control groups, E. multilocularis scoleces were found in five (range: 30–1025) and eight (range 2–345) cats, the geometric means inclusive of the ten cats per group were 8.9 and 28.8, respectively. In the two novel formulation-treated groups, none of the cats harbored any E. multilocularis scoleces, demonstrating 100% efficacy.

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The Coherence of Mary Barton: Romance, Realism, and Utopia

Victoriographies ◽

10.3366/vic.2015.0194 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 185-200

Author(s):

Robert Z. Birdwell

Keyword(s):

Thomas Carlyle ◽

The Novel ◽

Second Stage ◽

The Third ◽

Third Stage ◽

Three Stages ◽

Mode Of Production

Critics have argued that Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton (1848), is split by a conflict between the modes of realism and romance. But the conflict does not render the novel incoherent, because Gaskell surpasses both modes through a utopian narrative that breaks with the conflict of form and gives coherence to the whole novel. Gaskell not only depicts what Thomas Carlyle called the ‘Condition of England’ in her work but also develops, through three stages, the utopia that will redeem this condition. The first stage is romantic nostalgia, a backward glance at Eden from the countryside surrounding Manchester. The second stage occurs in Manchester, as Gaskell mixes romance with a realistic mode, tracing a utopian drive toward death. The third stage is the utopian break with romantic and realistic accounts of the Condition of England and with the inadequate preceding conceptions of utopia. This third stage transforms narrative modes and figures a new mode of production.

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Does Hyperoxia Restrict Pyrenean Rock Lizards Iberolacerta bonnali to High Elevations?

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13050200 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 200

Author(s):

Eric J. Gangloff ◽

Sierra Spears ◽

Laura Kouyoumdjian ◽

Ciara Pettit ◽

Fabien Aubret

Keyword(s):

High Elevation ◽

Conservation Strategy ◽

The Novel ◽

Thermal Physiology ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Thermal Performance Curve ◽

And Performance ◽

Thermal Preferences ◽

High Elevations ◽

Intense Radiation

Ectothermic animals living at high elevation often face interacting challenges, including temperature extremes, intense radiation, and hypoxia. While high-elevation specialists have developed strategies to withstand these constraints, the factors preventing downslope migration are not always well understood. As mean temperatures continue to rise and climate patterns become more extreme, such translocation may be a viable conservation strategy for some populations or species, yet the effects of novel conditions, such as relative hyperoxia, have not been well characterised. Our study examines the effect of downslope translocation on ectothermic thermal physiology and performance in Pyrenean rock lizards (Iberolacerta bonnali) from high elevation (2254 m above sea level). Specifically, we tested whether models of organismal performance developed from low-elevation species facing oxygen restriction (e.g., hierarchical mechanisms of thermal limitation hypothesis) can be applied to the opposite scenario, when high-elevation organisms face hyperoxia. Lizards were split into two treatment groups: one group was maintained at a high elevation (2877 m ASL) and the other group was transplanted to low elevation (432 m ASL). In support of hyperoxia representing a constraint, we found that lizards transplanted to the novel oxygen environment of low elevation exhibited decreased thermal preferences and that the thermal performance curve for sprint speed shifted, resulting in lower performance at high body temperatures. While the effects of hypoxia on thermal physiology are well-explored, few studies have examined the effects of hyperoxia in an ecological context. Our study suggests that high-elevation specialists may be hindered in such novel oxygen environments and thus constrained in their capacity for downslope migration.

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A numerical study of vortex interaction

Journal of Fluid Mechanics ◽

10.1017/s0022112084001890 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 146 ◽

pp. 331-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

I. G. Bromilow ◽

R. R. Clements

Keyword(s):

Flow Visualization ◽

Numerical Study ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Shear Layers ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Vortex Interaction ◽

Flow Conditions ◽

Discrete Vortex ◽

Vortex Model ◽

Discrete Vortex Model

Flow visualization has shown that the interaction of line vortices is a combination of tearing, elongation and rotation, the extent of each depending upon the flow conditions. A discrete-vortex model is used to study the interaction of two and three growing line vortices of different strengths and to assess the suitability of the method for such simulation.Many of the features observed in experimental studies of shear layers are reproduced. The controlled study shows the importance and rapidity of the tearing process under certain conditions.

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The relational capital of the IT department

Journal of Intellectual Capital ◽

10.1108/jic-12-2014-0132 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 835-859 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Alessandro Zardini ◽

Francesca Ricciardi ◽

Cecilia Rossignoli

Keyword(s):

Organizational Level ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Relational Capital ◽

The Novel ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Content Type ◽

Five Dimensions ◽

Strategic Value ◽

Third Stage ◽

It Department

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to shed light on how the relational capital of the information technology (IT) department creates value in organizations. In addition, the paper presents a multi-dimensional scale to measure and manage relational capital in the IT department. Design/methodology/approach – In the first, explorative phase of the study, interviews and focus groups were conducted in order to develop a new measurement scale, which was subsequently tested through a survey questionnaire (212 respondents). Findings – This research suggests that the relational capital of the IT department is a very important resource for the creation of strategic value. The statistical analysis conducted for this study confirmed the validity and reliability of the novel scale developed to measure this resource. Finally, thanks to factor analysis, five dimensions for the scale were identified. Research limitations/implications – Data were collected in northern Italy only. Further studies are advisable to confirm the validity of the constructs and scale. Practical implications – The questionnaire presented in this study can be used to monitor the effectiveness of the interactions between the IT department and the other key actors involved in IT-enabled innovation. The adoption of this scale and its possible adaptation to specific, evolving business contexts may enhance the practitioner’s understanding of the role of relational capital in the value creation process. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the “third stage” of intellectual capital research by concentrating on an intra-organizational level of analysis, which has been overlooked in the literature to date.

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Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against fleas in cats, under field conditions

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2021018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 22 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eric Tielemans ◽

Tomoko Otsuki ◽

Tara Cheesman ◽

Fiona Selmes ◽

Anthony Pfefferkorn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Field Studies ◽

The United States ◽

Positive Control ◽

Control Group ◽

The Novel ◽

Domestic Cats ◽

Label Dose ◽

Treatment Tolerance ◽

Significant Health

Esafoxolaner is a purified afoxolaner enantiomer with insecticidal and acaricidal properties. It is combined with eprinomectin and praziquantel, nematodicidal and cestodicidal compounds, in a novel topical endectoparasiticide formulation for cats. This novel formulation was tested in four field studies, in the United States, Europe, Japan and Australia. In all studies, naturally flea-infested domestic cats were treated with the novel formulation at the label dose and conditions of use. The main objective, identical in the four studies, was to assess efficacy on fleas, based on comparison of mean number of fleas found on infested cats before and one month after treatment. Tolerance to the product was also evaluated in the four studies. Otherwise, the studies had some differences in their design and secondary objectives, for example testing for a reduction in flea infestation-related cutaneous signs, testing of one treatment or of three monthly treatments, and use of a positive control group. In the four studies, a total of 307 cats were treated with the novel formulation. The reduction of fleas one month after treatment was 97.7%, 98.8%, 100% and 99.7% in the United States, Europe, Japan and Australia, respectively. There were no significant health abnormalities attributed to treatment in any of the studies.

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Safety and Efficacy of a Topical Anesthetic for Neonatal Circumcision

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.92.5.710 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 92 (5) ◽

pp. 710-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kathleen B. Weatherstone ◽

Lynn B. Rasmussen ◽

Allen Erenberg ◽

Emily M. Jackson ◽

Katherine S. Claflin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vital Signs ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Topical Anesthetic ◽

Double Blind ◽

Safety And Efficacy ◽

Exact Test ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Topical Lidocaine ◽

Postoperative Serum

Objective. Circumcision is a common neonatal surgical procedure routinely performed without the use of anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical lidocaine cream as an anesthetic for circumcision. Methods. Thirty newborns were studied in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study; 15 received a topical 30% lidocaine cream and 15 received the cream base alone. Vital signs were recorded, and preoperative and postoperative serum β-endorphin and lidocaine concentrations were measured. A videotape of the newborn was used to score behavioral changes. Results. Comparisions of the vital signs precircumcision and postcircumcision showed no differences between the placebo and treatment groups, with the exception of mean systolic blood pressure, which significantly increased in the placebo-treated newborns (P < .05). Serum β-endorphin concentrations increased postoperatively in 11 of 15 subjects receiving placebo, but decreased or remained unchanged in 10 of 15 subjects receiving lidocaine (P = .03, Fisher's exact test). When stress-related behaviors in the precircumcision and post-circumcision periods were compared, the mean increase in their occurrence was greater in the placebo than in the treatment group. There was no significant absorption of lidocaine as measured in the serum. Conclusion. Topical application of a 30% lidocaine cream as used in this study may be a safe and efficacious anesthetic for circumcision.

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Placebo-controlled study on the effects of oral administration of Allium sativum L in postweaning piglets

Veterinary Record ◽

10.1136/vr.105131 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 184 (10) ◽

pp. 316-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hannah Ayrle ◽

Heiko Nathues ◽

Anna Bieber ◽

Manuela Durrer ◽

Nele Quander ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Condition ◽

Allium Sativum ◽

Clinical Score ◽

Daily Weight Gain ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Oral Supplementation ◽

Mixed Effect Models

Postweaning diarrhoea (PWD) due to Escherichia coli is an economically important disease in pig production. In this placebo-controlled study performed in Switzerland, the effects of oral supplementation of Allium sativum L. (garlic, AS) on performance (bodyweight (BW) and daily weight gain (DWG)) and health (body condition and clinical score) were investigated in postweaning piglets. Piglets (n=600) were randomly assigned to the treatment groups (placebo, AS or colistin) and observed from birth until three weeks postweaning. The treatments were administered for the first two weeks postweaning. Faecal dry matter (FDM) and coliform bacteria on pen level were measured weekly. Data were analysed using generalised mixed-effect models in R. BW and DWG of the AS group were significantly higher compared with placebo in the third week postweaning. No differences in body condition and FDM were observed. The clinical score of AS-treated animals was significantly better compared with the colistin group. About 33 per cent of the piglets of the AS and the placebo group had to be treated with antibiotics due to the occurrence of severe PWD. The major finding of this study showed that AS supplementation increased growth performance and improved clinical health, but did not reduce the incidence and severity of PWD.

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Rice Bran Supplement Containing A Functional Substance, the Novel Peptide Leu-Arg-Ala, has Anti-Hypertensive Effects: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11040726 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 726

Author(s):

Ogawa ◽

Shobako ◽

Fukuhara ◽

Satoh ◽

Kobayashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Placebo Group ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Test Group ◽

Normal Blood ◽

Controlled Study ◽

The Novel ◽

Normal Blood Pressure ◽

Double Blind

The anti-hypertensive effect of processed rice bran (PRB) was recently reported, for which the novel peptide Leu-Arg-Ala (LRA) was identified as the functional substance. The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-hypertensive effects of a rice bran supplement containing PRB in individuals with high-normal blood pressure (systolic blood pressure (SBP): 130–139 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP): 85–89 mmHg) or grade 1 hypertension (SBP: 140–159 mmHg and/or DBP: 90–99 mmHg). One hundred individuals with high-normal blood pressure or grade 1 hypertension were recruited to participate in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Participants were randomly allocated to the placebo group (n = 50) or the test group (n = 50). Each group took four test tablets (43 μg LRA/day) or four placebo tablets daily. The decrease in blood pressure in the test group compared with the placebo group was the primary outcome. Adverse events were recorded and hematological/urinary parameters measured to determine the safety of the supplement, which was the secondary outcome. In total, 87 participants completed the study. The SBP of the test group at 12 weeks was significantly lower than that of the placebo group (p = 0.0497). No serious adverse events were observed. Daily consumption of a rice bran supplement containing PRB can safely improve mildly elevated blood pressure.

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An Observational Study Evaluating the Introduction of a Prolonged-Release Protein Substitute to the Dietary Management of Children with Phenylketonuria

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092686 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2686

Author(s):

Anita MacDonald ◽

Catherine Ashmore ◽

Anne Daly ◽

Alex Pinto ◽

Sharon Evans

Keyword(s):

Adverse Reactions ◽

Fruit Juice ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Previous Treatment ◽

Prolonged Release ◽

The Novel ◽

Protein Substitute ◽

Blood Phenylalanine ◽

Study Product ◽

Test Protein

Dietary restriction of phenylalanine combined with a protein substitute prevents intellectual disability in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). However, current protein substitutes are associated with low adherence owing to unpalatability and burdensome administration regimens. This prospective, observational acceptability study in children with PKU assessed the use of a prolonged-release protein substitute designed with an ethyl cellulose and arginate coating masking the bitter taste, smell and reducing the osmolarity of free amino acids. The study product was mixed with the subject’s food or drink and replaced ≥1 dose per day of the subject’s usual protein substitute for 7 days. Seven of 13 subjects were able to take their prescribed dose over the 7 day period. Most subjects mixed the test protein substitute with food or fruit juice. Reduced blood phenylalanine levels (n = 5) and improved phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio (n = 4) were recorded from baseline to Day 7, respectively. Four subjects reported fewer gastrointestinal symptoms compared to baseline. There were no cases of diarrhoea, constipation, bloating, nausea or vomiting. No adverse reactions were reported. In conclusion, the novel prolonged-release protein substitute was taken in a different way to a typical protein substitute and enabled satisfactory blood phenylalanine control. The study product was well tolerated; subjects experienced fewer gastrointestinal symptoms than with their previous treatment. Although the results of this pilot study provide reassuring data, longer-term studies evaluating adherence and blood phenylalanine control are necessary.

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